Asụsụ Ghadamès

Gh[ʕadeːməs] (Berber) bụ Asụsụ Berber nke a na-asụ na, ma na-akpọ aha obodo غدامس na Nalut District, ọdịda anyanwụ Libya

Ghadamès
Spoken in: Libya 
Region: Ghadames
Total speakers: Templeeti:Sigfig
Language family: Tafrusyawit
 Berber
  Eastern
   Ghadamès
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2:
ISO 639-3: gha

Nnyocha

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Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abụọ chịkọtara ihe ndị dị n'asụsụ Ghadamès. Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854-1907) bipụtara ihe ndị mbụ na 1903 na 1904. Ọrụ White Father Jacques Lanfry (1910-2000), onye nọrọ na Ghadames site na 1944 ruo 1945 ma bipụta ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi na 1968 na 1973, nyere ọtụtụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Enweghị nchọpụta ọhụrụ e mere n'ebe ahụ kemgbe ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Kossmann (2013) bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ nke oge a nke Ghadamès dabere na ihe Lanfry.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu

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Lanfry kwuru ọnụ ọgụgụ nke [1]. 4,000 ọkà okwu dị ka atụmatụ nwere nchekwube. A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ezie. Ethnologue kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 13,100 na 2016, gụnyere 2,000 bi na mpụga mpaghara ahụ. Otú [2] dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-egosipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke ndị bi na Ghadames, ndị na-abụghị ndị na-asụ Ghadamès, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,000 na-adabere na isi iyi ochie. Ethnologue kewara asụsụ ahụ dị ka 6b (Threatened).

Asụsụ

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Ghadamès bụ Asụsụ Berber n'onwe ya, na-echekwa ọtụtụ ọdịdị pụrụ iche, na Ghadamés lexicon, dị ka Lanfry dekọrọ, na-egosi obere mmetụta sitere na Arabic. Enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla banyere nhazi nke Ghadamès n'ime otu asụsụ Berber. Aikhenvald na Militarev (1984) jikọtara ya dị ka Eastern Berber, na Kossmann (1999) kpọmkwem jikọtara ya na Awjila. Ethnologue kewara ya dị ka East Zenati.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

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Mkpụrụ okwu

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Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Berber na Arabic, Ghadamès nwere ma pharyngealized ("emphatic") na ụdaume ezé nkịtị. Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị iche. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị edepụtara n'etiti oghere na-apụta naanị mgbe ụfọdụ.

Ghadamès consonant phonemes (IPA)
Akpụkpọ ahụ Mmekọrịta ezé<br id="mwQA"> Ezé ezé Ezé ezé
Far.
Palatal Velar Uvular Ọrịa akpịrị Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi m
Plosive enweghị olu (p) T T T T (tʃ) k q
kwuru okwu b di na nwunye ɟ ɡọ
Ihe na-esiri ike enweghị olu f (θ) Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ʃ x ħ h
kwuru okwu β ð (nke a na-akpọ) Z. ʒ ɣ Ọdịdị
Ihe atụ w Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ j
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ R̪ʹ

Mkpụrụedemede

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Ọtụtụ asụsụ Berber nwere naanị ụdaume atọ. Ghadamès, dị ka Tamasheq, nwere ụdaume asaa.

Ghadamès vowel phonemes (IPA)
N'ihu Central Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ i u
N'etiti etiti na o
N'etiti ə
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emeghe ɐ
Emeghe a

Okwu ndị bụ isi

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N'okpuru ebe a bụ Ndepụta Leipzig-Jakarta maka Ghadames, nke sitere na Lanfry (1973). A gbanwere ederede Lanfry na-abụghị nke omenala maka ojiji nke oge a. Ihe nnọchianya ă, ḥ, j, š, ž, y bụ otu ihe na IPA ɐ, ħ, ɟ, ʃ, ʒ, j. Nkọwa ogologo Lanfry na ụdaume nwere ike ịnọchite anya nrụgide okwu (Kossmann 2013: 5, 15).

1 ọkụ ōfa
2 imi Ihe omuma ihe omuma
3 ịga n about="#mwt68" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Transl","href":"./Template:Transl"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"gha"},"2":{"wt":"as"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARQ" title="Ghadamès-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">dị ka okwu deictic n "nke a" (cf. 11 ga-abịa)
4 mmiri aman (ọtụtụ tantum)
5 ọnụ Amo
6 ire ēləs
7 ọbara Dămmăn (ọtụtụ tantum)
8 ọkpụkpụ ɣăṣṣṣ
9 2sg nnọchiaha šăgg (ən) (m.), šămm (ən)
10 mgbọrọgwụ Aẓur "mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi"
11 na-abịa d-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Transl","href":"./Template:Transl"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"gha"},"2":{"wt":"as"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAT8" title="Ghadamès-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">dị ka okwu deictic d "ebe a" (cf. 3 to go)
12 ara bab, Admār
13 Mmiri ozuzo Anazar
14 1sg nnọchiaha năšš (ən)
15 aha Mmiri
16 louse ogologo
17 nku Afraw
18 anụ ahụ/anụ aksəm
19 aka/ogwe aka ōfəss "aka", āɣil "aka"
20 na-efe efe izi
21 abalị ēβăḍ
22 ntị ēsəm
23 olu takorəmt (cf. 47 azụ)
24 n'ebe dị anya (enweghị ihe akaebe)
25 ime/ime əqḍu "ime, nweta" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make"
26 ụlọ Juma, otú e si emeỤdị ejiji
27 nkume/nkume ērəj
28 ilu Iẓēk "ịdị ilu"
29 ịsị Chi
30 ezé asēn "onye na-egbu egbu", "mgba", tawjlet "nkịta"
31 ntutu isi azaw
32 buru ibu (enweghị ihe akaebe)
33 otu yōn (m.), yōt (f.)
34 Ònye? anno
35 3sg nnọchiaha (n) itto (m.), (n) ittāt (f.)
36 iji tie / tie ŏwət
37 ụkwụ / ụkwụ Aḍar
38 mpi Sayụ
39 nke a -o
40 azụ (enweghị ihe akaebe)
41 ụnyaahụ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ
42 ịṅụ mmanya Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
43 ojii săṭṭăf "ịbụ onye ojii" (ogwe zuru oke; ogwe aorist a na-akwadoghị)
44 ụgbọ mmiri tamet
45 iguzo ăβdəd "ịguzo ọtọ", ăkkər "ịguzosie ike"
46 ịta Ọkpụkpụ
47 azụ akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 olu)
48 ifufe aḍo "ikuku, ísì"
49 anwụrụ ọkụ ōβo
50 Gịnị ka ọ ga-eme? ke, mMụ onwe m
51 nwa (okwu ikwu) ara, tarwa
52 àkwá Tasad na-apụ
53 inye N'ịbụ onye nọ n'ọkwa
54 ihe ọhụrụ (enweghị ihe akaebe)
55 ka ọ gbaa ọkụ (intr.) ărɣ
56 na-abụghị wăl, ak
57 ezi ihe samēḥ < Arabic
58 ịmara Ọdịdị
59 ikpere ōfəd
60 ájá tamallilt
61 ịchị ọchị Ihe ndị dị n'ime
62 ịnụ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
63 ala tammurt "ụwa, ala"
64 akwụkwọ osisi təfra "akwụkwọ osisi"
65 uhie azŭggaɣ "onye na-acha ọbara ọbara" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/)
66 imeju Tosa
67 zoo Ịnọ na-akọ
68 akpụkpọ ahụ ēlăm "akpụkpọ anụ"
69 na-amị amị Ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ "Iwe"
70 iburu ăbb "ibu, weta", ăškəl "ibu, bulie"
71 ndanda takəfet
72 ịdị arọ ăẓẓāk "ịdị arọ" (ogwe zuru oke; ogwe aorist anaghị egosi)
73 were ya "Iwere", Oməẓ "ijide, jide"
74 ochie imqōr, Iwsər "ịbụ agadi, agadi (mmadụ) "
75 iri nri Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
76 úkwù Oge a na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ
77 ọkpụrụkpụ Izwər "ịdị arọ"
78 ogologo oge əzzəjrət "ịdị ogologo"
79 iji fụọ sβəḍ
80 osisi asɣēr " (otu osisi)
81 ịgba ọsọ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
82 ka ọ daa ōḍu
83 anya awăll
84 ash ēšəd
85 ọdụ tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic?
86 nkịta Ahịa
87 na-ebe ákwá / na-ebelata Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
88 ka ọ kee Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
89 ịhụ N'ezie
90 ụtọ (enweghị ihe akaebe)
91 eriri tazara
92 onyinyo N'ime ya
93 nnụnụ Anyanwụ
94 nnu tēsənt
95 obere imtēt "ịdị obere"
96 sara mbara (enweghị ihe akaebe)
97 kpakpando iri
98 n'ime Ihe a na-akpọ -i
99 siri ike (enweghị ihe akaebe)
100 iji gwuo / gwuo ăẓəd "ịtụgharị", ăddəβ "ịkụ (n'ime ogbunigwe) "

Edensibia

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nọrọ na Ghadames site na 1944 ruo 1945 ma bipụta ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi na 1968 na 1973, nyere ọtụtụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Enweghị nchọpụta ọhụrụ e mere n'ebe ahụ kemgbe

  1. Lanfry (1973:iv).
  2. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).

Ọrụ ndị e depụtara

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Templeeti:Languages of LibyaTempleeti:Berber languages