Ọrụ ugbo na China
China na-emeputa osikapa, ọka wit, poteto, Tomato, sorghum, ahụekere, tii, ọka bali, ogho, Mkpụrụ mmanụ, ọka na soybeans.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieMmepe nke ọrụ ụgbọ n'ime oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba China ekerewo Oke dị ukwuu n'ịkwado ụto nke otụ n'ime ọnụọgụ kasị ukwuu n'ụwa
Nkà mmụta ihe ochie
dezieNnyocha nke ngwá ọrụ nkume site na Prọfesọ Liu Li na ndị ọzọ egosiwo na ndị n'achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe 23,000-19,500 n'afọ gara aga n'eji otu ngwá ọrụ ahụ a ga-eji mee ihe maka ọka na osikapa.[1]
Ụdị ọka a n'azụ n'ụlọ Panicum miliaceum na Setaria italica nwere ike ịmalite na mba Northern China.[2] A chọtawo ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ọka a na-azụ n'ụlọ n'ebe ugwụ mba China na Xinglonggou, Yuezhang, Dadiwan, Cishan, na ọtụtụ ebe Peiligang. Ebe nrụ ọrụ weebụ ndị a n'ekpuchi oge karịrị 7250-6050 BCE.[3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọka a n'eri n'ụlọ n'ebe ndị a dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi ndị ọzọ. Na Xinglonggou, ọka mejupụtara naanị 15% pasentị nke ihe ọkụkụ niile fọdụrụ gburugburu 7200-6400 BCE; ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gbanwere na 99% pasentị site na oge 2050-1550 BCE.[4] Nnyocha egosiwo na ọka chọrọ obere ntinye aka mmadụ iji too, nke pụtara na mgbanwe doro anya na ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke nwere ike igosi na a na-akụ ọka adịghị adị.[3]
Ihe ndị e gwupụtara na Kuahuqiao, ebe Neolithic mbụ a maara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mba China, edepụtala ịkọ osikapa afọ 7,700 gara aga.[5] Ihe dị ka ọkara nke ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ bụ nke Ụdị japonica a n'azụ n'ụlọ, ebe ọkara nke ọzọ bụ ụdị osikapa ọhịa. O kwere omume na ndị nọ na Kuahuqiao zụkwara ụdị ọhịa ahụ.[3] Ihe ndị a chọtara na saịtị nke Ọdinaala Hemudu (ihe dị ka oge 5500-3300 BCE) na Yuyao na Banpo nso Xi'an gụnyere ọka na ngwá ọrụ ndị yiri spade nke e ji nkume na ọkpụkpụ mee. A chọtawo ihe akaebe nke ọrụ ugbo osikapa na Hemudu nke Tianluoshan (5000-4500 BCE), na osikapa ghọrọ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke akụ na ụba ụgbo site na ọdịbendị Majiabang na ndịda China.[6] Dị ka ihe ndekọ nke nnukwu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, e nyere ụfọdụ ndị mkpọrọ nwanyị n'oge akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ntaramahụhụ ịbụ "ụgbụgbọ ọka" (Chinese) dị ka ihe ọzọ maka ntaramah ụjụ siri ike dị ka igbu egbugbu ma ọ bụ igbu ụkwụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere n'afọ anọ ma ọ bụ ise nke ikpe ndị a siri ike malitere na mgbanwe iwu nke Emperor Wen.[7]
E nwekwara ọdịnala dị ogologo nke metụtara ọrụ ugbo na akụkọ ifo ndị mba China. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Permanent Agriculture: Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911), Prọfesọ Franklin Hiram King kọwara ma too ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala nke China.[8]
Ọganihu nke usoro ọrụ ugbo
dezieỌrụ ụgbọ na mba China abụwo Ọrụ siri ike mgbe niile. Otú ọ dị, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, e mepụtara ụzọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ bubata ya nke mere ka mmepụta na arụmọrụ dị ukwuu. Ha jikwa oghere mkpụrụ mee ihe iji nyere aka melite ọrụ ụgbọ.
N'Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ (722-481 BC), ọganihu abụọ na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo mere. Otu bụ iji Ngwá ọrụ ígwè a kpụrụ akpụ na anụ ọhịa n'ebu ibu n'adọkpụ ụgbọ, nke ọzọ bụ nnukwu ijikọta osimiri na mmepe nke ọrụ Nchekwa mmiri. Injinia Sunshu Ao nke narị afọ nke isii BC na Ximen Bao nke narị afọ de ise BC bụ abụọ n'ime ndị injinia mmiri kacha ochie si mba China, ọrụ ha lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye usoro ịgba mmiri.[9] Ọganihu ndị a gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Oge Agha Steeti (403-221 BC), na-agwụcha na nnukwu Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System nke Li Bing mepụtara site na oge 256 BC maka Steeti Qin na Sichuan oge ochie.
- ↑ Liu (2013). "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China". PNAS 110 (14): 5380–5385. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1217864110. PMID 23509257.
- ↑ The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Liu (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals", The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.
- ↑ Zhao Zhijun (赵志军) (2004). in (南京师范大学文博系): {{{title}}}. Wenwu Chubanshe, 188–199.
- ↑ Zong (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China". Nature 449 (7161): 459–62. DOI:10.1038/nature06135. PMID 17898767.
- ↑ Liu (2012). "Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)", The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.
- ↑ Ch'ien (2016). The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253020697. Retrieved on 6 August 2019.
- ↑ Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180
- ↑ Needham, Pt. 3, p. 271.