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Ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ

Integrated Farming (Ọ BỤRỤ), mmepụta agbakwunyere ma ọ bụ njikwa ugbo jikọtara ọnụ bụ usoro nlekọta ugbo dum nke na-achọ ịnapụta ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Integrated Farming na-ejikọta ngwa ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na teknụzụ yana omume ọdịnala dịka saịtị na ọnọdụ enyere, na-ejikarị ọtụtụ usoro ịkụ ihe n'obere mpaghara na-eto eto.

Nkọwa

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Usoro zuru oke UNI 11233 ọhụrụ European bio standard: usoro mmepụta jikọtara ọnụ na-ele anya ma na-emetụta ugbo Organic na Bio dum

International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC) na-akọwa ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ dị ka UNI 11233-2009 European ọkọlọtọ dị ka usoro ọrụ ugbo ebe a na-emepụta nri organic dị elu, nri nri, eriri na ume ọhụrụ site na iji akụrụngwa dịka ala, mmiri, ikuku na ọdịdị yana ịhazi ihe iji rụọ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide yana ihe ntinye mmetọ ole na ole o kwere mee. [1]

A na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchịkwa nke ihe ọkụkụ na-ele anya na ugbo Bio dum dị ka otu jikọtara ọnụ, na ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ nke agro-ecosystems, na usoro nri, nke na-edozi ma na-adaba na mkpa nke ihe ọkpọkọ, na ahụike na ọdịmma nke anụ ụlọ niile dị na ugbo ahụ. Idebe na imeziwanye Ala na-eme nri, idebe na imelite gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche na ịgbaso ụkpụrụ omume na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa. Nchebe ihe ọkụkụ na-eburu n'uche usoro niile nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, teknụzụ, na nke kemịkal, nke a na-eji nlezianya kwado na ebumnuche iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi, iji mee ka uru nke azụmahịa ahụ dị ma mezuo ihe ọha na eze chọrọ.[2]

European Initiative for Sustainable Development in Agriculture (EISA) nwere Integrated Farming Framework, nke na-enye nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ugbo.[3] Ndị a gụnyere: Nhazi na Atụmatụ, Human & Social Capital, Ịrụ ọrụ nke Ike, Ojiji na Nchebe Mmiri, Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Air Quality, Nchịkwa Ala, Nri Ubi, Ahụike na Nchebere, Ịkpa anụmanụ, Ahụike & Ahụike, Nchebe Ala & Okike na Nchịkwa Mmetụta.

LEAF (Linking Environment and Farming) na UK na-akwalite ihe nlereanya yiri ya ma kọwaa Integrated Farm Management (IFM) dị ka usoro azụmahịa ugbo dum nke na-enye ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.[4][5] LEAF's Integrated Farm Management nwere ngalaba itoolu metụtara: Organization & Planning, Soil Management & Fertility, Crop Health & Protection, Pollution Control & By-Product Management, Animal Husbandry, Energy Efficiency, Water Management, and Landscape & Nature Conservation.

Nchịkọta

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Ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) na-akwalite Integrated Pest Management (IPM) dị ka ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchebe ihe ọkụkụ ma na-ewere ya dị ka ogidi nke ma na-adịgide adịgide nke mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mbelata ihe egwu pesticide. N'ihi ya, IPM bụ otu ihe dị mkpa nke njikwa ihe ọkụkụ jikọtara ọnụ, nke n'aka nke ya bụ otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ọrụ ugbo zuru oke maka ọrụ ugbo ga-adigide.

Forum des Agriculteurs Responsables Respectueux de l'Environnement (FARRE)[7] na-akọwapụta usoro ụkpụrụ na omume ndị a na-ahụkarị iji nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka iru ebumnuche ndị a::[6]

Ụkpụrụ:

  • Ịmepụta nri dị elu, eriri na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe
  • Ịgbaso ihe ọha mmadụ chọrọ
  • Ịnọgide na-azụ ahịa ọrụ ugbo
  • Ilekọta gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ịkwado ihe ndị sitere n'okike

Omume:

  • Nhazi na njikwa
  • Nnyocha na nyocha
  • Nchebe ihe ọkụkụ
  • Ịkpa anụmanụ
  • Nchịkwa ala na mmiri
  • Nri na-edozi ahụ
  • Nchịkwa ike
  • Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na mgbochi mmetọ
  • Anụ ọhịa na nlekọta ala
  • Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na nhọrọ dị iche iche

Keller, 1986 (nke e hotara na Lütke Entrup et al., 1998 1) na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na njikwa ihe ọkụkụ a na-ejikọta agaghị aghọta dị ka nkwekọrịta n'etiti usoro mmepụta ugbo dị iche iche. Kama nke ahụ, a ghaghị ịghọta ya dị ka usoro mmepụta nke nwere ojiji a na-achọ, nke dị ike na nke na-aga n'ihu na mmepe nke ahụmịhe nke emere na ihe a na-akpọ ọrụ ugbo. Na mgbakwunye na nchọpụta sayensị sitere n'okike, a na-ebukwa mkpali sitere na ọrụ ugbo.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Enwere ike ịhụ Njikwa Ọrịa Dị n'Otu dị ka isi mmalite maka usoro zuru oke maka mmepụta ugbo. N'ịgbaso iji kemịkal na-echebe ihe ọkụkụ mee ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, e weere nzọụkwụ mbụ na IPM na mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na ngwụcha afọ 1950. E mepụtara echiche ahụ n'ụwa niile n'ihe ọkụkụ niile. Dabere na nsonaazụ nke usoro IPM na-elekwasị anya na usoro, e mepụtara ihe nlereanya maka njikwa ihe ọkụkụ. Na mbido, a hụghị ịzụ anụmanụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro dị otú ahụ (Lütke Entrup et al., 1998 1).

N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, e guzobere atụmatụ na ọrụ dị iche iche nke mba na mpaghara. Ndị a gụnyere LEAF (Linking Environment And Farming) na UK, FNL (Fördergemeinschaft Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft e.V.) na Germany,FARRE (Forum des Agriculteurs Responsables Respectueux de l'Environnement) na France, FILL (Fördegemeinschaft Integrierte Landbewirtschaftung Luxemburg) ma ọ bụ OiB (Odling i Balans) na Sweden.[7][6][8] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ole na ole ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla gbasara iwebata Ọrụ Ugbo na nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ na Europe dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eduga na aro nke Kọmitii akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Febụwarị 2014, na EU kwesịrị ime nyocha miri emi nke mmepụta jikọtara ọnụ na Europe iji nweta nghọta banyere ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na mmepe ndị nwere ike ime.[9] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe akaebe na n'etiti 60 na 80% nke pome, nkume na mkpụrụ osisi dị nro ka a zụlitere, na-achịkwa ma na-ere ahịa dịka "Integrated Production Guidelines" si dị na 1999 na Germany dịka ọmụmaatụ.[10]

LEAF bụ òtù ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide nke e guzobere na 1991. LEAF na-akwalite nnweta na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma nke njikwa ugbo jikọtara ọnụ site na LEAF Network, usoro ugbo ngosi LEAF na ebe ọhụrụ. E guzobere LEAF Marque System na 2003 ma bụrụ usoro mmesi obi ike gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-amata ngwaahịa ndị a na-akọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Ụkpụrụ nke njikwa ugbo (IFM) na-akwado ihe achọrọ maka asambodo LEAF Marque, dịka edepụtara na LEAF Marche Standard. LEAF Marque bụ usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-eji usoro ugbo dum, na-akwado azụmahịa ugbo dum na ngwaahịa ya. N'afọ 2019, azụmaahịa LEAF Marque dị na mba 29, 39% nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri UK bụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ LEAF Marche kwadoro.

Ịkpa anụmanụ na njikwa ihe ọkụkụ (ICM) na-abụkarị naanị alaka abụọ nke otu ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. N'ọrụ ugbo nke oge a, a ghaghị ịghọta ịkpa anụmanụ na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ngalaba jikọtara ọnụ nke a na-apụghị ile anya n'otu n'otu, dịka usoro ọrụ ugbo na-eduga na mmekọrịta chiri anya. N'ihi ya, a naghị atụle ịhapụ ịkpa anụ site na mmepụta ihe ubi (ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu) dịka ụkpụrụ na ebumnuche nke ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ (Lütke Entrup et al., 1998 1). N'ihi ya, echiche zuru oke maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ njikwa ugbo dị ka EISA Integrated Farming Framework, na echiche nke Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide na-etolite, na-akwalite ma na-etinye n'ọrụ na ọkwa ụwa.[3]

N'ihe metụtara 'ịkwado na-adịgide adịgide' nke ọrụ ugbo, ebumnuche nke a na-atụle n'ụzọ na-ese okwu, arụmọrụ nke iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa taa.[11] Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta ugbo na-adabere na arụmọrụ a na-enweta mgbe ị na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ụzọ ndị ọzọ niile nke mmepụta. Ntinye kwa kilogram nke mmepụta, mmepụta kwa kilogram nke ntinye, na mmepụta a rụzuru kwa hekta nke ala - ihe a kpaara ókè n'ìhè nke mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa - bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa maka ịtụle arụmọrụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro ọrụ ugbo.[12] N'ihi ya, usoro arụmọrụ na-enye ihe akaebe dị mkpa otu esi ekpebi arụmọrụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo na ebe enwere ike imeziwanye ma ọ bụ ga-emeziwanye.

N'ihi ndabere a, akwụkwọ yana atụmatụ asambodo na nyocha ugbo dịka LEAF Marque na UK na mba 33 ndị ọzọ n'ụwa niile na-aghọwanye ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa iji nyochaa - ma melite - ọrụ ugbo.[13] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ karịa ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ngalaba, ụkpụrụ na omume SAI Platform na GlobalGap dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agbaso ụzọ yiri ya.[14][15]

Ihe Ndị E Mere

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Usoro mmụta na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ

Ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ dabere na nlebara anya na nkọwa, mmelite na-aga n'ihu na ijikwa ihe niile dịnụ.[16]

N'ịbụ ndị ejikọtara na mmepe na-adigide, akụkụ atọ dị n'okpuru mmepe akụ na ụba, mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke a na-atụle nke ọma na mmejuputa iwu nke ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, mkpa maka ịba uru bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa: Iji na-adigide, usoro ahụ aghaghị ịba uru, n'ihi na uru na-emepụta ohere iji kwado ọrụ niile akọwapụtara na IF Framework..[16]

Dị ka atụmatụ njikwa na atụmatụ, ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ na-agụnye nleba anya nke ebumnuche mgbe niile megide nsonaazụ. Echiche EISA Integrated Farming Framework na-etinye aka siri ike na nghọta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo gbasara arụmọrụ nke ha. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amata ihe ndị ha rụzuru yana erughị eru site n'ịtụle ọrụ ha mgbe niile, na site n'ịṅa ntị na nkọwa zuru ezu, ha nwere ike na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo dum yana arụmọrụ akụ na ụba ha: Dị ka nchọpụta na United Kingdom si kwuo. iwetuta fatịlaịza na ntinye kemịkalụ n'oke nha nha chọrọ ihe ọkụkụ, ekwenyere mbelata ọnụ ahịa sitere na £2,500 ruo £10,000 kwa afọ yana kwa ugbo.

.[17]

Mgbasawanye

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N'ịgbaso mmepe mbụ na 1950s, e mepụtara ụzọ dị iche iche maka njikwa ahụhụ, njikwa ihe ọkụkụ, mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile, gụnyere Germany, Switzerland, US, Australia, na India.[18][19][20][21][22] Dị ka mmejuputa nke ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ ga-ejikwa dabere na saịtị na ọnọdụ enyere kama ịgbaso iwu na ntụziaka siri ike, echiche ahụ metụtara ụwa niile.

Nkatọ

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Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi akatọwo ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ.   [citation needed] Nke ahụ bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na e nwere European Organic Regulations dị ka (EC) No 834/2007 ma ọ bụ draft ọhụrụ sitere na 2014 mana enweghị ụkpụrụ yiri ya maka ọrụ ugbo.[23] Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo na Bio-Siegel [de] na Germany dịka ọmụmaatụ na-echebe n'ụzọ iwu, EU Commission echebaraghị ịmalite ịrụ ọrụ na usoro ma ọ bụ atụmatụ yiri ya maka ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ. Mgbe a na-ere ngwaahịa dị ka Controlled Integrated Produce, dịka usoro nchịkwa na akara dị mma si dị, anaghị adabere na ntụziaka mba ma ọ bụ Europe kama ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye na atụmatụ dị mma dị ka LEAF Marque guzobere ma jikwaa ya.[13]

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ as of 25.07.2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved on 2014-10-08.
  2. ↑ Stand 25. Juli 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved on 2014-10-08.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 as of 25.07.2014
  4. ↑ LEAF official website.
  5. ↑ What is LEAF's Integrated Farm Management (IFM)?. Retrieved on 2015-06-18.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 FARRE: Accueil. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved on 2005-08-06.
  7. ↑ Moderne Landwirtschaft - Moderne Landwirtschaft. Fnl.de. Retrieved on 2022-02-15.
  8. ↑ Odling i balans, där både ekologi och ekonomi är i balans. Odlingibalans.com. Retrieved on 2022-02-15.
  9. ↑ as of 05.09.2014
  10. ↑ 10 Jahre kontrollierter Integrierter Obstbau, was nun ?. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved on 2014-05-09.
  11. ↑ as of 05.09.2014
  12. ↑ Current World Population. Retrieved on 2014-10-08.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 What is the LEAF Marque?. Retrieved on 2015-06-18.
  14. ↑ sustainable agriculture definition. Archived from the original on 2014-10-01. Retrieved on 2014-07-28.
  15. ↑ SAI-Platform-ITC-und-GLOBALG.A.P.-starten-gemeinsame-Initiative-zur-globalen-Ernaehrungssicherung-durch-Gute-Agrarpraxis. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2015-06-18.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 European Integrated Farming Framework. Retrieved on 2015-06-18."European Integrated Farming Framework" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  17. ↑ The Benefits of LEAF Membership: a qualitative study to understand the added value that LEAF brings to its farmer members. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved on 2015-06-18.
  18. ↑ as of 05.09.2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2014-10-08.
  19. ↑ as of 28.07.2014
  20. ↑ as of 25.07.2014
  21. ↑ as of 25.07.2014
  22. ↑ as of 21.08.2014
  23. ↑ as of 28.07.2014
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