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Agụụụ na Bangladesh

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. [1]Agụụ na Bangladesh bụ otu n'ime isi okwu na- ụmụ amaala Bangladesh .  Mba Bangladesh bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị mmadụ bi na ụwa na ebe obibi maka ihe ụmụaka nde mmadụ 160. Ọ na-aga n'ihu nke ukwuu na Human Development Index, akụkụ na mpaghara nke ịgụ akwụkwọ na ndụ ndụ, ma  akara ahaghị nhata akụ na mụrụamụbawo na ihe dị ka 32% nke ndị bi na ya, bụ 50 nde mmadụ, ka na-ebi na oke ogbenye ogbenye.

. [2]Na Bangladesh 40% nke obodo dabara n'okpuru ụdị atọ: agụụ mmekọahụ na-akpali na-adịghị ala ala

Nsonaazụ

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. [3]Enwere ọtụtụ ihe na-esi na agụụ na Bangladesh, ya bụ erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ́, erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụgbọ, ịkwọ ụgbọ, na imefusị ụgbọ.  [1] Dị ka UNICEF si kwuo, e nwere isi ihe atọ a ga-esi na ya pụta: 36.4% arọ (dị obere) 36.4%, ụrọtụ dị na 41.3%, ịla n'iyi bụ 15.6%

A kọwapụtara nkwutọ ụmụaka dị ka nwatakịrị ịbụ nhụsianya abụọ dị ala karịa nkezi ịdị elu maka afọ ndụ ha yana imefusị ụmụaka bụ nwatakịrị nwere ụkpụrụ abụọ dị ala karịa nkezi arọ maka ịdị elu. [4]

Agụụ bụ okwu kwụsịrị kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ma Bangladesh egosila nnukwu mbọ maka ibelata agụụ n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ọkachasị n'otu oge kacha sie ike na ngwụcha 1970s, [5] n'agbanyeghị na mbido 2000s bụkwa ihe ịma aka. [6] N'oge ụnwụ nri a, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo amaghị otú e si enye nri n'ihi na ala ahụ enweghị nri n'ihi ọrụ ugbo siri ike. [5]

Ihe kpatara ya

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Ihe na-ebute agụụ na steeti dị iche iche nke Bangladesh bụ enweghị akụrụngwa na agụmakwụkwọ. [7] BMC Ọha na-akọwa agụụ dị ka "Nri nwere oke ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka nke nri na-edozi ahụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ ikike a na-ejighị n'aka iji nweta nri ndị a na-anabata n'ụzọ ọha mmadụ nabatara". [2]

 
Ndekọ agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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. [8]Mgbe agha maka ntọhapụ ha na 1971 aabo, Bangladesh chere ọtụtụ nsogbu ihu, ma nke anụ ahụ ma nke akụ na nna.  Akụ na egwu ha nnukwu ụkọ na ha ga-agba mbọ imezi anụ ahụ niile nke ogụ ahụ ahụ.  [1] Mgbe e hụ na 1974, oké mmirika kpara Bangladesh bụ nke nkerụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe kpatara n'afọ ahụ.  [2] ọrịjọ udu mmiri, akwụkwọ ya na nsogbu ndị dị adị, dị ka ndị agha maka akwụkwọ eserese onwe, eserese ụnwụ nri na-agbawa obi

Eziokwu

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  1. Bangladesh nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị oke karịa n'etiti mba niile dị na ndịda Eshia. [9] A na-ejide otu n'ime ụmụaka abụọ ọ bụla na-erubeghị afọ 5 ma ọ bụ na-akwụ ụgwọ na-adịghị ala ala, na pasent 14 na-enwe nnukwu mkpofu. WHO kwuru na mmadụ abụọ n'ime mmadụ atọ nwụrụ n'erubeghị ise na-anwụ site na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ.
  2. N'ime nde mmadụ 50 na-efunahụ nchekwa nri na Bangladesh, ihe na-erughị ọkara nwere ohere ịnweta mmemme netwọk nchekwa nri [9]
  3. Enweghị nri na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu. Ihe ndị a na-emetụta oge oge yana ọnụ ahịa nri dịnụ. [9]
  4. Enweghị nchekwa nri na Bangladesh sitere na oke ịda ogbenye n'ihi n'okpuru na enweghị ọrụ, ezughị oke ịnweta ala maka ịkọ ihe, mkpochapụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ya. N'ebe ndị a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ụkọ nri na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-emetụta ndị ogbenye, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. [9]
  5. Ihe dị ka pasenti 24 nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ebelata ibu na pasent 13 bụ ndị toro eto, nke na-eme ka ohere nke ụmụ ha na-ata ahụhụ. [9]
  6. Ihe dị ka 25% nke nri ụmụaka na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nri dị iche iche nke a na-eri opekempe 4 n'ime otu nri asaa kwa ụbọchị. [9]
  7. A na-ekesa àjà n'iji nri maka ọdịmma nri ụmụaka, ọkachasị n'oge ụkọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ nwanyị toro eto kwesịrị ịchụ àjà. Ụbịam na-enweghị atụ nke ezubere iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-abịa n'ihi ịkpa ókè na ọdịnala nke mwepụ, na-ahapụ ha ka ha bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike. [9]
  8. N'ime ezinụlọ ndị bara ọgaranya, pasent 26 nke ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 5 na-akwụ ụgwọ na pasent 12 na-efunahụ ha. Erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ́ abụghị nanị ihe mgbaàmà nke ịda ogbenye. Ịda ogbenye ebelatala nke ukwuu kemgbe 2010, na-ada site na 49% ruo gburugburu 25% na 2016. Otú ọ dị, agụụ ka na-adịgide. [9]
  9. Mmejọ nke obere nri na-eduga na "agụụ zoro ezo ." [9]
  10. Ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụrụ na e leghaara ha anya nwere ike ịbawanye ụkọ nri. Ọzọkwa, idei mmiri, enweghị ọrụ n'ime ime obodo, enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ na ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide kpatara mmebi ala nke na-emetụta mmepụta osikapa. [9]

Ọnụọgụ

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Agụụ na Bangladesh ndị nọ n'etiti na obere klaasị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere mba ndịda Eshia ndị ọzọ na agụụ ka bụ okwu. [10] Bangladesh amụbaala n'ụzọ akụ na ụba mana ọ ka na-eche nnukwu nsogbu agụụ obodo ihu na ihe dị ka nde 40 nọ nso agụụ. [11] Global Hunger Index bụ usoro ogo nke na-atụ agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, mpaghara, na obodo. [12] Bangladesh nwere ọkwa 90 n'ime mba 118 ugbu a. [13] Ụmụaka na-enwe agụụ na-adịghị ala ala na-anwụ kwa sekọnd ise ọ bụla. [13]

Ụmụaka

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Ọrụ nchekwa nri na-ahụ maka nchekwa nri mere ọmụmụ ihe mpaghara adịghị ike: eriri osimiri, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara hoar, Padma chars, chars ugwu. Na mkpokọta enwere ụmụaka 14,712 sitere na ọnwa 6–59 bụ ndị nwere ụkọ nri. [2] Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka nwere agụụ na-ebi n'ime ime obodo na-eme 94% nke nnwale ahụ. [2]

Agụụ na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ ọ bụghị nanị na-emetụta ụmụaka kamakwa ndị agadi; ọmụmụ na Matlab nke dị na 55 km ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Dhaka 850 ndị agadi karịa afọ 60 bụ akụkụ nke data nyocha. [14] N'ime oge nnwale ahụ 63 nwụrụ n'ihi agụụ na mmadụ 11 kwagara. [14] Nsonaazụ gosiri na n'ihi agụụ na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịmalite ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala. [14] Ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ala ala bụ ndị malitere na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ ha nwere mgbe ha bụ ụmụaka. [14]

A mara akpali nke oge dị ka " monga "n'ime ime obodo ụfọdụ nke Bangladesh, kpọmkwem na igwu egwuregwu.  [1] mmetụta a, nke a na-akpọkwa mpaghara Rangpur ka ukwuu, na-adabere kpamkpam na obere mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka.  [1] Ihe gbasara nke a na-ahụ n'anya n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mmetụta a dị na-ekpuchi nanị nwayọ n'ime afọ, na-eme ka ndị bi na mpaghara a nwee nri dị ukwuu maka ụnwapụta September ruo ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.  Nọvemba.  [1] Nke abụọ, obere "monga" na-eme kwa afọ ụnwayọ ole na ole tupu "monga" bụ isi na nke na-emebi emebi na ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ ọ lara.  [2] “monga” nke pere mpe na-adị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa, na-eme site na etiti etiti ruo etiti Ma Achị.. [15]

Data akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Onu ogugu ndi mmadu n'okpuru opekempe nke oriri ike na nri (nke a makwaara dika oke nke erighi nri) na-egosi pasenti nke ndi mmadu nke nri ha na-eri ezughị oke iji na-aga n'ihu na-egbo mkpa nke ike nri. Ihe omuma a gosiputara dika 5 na-egosi oke erighi nri na-erughi 5%. [16]

Ọnụọgụ agụụ Bangladesh
Afọ % nke ndị mmadụ Mgbanwe Kwa Afọ
2018 13.00% -0.50%
2017 13.50% -0.60%
2016 14.10% -0.80%
2015 14.90% 0.40%
2014 14.50% 0.30%
2013 14.20% 0.40%
2012 13.80% -0.10%
2011 13.90% 0.10%
2010 13.80% -0.10%
2009 13.90% 0.20%
2008 13.70% -0.30%
2007 14.00% 0.10%
2006 13.90% -0.40%
2005 14.30% -0.20%
2004 14.50% -0.50%
2003 15.00% -0.20%
2002 15.20% -0.80%
2001 16.00% -0.80%

Ndekọ agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ

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Ndekọ agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (GHI) bụ ụzọ isi gbakọọ na mmetụta agụụ na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na ọkwa ụwa, mpaghara na mba

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịdị arọ GHI

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Ihe ngosi Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị njọ [17]
GHI ≥50: oke egwu

35–49.9: egwu

20–34.9: dị njọ

10–19.9: adịghị mma

≤9.9: obere

GHI na-ejikọta 4 akụrụngwa egosi

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  1. òkè nke ndị na-erichaghị nri dị ka pasent nke ndị mmadụ;
  2. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise na-ata ahụhụ site na ịla n'iyi, ihe ịrịba ama nke nnukwu erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ;
  3. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise na-ata ahụhụ site na nkwụsị, ihe ịrịba ama nke erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-adịghị ala ala; na
  4. ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise. [18]

Bangladesh GHI

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Na 2020 GHI, Bangladesh nwetara ọnọdụ 75th n'ime mba 107. Bangladesh nwere akara 20.4, nke bụ, dị ka ogo siri ike si dị, ọkwa agụụ dị "dị njọ".

Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na nchekwa nri

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Ịnweta nri nwere ike inwe nghọta na nsonaazụ omume. [7] Emere ule na mpaghara Gaibandha dị na mgbago ọdịda anyanwụ Bangladesh iji mụọ ọkwa enweghị nchekwa nri ezinụlọ. [7] Emebere ụfọdụ ngalaba n'ime ọnwa isii iji tụọ ụkọ nri. [7]

. [5]N'ụdị ụfọdụ, egwuregwu nwoke na aha na ndị otu ha.  [1] N'ime obere obodo ebe a na-eme ụmụ nwoke n'ụdị dị iche iche, ndị nne na nna ga-azụ ụmụ ha ndị ikom maka ụmụ ha ndị inyom.  [1] E izi nke okike nne, edekwarala na onye isi ihe nwere ike dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara iri nri.  [2] Na Bangladesh ka a na-akpagbu ụmụ, a na-ahụkwa ha ka ndị dị ala.  [2] Eziniche ebe ụmụ ekiri bụ ndị na-emeri kaadị na-azụ na obere nri na egosi.  [2] Womenmụ erughị 32% nke ndị n'okpuru ahịrị ego ogbenye.  [2] N'pò ụfọdụ ọ bụ na ụmụ nọ n'ezina na-enweta akwụkwọ, ọ na-enwe mmasị ịnwụ agụụ ha site na 43% [1] N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụmụ achịkọtala iji nwaa usoro  a.  [2] Ụmụnwanyị nọ na Bangladesh haziela otu anụ iji lụso agụụ na-achọ ala ala ogụ;  fim nke ụmụ 145,000.  [2] Ebumnobi ha bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ na-agụghị akwụkwọ na uru onwe ha na igosi na ụmụ ka nwere ike igbo mkpa ihe ha.  [2] Ụmụ na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-enwe ike ike irite ihe na-ahụ nkezi maka ụmụaka .  [2] N'ozuzu, ndị inyom a na-ahụ ike ikpochapụ agụụ na-adịghị ala ala n'etiti ụmụ ha.  [2] N'oge a siri ike, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru na ndị okenye nwụrụla 30%.  [3] Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe United States manyere ndị agha ndị Bangladesh ka ha nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo ha aka

N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, idei mmiri, oke ọkọchị na ajọ ifufe ebutela nnukwu mfu akụ na ụba na mmebi ihe eji ebi ndụ na Bangladesh. Agriculture bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke GDP na 65% nke ndị ọrụ, ma na-eche nnukwu ihe egwu ihu. [19] Agriculture bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke GDP na 65% nke ndị ọrụ, ha niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata ya bụ isi okwu nke mmepe na-adigide na nchekwa nri na Bangladesh. Ọrụ ugbo Bangladesh na-adabere kpamkpam n'ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke idei mmiri a na-enwe kwa afọ n'ihi na ha ghọtara na nnukwu idei mmiri na-eme mgbe mgbe nwere ike ịkpata ọdachi. [19] A na-atụ anya mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-ebelata mmepụta osikapa, bụ isi ihe ọkụkụ nke Bangladesh, ma mee ka mba ahụ dabere n'ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na ọka ndị a na-ebubata. Na mkpokọta, n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-atụ anya na GDP ọrụ ugbo Bangladesh ga-agbada site na 3.1% kwa afọ. Ọ bụghị naanị na ndị a ga-emetụta mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, kamakwa usoro nri niile, ruo na oriri ezinụlọ. [19]

 
Agụụ efu

N'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, ịda ogbenye na oke ịda ogbenye na-alọghachi na ndụ ndị mmadụ, bụ ndị meriri onwe ha n'ọbụbụ ọnụ nke ịda ogbenye tupu ọrịa a.

Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na: enweghị ọrụ, ichepụ iche, na mkpọchi. Ndị bi n'akụkụ ịda ogbenye enweghị ike ịzụta nri, ọ na-esiri ha ike inweta nri na-edozi ahụ. Gọọmenti ga-arụrịrị ọrụ dị mkpa n'oge a siri ike site n'inye nri ma ọ bụ iduzi otu dị iche iche ịnakọta ego iji kwe nkwa na ọ nweghị onye agụụ na-agụ n'ọnọdụ a siri ike. Iji nweta mgbagwoju anya a, anyị ga-agba mbọ ka ọrụ ugbo na-adigide. [20]

Gịnị ka e kwesịrị ime?

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Dị ka World Bank si kwuo, Bangladesh na-atụfu ihe dịka 1% nke ala ubi ya kwa afọ. Nke a na-eduga n'ụkọ, n'ihi na ọ bụghị ala niile nwere ike ịkọ. [20]

  • Iji nweta uru zuru oke nke akụ na ụba ụwa, gọọmentị kwesịrị inye ndị bi n'ihe ize ndụ uru nchekwa ọha. Nke a ga-eme ka ikike ịzụ ahịa nke ndị dara ogbenye na-akpali akpali, na-emepụta ohere ohere na akụ na ụba obodo. Itinye ego na mmepe zuru oke abụghị naanị omume kamakwa ahụike akụ na ụba.
  • A na-emepụta otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ijeri metric ton nke nri kwa afọ, nke na-efu akụ na ụba ụwa ijeri dollar 750. A na-ekpochapụ nri a na mba ndị bara ọgaranya, ebe nri na-efunarị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe n'ihi enweghị nchekwa ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ere ihe ọkụkụ ha.
  • Onye ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị ike iri nri dị mma. Site n'iwulite ahịa na-adigide, anyị ga-ebido na itinye ego n'agbụ ịzụ ahịa na-adigide. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị enweta ọnụ ahịa kacha mma ma ha ree ihe ubi ha. N'ihi enweghị ụgbọ njem, ha enweghị ike ire ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ozugbo. Imelite akụrụngwa ime obodo, ọkachasị okporo ụzọ, ebe nchekwa na ọkụ eletrik ga-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo rute n'ahịa buru ibu.
  • Osikapa, ọka wit, ọka na soy na-anọchi anya 60% nke oriri calorie zuru ụwa ọnụ. Iji gboo mgbanwe ihu igwe, inye nri na ohere, gọọmentị na ndị NGO kwesịrị inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka inyocha na imepụta ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ. Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche nwere ike inye ndị mmadụ nri nri na ndụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ a, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-agụsị akwụkwọ n'ịzụlite ngwaahịa ndị a ma nye ha ngwá ọrụ na ihe ọmụma dị mkpa . N'otu aka ahụ, ekwesịrị ka ọha na eze mara ma kụziere ya uru nri dị iche iche dị na nri.
  • Ezigbo ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nzụlite nwatakịrị, karịsịa ihe dị ka afọ abụọ. Ekwesịrị ijide n'aka na ụmụntakịrị na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwetara nri a chọrọ ka ha wee too nke ọma.
  • Ọtụtụ mba ejiriwo ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide merie agụụ. Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama na-ebute ụnwụ nri. Ọ na-ejikọta mmepụta nri na nnweta nri; Ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta na-ebelata, ọnụ ahịa nri na-abawanye; Ya mere, ndị ịda ogbenye enweghị ike ịzụta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agụụ na-amalite ibili. Ọrụ ugbo nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ihu igwe nwere ike inye aka n'ibelata agụụ site na ibelata akara ụkwụ carbon nke mmepụta ugbo. Atụmatụ ihu igwe-smart na mmejuputa iwu na-enyere aka n'ibelata ọ bụghị naanị agụụ kamakwa ịda ogbenye.
  • Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike itinye aka na ọgụ megide agụụ, site n'ịgbanwe ụzọ ndụ ha - n'ụlọ, n'ebe ọrụ, na n'ime obodo - site n'inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo obodo ma ọ bụ ebe ahịa aka na ịnakwere nhọrọ nri na-adịgide adịgide.
  • Ekwesịrị imepụta mmata iji luso ihe mkpofu nri ọgụ site n'ịkwalite na ịgba ndị mmadụ ume maka iri nri ziri ezi.

Ntụaka

dezie
  1. ↑ Bangladesh Hunger Relief in Asia. Action Against Hunger (2011-07-07). Retrieved on 2021-09-14.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Haque (December 2017). "Factors associated with child hunger among food insecure households in Bangladesh". BMC Public Health 17 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4108-z. PMID 28209154. Templeeti:ProQuest. 
  3. ↑ "Statistics", UNICEF. Retrieved on 2018-10-17. (in en-US)
  4. ↑ Nutrition Definition. Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved on 2018-12-17.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sobhan (1979). "Politics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh". Economic and Political Weekly 14 (48): 1973–1980. 
  6. ↑ UN World Food Programme (en). wfp.org. Archived from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved on 2018-12-14.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Na (8 September 2015). "Validation of the food access survey tool to assess household food insecurity in rural Bangladesh". BMC Public Health 15 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-2208-1. PMID 26346311. 
  8. ↑ Finer (2016-11-01). "Is famine exposure during developmental life in rural Bangladesh associated with a metabolic and epigenetic signature in young adulthood? A historical cohort study" (in en). BMJ Open 6 (11): e011768. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011768. ISSN 2044-6055. PMID 27881521. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 10 Facts About Hunger In Bangladesh – Bangladesh (en). ReliefWeb. Retrieved on 2021-09-13.
  10. ↑ A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Bangladesh (en). Global Hunger Index – Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication. Retrieved on 2018-12-14.
  11. ↑ UNICEF – Definitions. unicef.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved on 2018-12-15.
  12. ↑ 2017 Global Hunger Index: long-term progress in reducing hunger. Data Sharing helps equalize change in the food system | Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS). aims.fao.org. Retrieved on 2018-12-15.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Bangladesh (en). Global Hunger Index – Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication. Retrieved on 2018-12-15.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Ferdous (December 2009). "The multidimensional background of malnutrition among rural older individuals in Bangladesh - a challenge for the Millennium Development Goal". Public Health Nutrition 12 (12): 2270–2278. DOI:10.1017/S1368980009005096. PMID 19257922. 
  15. ↑ Stevens (2017). "The role of seasonality on the diet and household food security of pregnant women living in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study" (in en). Public Health Nutrition 20 (1): 121–129. DOI:10.1017/S136898001600183X. ISSN 1368-9800. PMID 27573667. 
  16. ↑ Bangladesh Hunger Statistics 2001–2021. macrotrends.net. Retrieved on 2021-09-13.
  17. ↑ Global Hunger Index (GHI) (en). World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2021-09-14.
  18. ↑ (October 2016) 2016 Global Hunger Index. International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-89629-226-0. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh (13 July 2010).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "SDG on Zero Hunger and its Prospects in Bangladesh", Daily Sun, 2021-08-24. Retrieved on 2021-09-14. (in en)
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