Asụsụ Komo

Komo
Komo
Go-kwom, Tta Komo
A mụrụ ya	Sudan, South Sudan, Etiopia
Ógbè	Ebe ugwu nke mpaghara Gambella, gafee ókèala Etiopia-South Sudan
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala	(10,000 na Sudan e depụtara na 1979) ,500 na Ethiopia (ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ 2007) ;
Ezinụlọ asụsụ	Naịl-Sahara? Komuz? Koman Central Koman Komo-Uduk Komo; ; ; ; ;
Koodu asụsụ
ISO 639-3	xom
Glottolog	komo1258
ELP	Komo
	A na-ahazi Komo dị ka nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche Ndụ

Komo bụ asụsụ Nilo-Sahara nke Ndị Kwama (Komo) nke Etiopia, Sudan na South Sudan na-asụ. Ọ bụ onye otu Asụsụ Koman. ^[1] na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ Madiin, Koma, South Koma, Central Koma, Gokwom na Hayahaya. Ọtụtụ ndị si Komo na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ n'ihi na ha dị nso na ndị na-asụrụ Mao, Kwama na Oromo. Komo nwere njikọ chiri anya na Kwama, asụsụ nke otu ndị bi n'otu mpaghara nke Etiopia na-asụ ma na-ekwukwa na ha bụ ndị agbụrụ Komo. Ụfọdụ ndị ^[3]-asụ asụsụ Komo na Kwama ghọtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti asụsụ abụọ na ọdịbendị, ebe ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ ya dị ka otu obodo "ethnolinguistic". Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Etiopia nke afọ 2007 ekwughị banyere Kwama, n'ihi nke a, atụmatụ ya nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo 8,000 nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. Atụmatụ ochie sitere ^[4] 1971 na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Komo na Etiopia na 1,500. Asụsụ Komo bụ nke a na-amụchaghị nke ọma; a na-ekpughe ozi ndị ọzọ ka ndị nchọpụta na-achọpụta data ndị ọzọ gbasara asụsụ ndị ọzọ n'ime ezinụlọ Koman.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ọtụtụ ndị si Komo na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ n'ihi na ha dị nso na ndị na-asụrụ Mao, Kwama, na Oromo. "Komo na Mao" bụ okwu ndị na-edoghị anya n'agbụrụ na asụsụ ruo mgbe ha ghọrọ okwu gọọmentị eji eme ihe na Mpaghara Asosa na Benishangul Gummuz . ^[5] ^[6] bụ ezie na a maara Komo na Kwama n'okpuru alaka abụọ dị iche iche nke Proto-Koman, enwere arụmụka na mgbagwoju anya na-aga n'ihu banyere njirimara agbụrụ nke ụdị okwu abụọ ahụ.

Ọdịdị ala

Na Etiopia, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya dị na mpaghara Benishangul-Gumuz, ọkachasị na Woreda pụrụ iche nke Mao-Komo ^[7] mana e nwekwara ụfọdụ na mpaghara Gambela. ^[8] ^[9] Sudan enwere ike ịchọta ya na steeti An Nil al Azraq na South Sudan, Upper Nile State. ^[10] Koman ndị ọzọ, nke a na-asụ n'ókè nke Ethiopia, Sudan na South Sudan, bụ Uduk, Opuo, na Gwama, yana asụsụ Koman, Gule. ^[11] ^[12] dị, enwere arụmụka ụfọdụ ma Gwama na Komo bụ asụsụ abụọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ olumba abụọ nke otu asụsụ, [1] mgbagwoju anya a sitere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a pụkwara ịmara Gwama dị ka "Kwama" ma ọ bụ okwu ahụ nwere ike ịbụ okwu asụsụ Gwama na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Komo; ọ bụ ezie na ndị nchọpụta ekwenyeghị na nke a, ha kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa nyocha ọzọ na isiokwu a. [2]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

E bipụtara nyocha ụdaolu abụọ nke Komo, na ụfọdụ enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ha abụọ. Ihe ọmụma dị n'okpuru ebe a sitere na nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ime abụọ ahụ, nke e bipụtara na 2006.

Mkpụrụ okwu

Tebụl ^[12]-esonụ na-enye nchịkọta nke ụdaume ndị a hụrụ na Komo.

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Mkpịsị aka
		ala dị larịị	ejective	ala dị larịị	ejective	Palatal	ala dị larịị	ejective	Mkpịsị aka
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p	p"	t	t"		k	k"	ʔ
	kwuru okwu	b		d			g
	implosive			ka
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu	f		s	s"	ʃ			h
Ihe na-esiri ike	kwuru okwu			z
Ụgbọ imi		m		n		(ɲ)	ŋ
Rhotic				r
Ihe atụ	ala dị larịị					j	w
Ihe atụ	n'akụkụ			l

Alveolar implosive [ɗ] a na-ekwupụta ekwughị okwu n'ikpeazụ na Komo, na velar nasal [ŋ] anaghị apụta okwu na mbụ. ^[12] nweela ihe gbasara ụdaolu [ɲ] na ụdaolu [r] na-apụta n'etiti, agbanyeghị, a naghị ele ha anya dị ka ụdaume dị iche iche kama ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro ụdaume.

Consonant gemination bụ okwu a na-ahụkarị na Komo, agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama na fonology ma yabụ nhọrọ. ^[12] naghị ekwe ka okwu kwuo ya na mbụ ma ọ bụ n'ikpeazụ.

^[12] na-ekwe ka ụyọkọ ụdaume naanị n'etiti okwu na Komo, ma nwee ike ịgụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụdaume abụọ.

Sociolinguistics

Mpaghara nke Western Ethiopia na Eastern Sudan nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ na asụsụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya, ya mere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke mpaghara ahụ na-emegide ibe ha. Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mgbagwoju anya ahụ sitere na njirimara agbụrụ na njirimara asụsụ, nke nwere ike iji otu okwu ahụ. Ọzọkwa, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti njirimara onwe onye na njirimara ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo na-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị agbụrụ Komo ma ndị ọzọ na-akọwakarị ha dị ka agbụrụ Kome; Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụrụ Gwama nwere ike ịkọwa onwe ha ma ọ bụ agbụrụ Komi ma ọ bụ Mao, gọọmentị na-akọwakwa ha dị ka agụrụ Komo. Gwama ^[5] Komo bụ asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke ha na ibe ha, agbanyeghị na ha anaghị aghọta ibe ha.

A kpọtụrụ asụsụ Komo aha na iwu nke Benishangul-Gumuz steeti nke Etiopia, ya mere ọ na-enye ùgwù dị elu karịa asụsụ ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi nke a, a gụnyere ya dị ka akụkụ nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọtụtụ asụsụ na mpaghara ahụ. Ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ dị na mpaghara ahụ bụ na Amharic, asụsụ gọọmentị nke steeti na mba ahụ, agbanyeghị agbụrụ Komo nwere ikike ịnata agụmakwụkwọ na Komo. A na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ n'asụsụ Komo, a kpebikwara orthography, ^[5] ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo ka na-amaghị akwụkwọ. ^[3] ^[5] bụ ezie na Komo yiri ka ọ dị ùgwù na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ n'ozuzu asụsụ ole na ole n'ime obodo ndị nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Gwama na ọtụtụ ndị na'asụ Komo na-asụrụ asụsụ abụọ na Gwama. ^[3] dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ọnọdụ a yiri ka ọ gbanwere na Sudan, ebe ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo karịrị ndị na-ekwu okwu Gwama.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo na-asụsụ abụọ, n'ihi na ha bi nso n'ọtụtụ ìgwè asụsụ ndị ọzọ na, ọ dịkarịa ala ebe a na-eme nnyocha na Etiopia, enweghị obere ala ebe a-asụ naanị Komo. N'ozuzu, asụsụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ abụọ bụ: Gwama, Oromo, ma ọ bụ Amharic, ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị maka ndị nwetara ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Komo na-enye Amharic na Bekee ùgwù dị elu, yana ndị na-asụrụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị ala na mpaghara ahụ. ^[3] nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ otu asụsụ karịa ụmụ nwoke, ndị na-eto eto nwekwara ike ịbụ asụsụ abụọ. Ìgwè asụsụ Komo enweghị nsogbu banyere alụmdi ^[8] nwunye na ndị si n'ìgwè asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Edensibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Komo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Ethiopia 2007 Census
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedJordan (2011). . Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Otero, Manuel A. "Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo." Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions. By Angelika Mietzner and Anne Storch. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2015. 123-34. Print.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedKuspert (2015). . Linguistic Discovery. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedMohammed (2011). .
↑ Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop."
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo, Japan: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
↑ "Komo." Ethnologue. N.p., n.d. Web.
↑ Killian, Don. Gender in Koman Languages. N.p., n.d. Web.
↑ Kuspert, Klaus-Christian. "The Mao and Komo Languages in the Begi-Tongo Area in Western Ethiopia: Classification, Designations, and Distribution." Linguistic Discovery13.1 (2015): n. pag. Web.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Siebert, Ralph (200, Vol. 3. Wiesbaden peeji nke 420-421.
Tucker, A. N. na Bryan, M. A. (1956), Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-Eastern AfricaAsụsụ ndị na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa
Tucker, A. N. na Bryan, M. A. (1966), Nnyocha Asụsụ: Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-Eastern AfricaNnyocha Asụsụ: Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa

Njikọ mpụga

World Atlas of Language Structures ozi gbasara Komo
ELAR Archive of Documentation and Grammatical Description of Komo

Àtụ:Languages of Ethiopia

[e18-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Komo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Ethiopia 2007 Census

[:4-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedJordan (2011). . Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content

[:5-4] Otero, Manuel A. "Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo." Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions. By Angelika Mietzner and Anne Storch. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2015. 123-34. Print.

[:6-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedKuspert (2015). . Linguistic Discovery. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content

[6] Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedMohammed (2011). .

[:13-7] Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop."

[:3-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo, Japan: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.

[9] "Komo." Ethnologue. N.p., n.d. Web.

[10] Killian, Don. Gender in Koman Languages. N.p., n.d. Web.

[:22-11] Kuspert, Klaus-Christian. "The Mao and Komo Languages in the Begi-Tongo Area in Western Ethiopia: Classification, Designations, and Distribution." Linguistic Discovery13.1 (2015): n. pag. Web.

[:0-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web.

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