Wikipedia

Ụlọ ọrụ shuga

ụlọ ọrụ shuga n'etinye aka na mmepụta, nhazi na ahịa shuga (karịsịa sucrose na fructose). N'ụwa niile, a n'ewepụta ọtụtụ shuga site na okpete (~80% karịsịa na okpomọkụ) na shuga beet (~ 20%, karịsịa na ihu igwe dị jụụ, dị ka na mba US ma ọ bụ mba Europe).

Ọnụahịa shuga 1962-2022 USD kwa pound
Sugar beets n'echere nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ Holly Sugar Corporation dị nso na Brawley, California n'afọ 1970

A n'eji shuga eme ihe maka Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị n'atọ ọchị, nri dị mfe, nri ngwa ngwa, swiiti, ihe ndị e mere achịcha, na nri ndị ọzọ n'atọ ezigbo ụtọ. A n'eji okpete eme ihe na distillation nke rum.

Ọtụtụ mba n'akwado shuga.[1] N'ụwa niile n'afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe dị ka nde tọn shuga 185, nke mba India ji nde tọn 35.9, mba Brazil na Thailand sochiri.[2] E nwere ihe karịrị mba 123 n'emepụta shuga, mana ọ bụ naanị 30% nke ihe a n'emepụta na ahịa mba ụwa.

Ahịa

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Nkwado shuga emeela ka ọnụ ahịa maka shuga dị ala karịa ọnụahịa mmepụta. Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ 2019, 3/4 nke mmepụta shuga ụwa anaghị ere ahịa n'ahịa mepere emepe. Mba Brazil n'achịkwa ọkara ahịa ụwa, n'akwụ ụgwọ kachasị ($ 2.5 ijeri kwa afọ) n'enyemaka maka ụlọ ọrụ shuga ya.[3]

Akụkọ Oxfam nke afọ 2004 kpọrọ enyemaka shuga EU "dumping" ma kwụo na ha n'emerụ ndị ogbenye ụwa.[4] Mkpebi WTO megide EU quota na usoro enyemaka n'afọ 2005 rụọ n'afọ 2006 manyere EU belata ọnụahịa ya kacha nta na quotas, ma kwụsị Ịzụ ahịa. [5][6] EU wepụrụ ụfọdụ oke n'afọ 2015, mana ọnụahịa kacha nta ka dị. [7] about="#mwt85" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Burrell&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Alison&quot;},&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Himics&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Mihaly&quot;},&quot;last3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Van Doorslaer&quot;},&quot;first3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Benjamin&quot;},&quot;last4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ciaian&quot;},&quot;first4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pavel&quot;},&quot;last5&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shrestha&quot;},&quot;first5&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shailesh&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;EU sugar policy : a sweet transition after 2015&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/eu-sugar-policy-sweet-transition-after-2015?search&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2021-05-06&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Publications Office of the European Union]]&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.2791/68116&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-92-79-35567-7&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1831-9424&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAZE\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFBurrellHimicsVan_DoorslaerCiaian2014\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Burrell, Alison; Himics, Mihaly; Van Doorslaer, Benjamin; Ciaian, Pavel; Shrestha, Shailesh (2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/eu-sugar-policy-sweet-transition-after-2015?search\" id=\"mwAZI\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\"><i id=\"mwAZM\">EU sugar policy<span id=\"mwAZQ\" typeof=\"mw:DisplaySpace\"> </span>: a sweet transition after 2015</i></a>. <a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"176\" href=\"./Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union\" id=\"mwAZU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Publications Office of the European Union\">Publications Office of the European Union</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"177\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZY\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2791%2F68116\" id=\"mwAZc\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.2791/68116</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"178\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a><span id=\"mwAZk\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"179\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-92-79-35567-7\" id=\"mwAZo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-79-35567-7\"><bdi id=\"mwAZs\">978-92-79-35567-7</bdi></a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"180\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZw\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a><span id=\"mwAZ0\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1831-9424\" id=\"mwAZ4\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">1831-9424</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAZ8\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAaA\">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span about=\"#mwt81\" id=\"mwAaI\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> </span><span about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaM\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaQ\">{{<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"181\" href=\"./Template:Cite_book\" id=\"mwAaU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Template:Cite book\">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaY\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAac\"><span id=\"mwAag\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">|</span>website=</code> ignored (<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"182\" href=\"./Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored\" id=\"mwAak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\">help</a>)</span><link about=\"#mwt81\" href=\"./Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored\" id=\"mwAao\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">"}}' id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sugar_industry#cite_note-12 [5]][8][9] Ụtụ isi n'adịgide maka ọtụtụ mba.[9] N'afọ 2009, EU nyere mba ndị n'emepe emepe (LDCs) ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ efu n'ahịa EU dị ka akụkụ nke Ihe niile ma e wezụga Ngwá Agha. [6][10]

Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ afọ 2018, mbaIndia, Thailand, na Meziko na-enyekwa shuga nkwado.[3]

Ndị egwuregwu ụwa

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Ụlọ ọrụ iri kachasị emepụta shuga dabere na mmepụta n'afọ 2010: [11]

Ọnọdụ Ụlọ ọrụ 2010/11 Mmepụta [Mt] Mba
1. Südzucker AG 4.2 Germany
2. Cosan SA Industria & Comercio 4.1 Brazil
3. British Sugar Plc 3.9 UK
4. Tereos International SA 3.6 France
5. Mitr Phol Sugar Corp. 2.7 Thailand
6. Nordzucker Gmbh & Co KG 2.5 Germany
7. Louis Dreyfus 1.8 Netherlands
8. Wilmar International Ltd. 1.5 Singapore
9. Òtù shuga Thai Roong Ruang 1.5 Thailand
10. Turkiye Seker Fabrikalari 1.34 Turkey

Ụlọ ọrụ shuga zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere òkè ahịa dị ala. Ndị n'emepụta shuga anọ kachasị elu n'eme ihe n'erughị 20.0% nke ahịa.[12]

Ngwaahịa

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  • Ọka shuga a na-esighị esi
  • Ọkụ shuga
  • Shuga a nụchara anụcha
  • Mkpụrụ osisi molasses
  • Mmanya shuga
  • Shuga na-acha nchara nchara
  • Ọka shuga e ji ntụ mee

Nkwado na ahịa

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Ụlọ ọrụ shuga n'etinye aka na ahịa shuga na lobbying, n'ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke shuga - oke ibu na ezé - ma n'emetụta nyocha ahụike na ndụmọdụ ahụike ọha na eze. [13] [14][15]

Nzukọ

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  • Òtù shuga mba ụwa
  • Sugar Association (USA)
  • European Association of Sugar Manufacturers (EU)
  • Nri shuga UK
  • Òtù Na-emepụta Ọka nke India
  • Global Energy Balance Network

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga

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Hụkwa

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  • Nkatọ nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga
  • Ụlọ ọrụ nri
  • Peeji niile nwere aha nwere mmepụta shuga
    • Ụlọ ọrụ shuga nke Philippines
  • Ụdị:Ụlọ ọrụ shuga
  1. ↑ Resolution In US House Against Subsidies On Sugar By Countries Including India. NDTV.com. Retrieved on 2023-11-25.
  2. ↑ Sugar: World Markets and Trade. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture (20 November 2018). Retrieved on 24 March 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Phillips (16 March 2018). Sugar, steel subsidies are anything but sweet. The Washington Times. Retrieved on 2021-05-06. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WT" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Dumping on the world - How EU sugar policies hurt poor countries. oxfam.org (March 2004). Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved on 2018-08-19.
  5. ↑ Brazil Claims Victory After WTO Ruling on EU Sugar Subsidies. ictsd.org (6 August 2004). Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved on 2018-08-19.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Business | Q&A: Sugar subsidies. BBC News (2005-09-19). Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  7. ↑ Sugar | European Commission. Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  8. ↑ Viljoen (8 May 2014). The end of the EU sugar quota and the implication for African producers. tralac.org. Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Roberts (27 March 2017). Sweet Brexit: what sugar tells us about Britain's future outside the EU. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  10. ↑ Food, Farming, Fisheries | European Commission. ec.europa.eu (October 2016). Archived from the original on 2017-01-25. Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  11. ↑ Chanjaroen (November 4, 2011). Suedzucker Leads the Top 10 Sugar-Producing Companies. Bloomberg. Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  12. ↑ Global Sugar Manufacturing: Market Research Report. IBISWorld (31 March 2021). Retrieved on 2021-05-06.
  13. ↑ Mozaffarian (2 May 2017). "Conflict of Interest and the Role of the Food Industry in Nutrition Research". JAMA 317 (17): 1755–1756. DOI:10.1001/jama.2017.3456. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 28464165. 
  14. ↑ Schillinger (20 December 2016). "Do Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Cause Obesity and Diabetes? Industry and the Manufacture of Scientific Controversy". Annals of Internal Medicine 165 (12): 895–897. DOI:10.7326/L16-0534. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 27802504. Retrieved on 2018-03-21. (original url, paywalled: Author's conflict of interest disclosure forms)
  15. ↑ O’Connor. "Studies Linked to Soda Industry Mask Health Risks", The New York Times, 31 October 2016. Retrieved on 2018-03-23.
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