Asụsụ Hibru nke Oge A

Hibru nke oge a (עִבְרִית חֲדָשָׁה ʿĪvrīt ḥadašá [ivˈʁit χadaˈʃa]), nke a na-akpọkwa Hibru nke Israel ma ọ bụ nanị Hibru, bụ ụdị Asụsụ Hibru a na-asụ taa. Mepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke mweghachi Hibru na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke steeti Israel, na naanị Asụsụ Kenan a na-eji eme ihe n'ụwa. ^[1]'ikwekọ na okike nke steeti Israel, ebe ọ bụ Asụsụ mba, Hibru nke oge a bụ naanị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mweghachi asụsụ zuru oke. ^[2] ^[3]

Asụsụ Hibru, asụsụ Northwest Semitic n'ime ezinụlọ Afroasiatic, ka a na-asụ kemgbe oge ochie na asụsụ ndị Juu ruo na narị afọ nke atọ TOA, mgbe Western Aramaic nọchiri ya, olumba nke asụsụ Aramaic. Ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-eji Hibru eme ihe maka okpukpe ndị Juu, uri na akwụkwọ, na akwụkwọ ozi e dere ede, ọ kwụsịrị dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ.

Ka ọ na-erule ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Russia na onye Juu bụ́ Eliezer Ben-Yehuda amalitela òtù ọha na eze ịtụte Hibru dị ka asụsụ dị ndụ, bụ́ nke ọchịchọ ya ichekwa akwụkwọ Hibru na mba ndị Juu pụrụ iche n’ihe banyere Zionism kpaliri.^[4] ^[5]

^[6]^[7] ọ dị ugbu a, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 9-10 na-asụ Hibru, na-agụnye ndị na-asọpụta asụsụ Hibru, ndị na-ekwu nke ọma, na ndị na-adịghị ekwu nke ọma. Ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ a gụnyere ndị Israel na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ ala ha, ebe ọkara nke ọzọ kewara: nde 1.5 bụ ndị mbịarambịa na Israel; nde 1.5 bụ Ndị Arab Israel, ndị asụsụ mbụ ha na-abụkarị Arabic; na ọkara nde bụ ndị Israel ma ọ bụ ndị Juu na-anọghị na mba ọzọ.

N'okpuru iwu Israel, nzukọ nke na-eduzi n'ihu ọha mmepe nke Hibru oge a bụ Academy nke asụsụ Hibru, nke dị na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem.

Aha ya

Okwu ndị ọkà mmụta a na-ahụkarị maka asụsụ ahụ bụ "Hibru nke oge a" (עברית__nso____nso____ns____ns____nso__ ʿivrít ħadašá[h]). Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-akpọ ya Hibru (עברית Ivrit).

A kọwawo okwu ahụ bụ "Hibru nke oge a" dị ka "ihe na-enye nsogbu" n'ihi na ọ na-egosi oge doro anya site na Hibru Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Haiim B. Rosén kwadoro okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a ^[8] "Hibru Hibru nke Israel" na ndabere na ọ "na-anọchite anya ọdịdị na-abụghị nke oge nke Hibru". ^[9] ^[10]'afọ 1999, onye Israel na-amụ asụsụ Ghil'ad Zuckermann chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "Israeli" iji gosipụta ọtụtụ mmalite nke asụsụ ahụ.: 325 ^[11]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Enwere ike ikewa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Hibru ụzọ anọ:

Asụsụ Hibru nke Bible, ruo n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke atọ BCE; asụsụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime Bible Hibru
Mishnaic Hibru, asụsụ nke Mishnah na Talmud
Hibru oge ochie, site n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke isii ruo narị afọ nke iri na atọ OA
Asụsụ Hibru nke oge a, asụsụ nke steeti Israel nke oge a

Ihe odide ndị Juu nke oge ^[12] na-akọwa Hibru na-aga nke ọma dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ n'alaeze Israel na Juda, n'ihe dị ka 1200 ruo 586 BCE. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka ókè Hibru nọgidere bụrụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'obodo mgbe a dọọrọ ndị Babilọn n'agha, mgbe Old Aramaic ghọrọ asụsụ mba ụwa kachasị na mpaghara ahụ.

Hibru nwụrụ dị ka asụsụ obodo n'agbata 200 na 400 OA, na-adalata mgbe nnupụisi Bar Kokhba nke 132-136 OA gasịrị, bụ́ nke bibiri ndị bi na Judia. Mgbe e mere ka ha jee biri n’ala ọzọ, Hibru ghọrọ nanị n’iji akwụkwọ okpukpe eme ihe na iji akwụkwọ eme ihe.

Mbilite n'Ọnwụ

na-asụ Hibru n'oge dị iche iche na maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche na Diaspora, na n'oge Old Yishuv ọ ghọrọ asụsụ a na-asụrụ n'etiti Ndị Juu nke Palestine. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda wee duzie mweghachi nke asụsụ Hibru dị ka asụsụ nne na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

Modern Hebrew used Biblical Hebrew morphemes, Mishnaic spelling and grammar, and Sephardic pronunciation. Many idioms and calques were made from Yiddish.^{[Tinye edensibịa]}^{[citation needed]} Its acceptance by the early Jewish immigrants to Ottoman Palestine was caused primarily by support from the organisations of Edmond James de Rothschild in the 1880s and the official status it received in the 1922 constitution of the British Mandate for Palestine.^[13]^[14]^[15] Ben-Yehuda codified and planned Modern Hebrew using 8,000 words from the Bible and 20,000 words from rabbinical commentaries. Many new words were borrowed from Arabic, due to the language's common Semitic roots with Hebrew, but changed to fit Hebrew phonology and grammar, for example the words Templeeti:Transliteration (sing.) and Templeeti:Transliteration (pl.) are now applied to 'socks', a diminutive of the Arabic Templeeti:Transliteration ('socks').^[16] In addition, early Jewish immigrants, borrowing from the local Arabs, and later immigrants from Arab lands introduced many nouns as loanwords from Arabic (such as nana, Templeeti:Transliteration, Templeeti:Transliteration, Templeeti:Transliteration, Templeeti:Transliteration, lubiya, hummus, Templeeti:Transliteration, Templeeti:Transliteration, etc.), as well as much of Modern Hebrew's slang. Despite Ben-Yehuda's fame as the renewer of Hebrew, the most productive renewer of Hebrew words was poet Haim Nahman Bialik.^{[Tinye edensibịa]}

Otu 'ime ihe ndị a hụrụ na mweghachi nke asụsụ Hibru bụ na a na-agbanwe ihe ochie nke aha mgbe ụfọdụ maka nkọwa dị iche iche, dị ka bardelas (ברדלס), nke na Mishnaic Hibru pụtara 'hyena', mana na Hibru nke oge a ọ pụtara 'cheetah'; ma ọ bụ shezīph (שְׁזִיף) nke a na-eji ugbu a maka 'plum', mana n' mbụ pụtara 'jujube'. A na-eji okwu kishū"īm (nke bụbu 'cucumbers') eme ihe ugbu a maka ụdị squash dị iche iche n'oge ọkọchị (Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrical), osisi a mụrụ na Ụwa Ọhụrụ. Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ okwu ahụ bụ aha aha a na-akpọ "gbanwee", nke na-egosi okporo ámá ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ugbu a, mana ọ bụ n'ezie adjective Aramaic nke pụtara 'gbanwee ala' ma ọ bụ 'gbanwere', kama ịbụ aha a na'ahụkarị. ^[17] na-eji ya eme ihe na mbụ iji kọwaa ụzọ ọkụ. [1] [2] ^[18] osisi Anemone coronaria, nke a na-akpọ na Hibru nke oge a Kalanit, a na-a na-akpọbu na Hibru shoshanat ha-melekh ('flowers nke eze').

Maka ntụnyere dị mfe n'etiti nsụgharị Sephardic na Yemenite nke Mishnaic Hebrew, lee Yemenite Hebrew.

Okwu mgbazinye ego			ihe ndị e si na ya nweta			mmalite
Asụsụ Hibru	IPA	ihe ọ pụtara	Asụsụ Hibru	IPA	ihe ọ pụtara	asụsụ	mkpụrụ okwu	ihe ọ pụtara
	/baj/	sị ka e kelee				Bekee	bye
	/eɡˈzoz/	agwụ agwụ<br id="mwAsE">					agwụ agwụ
	/ˈdidʒej/	DJ		/diˈdʒe/	gaa na DJ		gaa na DJ
	/ˈwala/	n'ezie!?				Arabic	والله	n'ezie!?
	/kef/	ntụrụndụ		/kiˈjef/	iji nwee obi ụtọ^{[w 1]}		كيف	obi ụtọ
	/taʔaˈriχ/	ụbọchị		/teʔeˈreχ/	ruo taa		تاريخ	ụbọchị, akụkọ ihe mere eme
	/χnun/	onye na-eme ihe ike, onye na-amaghị nke a na-akọ, onye na'amaghị nke ọma, onye na na-eme nke ọma				Arabic nke Morocco		snot
	/ˈaba/	nna				Aramaic		nna m
	/ˈdugri/	n'ụzọ doro anya				Ndị Turkey nke Ottoman	N'ihi ya, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge a	ziri ezi
	/parˈdes/	ubi mkpụrụ osisi				Avestan	Ọdịdị	ubi
	/alaχˈson/	diagonal				Grik	Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge ochie	ndagwurugwu
	/viˈlon/	ákwà mgbochi				Latịn	vēlum	ákwà mkpuchi
	/χalˈtura/	ọrụ na-adịghị mma		/χilˈteʁ/	gaa n'ìhè ọnwa	Russian	Haltu	ọrụ na-enweghị isi^{[w 2]}
	/balaˈɡan/	mess		/bilˈɡen/	ime ihe ọgba aghara	Russian	Balanja	ọgba aghara^{[w 2]}
	/ˈtaχles/	kpọmkwem/n'ụzọ bụ isi				Yiddish		ihe mgbaru ọsọ (Okwu Hibru, naanị ịkpọpụta ya bụ Yiddish)
	/χʁop/	ụra miri emi		/χaˈʁap/	ihi ụra miri emi	Yiddish		snore
	/ˈʃpaχtel/	mma putty				German	Spachtel	mma putty
	/ˈɡumi/	rọba		/ɡumiˈja/	eriri rọba	German	Gummi	rọba
	/ɡaˈzoz/	Ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated				Turkish site na French	gazoz^{[w 3]} gaze	Ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated
	/pusˈtema/	nwanyị nzuzu				Onye ohi		mmerụ ahụ na-enwu ọkụ^{[w 4]}
	/adʁiˈχal/	onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ		/adʁiχaˈlut/	ihe owuwu	Akkadian	Ọdịdị	Onye na-ejere ụlọ nsọ ozi^{[w 5]}
	/t͡si/	ụgbọ mmiri				Ijipt oge ochie	__ibo____ibo__ Ihe a na-akpọ	ụgbọ mmiri

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Hụkwa

Asụsụ Hibru nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ

Edensibia

↑ Grenoble (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521016520. “Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'”
↑ Grenoble (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521016520. “Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'”
↑ Huehnergard, John (2019). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9780429655388. Retrieved on 2021-02-18.
↑ Mandel (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)", Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture, Glenda Abramson, [New ed.]. ISBN 0-415-29813-X. OCLC 57470923. Retrieved on 2023-05-10. “In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.”
↑ Fellman (19 July 2011). The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-087910-0. OCLC 1089437441. Retrieved on 2023-05-10.
↑ Nachman Gur. Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved on 2 November 2013.
↑ Klein. "A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew", Israel Hayom, March 18, 2013. Retrieved on 2 November 2013.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Matras1
↑ Haiim Rosén (1 January 1977). Contemporary Hebrew. Walter de Gruyter, 15–18. ISBN 978-3-11-080483-6.
↑ Zuckermann, G. (1999), "Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary", International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dekel1
↑ אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel Aviv, 1981.
↑ Hobsbawm (2012). Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-39446-9. , "What would the future of Hebrew have been, had not the British Mandate in 1919 accepted it as one of the three official languages of Palestine, at a time when the number of people speaking Hebrew as an everyday language was less than 20,000?"
↑ Swirski (11 September 2002). Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-58242-5. : "In retrospect, [Hobsbawm's] question should be rephrased, substituting the Rothschild house for the British state and the 1880s for 1919. For by the time the British conquered Palestine, Hebrew had become the everyday language of a small but well-entrenched community."
↑ Benjamin Harshav (1999). Language in Time of Revolution. Stanford University Press, 85–. ISBN 978-0-8047-3540-7.
↑ (2003) in Even-Shoshan: Even-Shoshan Dictionary (in he). ha-Milon he-ḥadash Ltd.. ISBN 965-517-059-4. OCLC 55071836.
↑ Roberto Garvio, Esperanto and its Rivals, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 164
↑ Matar – Science and Technology On-line, the Common Anemone (in Hebrew)

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tags exist for a group named "w", but no corresponding <references group="w"/> tag was found

[GrenobleWhaley-1] Grenoble (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521016520. “Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'”

[GrenobleWhaley2-2] Grenoble (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521016520. “Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'”

[3] Huehnergard, John (2019). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9780429655388. Retrieved on 2021-02-18.

[4] Mandel (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)", Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture, Glenda Abramson, [New ed.]. ISBN 0-415-29813-X. OCLC 57470923. Retrieved on 2023-05-10. “In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.”

[5] Fellman (19 July 2011). The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-087910-0. OCLC 1089437441. Retrieved on 2023-05-10.

[Behadrey-Haredim-6] Nachman Gur. Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved on 2 November 2013.

[israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers-7] Klein. "A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew", Israel Hayom, March 18, 2013. Retrieved on 2 November 2013.

[Matras1-8] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Matras1

[Rosen15-9] Haiim Rosén (1 January 1977). Contemporary Hebrew. Walter de Gruyter, 15–18. ISBN 978-3-11-080483-6.

[10] Zuckermann, G. (1999), "Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary", International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346

[Dekel1-11] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dekel1

[12] אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel Aviv, 1981.

[13] Hobsbawm (2012). Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-39446-9. , "What would the future of Hebrew have been, had not the British Mandate in 1919 accepted it as one of the three official languages of Palestine, at a time when the number of people speaking Hebrew as an everyday language was less than 20,000?"

[14] Swirski (11 September 2002). Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-58242-5. : "In retrospect, [Hobsbawm's] question should be rephrased, substituting the Rothschild house for the British state and the 1880s for 1919. For by the time the British conquered Palestine, Hebrew had become the everyday language of a small but well-entrenched community."

[Harshav1999-15] Benjamin Harshav (1999). Language in Time of Revolution. Stanford University Press, 85–. ISBN 978-0-8047-3540-7.

[16] (2003) in Even-Shoshan: Even-Shoshan Dictionary (in he). ha-Milon he-ḥadash Ltd.. ISBN 965-517-059-4. OCLC 55071836.

[17] Roberto Garvio, Esperanto and its Rivals, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 164

[18] Matar – Science and Technology On-line, the Common Anemone (in Hebrew)

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