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Ọrụ ugbo maara nke ọma

 

Ụmụ nwanyị n'ere ihe oriri n'ahịa dị na Lilongwe, Malawi

Nchebe nri bụ ọnọdụ nke inwe ohere a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka nri zuru oke, nke n'edozi ahụ. Inweta nri maka ndị mmadụ nke klas ọ bụla, okike ma ọ bụ okpukpe bụ ihe ọzọ nke nchekwa nri. N'otu aka ahụ, a n'ewere nchekwa nri Ezinụlọ dị mgbe ndị niile nọ n'ezinụlọ, n'oge niile, nwere nri zuru ezu maka ndụ dị mma.[1] Ndị n'enweghị nri anaghị ebi ndụ n'agụụ ma ọ bụ egwu agụụ. Nchebe nri n'agụnye ịnagide nsogbụ nri n'ọdịnihu. Mgbagwojụ anya dị otú ahụ nwere ike ime n'ihi ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri, mgbagwojụ anya ụgbọ mmiri, ụkọ mmanụ, ọgba aghara akụ na ụba, na agha.[2] Enweghị nchebe nri bụ ihe megidere nchekwa nri: steeti ebe enwere naanị obere ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka nri kwesịrị ekwesị.

Echiche nke nchekwa nri agbanweela ka oge n'aga. Ogidi anọ nke nchekwa nri gụnyere nnweta, ohere, ojiji, na nkwụsi ike.[3] Na mgbakwunye, enwere akụkụ abụọ ọzọ dị mkpa: ụlọ ọrụ na nkwado. A n'eme ka akụkụ isii a nke nchekwa nri sie ike na nghọta echiche na nke iwu banyere ikike nri.[4][5] Nzukọ Nri Ụwa n'afọ 1996 kwupụtara na "ekwesịghị iji nri mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba". [6][7]

Mmetụta nke ụkọ nri nwere ike ịgụnye agụụ na ọbụna ụnwụ nri. Enweghị nchekwa nri n'adịghị ala ala n'atụgharị gaa n'ọkwa dị elu nke adịghị ike nke agụụ na ụnwụ nri.[1] Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nwere ike ịzaghachi agụụ n'adịghị ala ala na erighị ihe n'edozi ahụ site n'ịbelata nha ụmụaka, nke a maara na usoro ahụike dị ka nkwụsị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị.[2]. Ozugbo nkwubi okwu mere, nri oriri n'edozi ahụ ka mma mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ abụọ enweghị ike ịkwụsị mmebi ahụ. Ọrịa n'adịghị edozi ahụ nke ọma n'oge nwata n'ebutekarị ntụpọ na mmepe ọgụgụ isi.

Nchebe nri, dị ka World Food Summit kọwara na 1996, bụ "mgbe mmadụ niile, n'oge niile, nwere ohere anụ ahụ na akụ na ụba maka nri zuru oke, dị nchebe na nke n'edozi ahụ nke n'egbo mkpa nri ha na nri ha na-ahọrọ maka ndụ dị mma na nke dị mma". [8] [9]

Enweghị nchebe nri, n'aka nke ọzọ, dịka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) si kọwaa ya, bụ ọnọdụ nke "nnweta nri zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke a n'ejighị n'aka ma ọ bụ ikike dị oke ma ọ bụrụ nke a na'ejighị n" [10]

N'afọ 1974 World Food Conference, akọwapụtara okwu nchekwa nri na nkwenye na nnyefe; akọwapụtara ya dị ka "nnweta n'oge niile nke nri zuru oke, n'edozi ahụ, dịgasị iche iche, nke dị nro na nke dị n'etiti iji kwado mmụba nke nri na oriri iji gbochie mgbanwe na mmepụta na ọnụahịa. " [11] Nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbakwunyere mkpa na nsogbụ ịnweta nkọwa ahụ. Nzukọ nri ụwa mbụ, nke e mere n'afọ 1996, kwuru na nchekwa nri "dị mgbe mmadụ niile, n'oge niile, nwere ohere anụ ahụ na akụ na ụba maka nri zuru ezu, dị nchebe na nke n'edozi ahụ iji gboo mkpa nri ha na nri ha n'ahọrọ maka ndụ siri ike na nke dị mma. "[12][6]

Dị ka nke 2015, echiche nke nchekwa nri n'elekwasịkarị anya na kalori nri kama ịdị mma na nri nri. Echiche nke nchekwa ihe oriri ma ọ bụ nchekwa ihe oriri malitere dị ka echiche sara mbara. N'afọ 1995, a kọwapụtara ya dị ka "ọnọdụ nri zụrụ oke n'ihe gbasara protein, ume, vitamin na mineral maka ndị ezinaụlọ niile n'oge niile."A n'akọwa enweghị nchebe nri n'adịgide adịgide (ma ọ bụ nke na-adịru mgbe niile) dị ka enweghị nri zuru oke n'adịte aka.[13] N'ọnọdụ a, ezinụlọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe niile nke enweghị ike inweta nri iji gboo mkpa nke ndị otu niile. A n'ejikọta enweghị nchebe nri n'adịghị ala ala na nke n'agafe agafe ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume nke nchekwa nri n'agagharị agafe nwere ike ime ka ezinụlọ dịkwuo mfe maka enweghị nchebe oriri n'adịghị agafe.[14]

deficiency.[Tinye edensibịa]

Ịtụle

dezie
 
N'ụwa niile na mpaghara ọ bụla, mmụba nke enweghị nri dị elu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị karịa n'etiti ndị ikom.

Enwere ike ịlele nchekwa nri site na ọnụọgụ kalori iji gbarie onye ọ bụla kwa ụbọchị, dị na mmefu ego ezinụlọ.[15][16] N'ozuzu, ebum n'uche nke ihe ngosi na nha nchekwa nri bụ ijide ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị na nchekwa nri n'ihe gbasara nnweta nri, nnweta, na ojiji / ezughi oke. Ọ bụ ezie na nnweta (mmepụta na nnyefe) na ojiji / ezughi oke (ọnọdụ nri n'edozi ahụ / nha anthropometric) dị mfe ịtụle ya mere n'ewu ewu, nnweta (ikike inweta oke na ogo nri) ka bụ ihe a n'apụghị ịhụ anya.[17] Ihe ndị n'emetụta nnweta nri ezinụlọ n'abụkarị ihe a kapịrị ọnụ.[18]

FAO emeela Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) dị ka ihe nyocha nchekwa nri nke dabeere na ahụmịhe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ eji eme ihe na mba United Steetị. N'ihi nguzobe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na usoro dị mkpa iji nyochaa usoro ndị a nwetara na mba dị iche iche, ọ g'ekwe omume iji FIES mepụta atụmatụ ndị yiri nke mba niile banyere mmụba nke enweghị nri n'etiti ndị mmadụ.[19] Kemgbe afọ 2015, a nabatara FIES dị ka ihe ndabere iji chịkọta otu n'ime ihe ngosi ndị a gụnyere na usoro nlekota Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). [20]

  • Nchịkọta Nri Nchebe Nweta Nchebe Ezinụlọ - n'atụle ogo nke enweghị nri (incesbility) n'ime ezinụlọ n'ọnwa gara aga na ọkwa dị iche iche.
  • Household Dietary Diversity Scale - na-atụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị nri dị iche iche a n'eri n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ (24hrs/48hrs/7days).
  • Ụlọ Agụụụụ - na-atụle ahụmịhe nke ụkọ nri ezinụlọ dabere na usoro mmeghachi omume a na-ahụ anya, nke e jidere site na nyocha ma chịkọta ya na ọkwa.
  • Coping Strategies Index (CSI) - na-enyocha omume ezinụlọ ma n'atụle ha dabere na omume dịgasị iche iche e guzobere na otu ezinụlọ si emeso ụkọ nri. Usoro maka nyocha a dabere na ịnakọta data na otu ajụjụ: "Gịnị ka ị n'eme mgbe ị n'enweghị nri zuru ezu, ma enweghị ego zuru ezu ịzụta nri?"[21][22][23]
  1. ↑ Food Security in the United States: Measuring Household Food Security. USDA. Archived from the original on 2019-11-22. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
  2. ↑ The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security.. FAO. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved on 26 November 2013.
  3. ↑ FAO (2009). Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved on 2013-10-15. 
  4. ↑ (2021) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. In brief, 2021 (in English), Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 5. DOI:10.4060/cb5409en. ISBN 978-92-5-134634-1. 
  5. ↑ (2020) "Food security and nutrition: building a global narrative towards 2030". High Level Panel of Experts Report 15: 7–11. Retrieved on 2023-01-15. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Food and Agriculture Organization (November 1996). Rome Declaration on Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved on 26 October 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Food and Agriculture Organization 1996" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 1996 Summit on World Food Security Report. 1996 Summit on World Food Security Report.
  8. ↑ Chapter 2. Food security: concepts and measurement. www.fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved on October 23, 2017.
  9. ↑ Food Security. ifpri.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved on 2020-11-30.
  10. ↑ Gary Bickel (2000). Guide to Measuring Household Food Security. USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  11. ↑ (2003) Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages. FAO, UN. Retrieved on 2015-02-14. 
  12. ↑ Patel. "Raj Patel: 'Food sovereignty' is next big idea", Financial Times, 20 November 2013. Retrieved on 17 January 2014.
  13. ↑ Ecker and Breisinger (2012). The Food Security System. Washington, D.D.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1–14. Retrieved on 2013-10-15. 
  14. ↑ FAO (1997). "The food system and factors affecting household food security and nutrition", Agriculture, food and nutrition for Africa: a resource book for teachers of agriculture. Rome: Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department. Retrieved on 15 October 2013. 
  15. ↑ Webb (2006). "Measuring household food insecurity: why it's so important and yet so difficult to do.". The Journal of Nutrition 136 (5): 1404S–1408S. DOI:10.1093/jn/136.5.1404S. PMID 16614437. 
  16. ↑ Perez-Escamilla (2008). "Food Insecurity measurement and indicators". Revista de Nutrição 21 (5): 15–26. DOI:10.1590/s1415-52732008000500003. 
  17. ↑ Barrett (11 February 2010). "Measuring Food Insecurity". Science 327 (5967): 825–828. DOI:10.1126/science.1182768. PMID 20150491. 
  18. ↑ Swindale (2006). "Development of a universally applicable household food insecurity measurement tool: process, current status, and outstanding issues". The Journal of Nutrition 136 (5): 1449S–1452S. DOI:10.1093/jn/136.5.1449s. PMID 16614442. Retrieved on 31 July 2013. 
  19. ↑ Cafiero (2018). "Food security measurement in a global context: The food insecurity experience scale.". Measurement 116: 146–152. DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.065. Retrieved on 2023-01-15. 
  20. ↑ Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations (January 2023). Retrieved on January 24, 2024.
  21. ↑ Maxwell (1996). "Measuring food insecurity: the frequency and severity of "coping strategies"". Food Policy 21 (3): 291–303. DOI:10.1016/0306-9192(96)00005-X. Retrieved on 2020-08-19. 
  22. ↑ Oldewage-Theron (2006). "Poverty, household food insecurity and nutrition: Coping strategies in an informal settlement in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa". Public Health 120 (9): 795–804. DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.02.009. PMID 16824562. 
  23. ↑ Maxwell (1 December 2008). "Measuring food insecurity: Can an indicator based on localized coping behaviors be used to compare across contexts?". Food Policy 33 (6): 533–540. DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.02.004. 
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