Wikipedia

Ọrịa ụtụtụ

 Templeeti:Infobox medical condition (new) Ọrịa ụtụtụ, nke a na-akpọkwa agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ nke ime ime (NVP), bụ mgbaàmà nke ime ime nke na-agụnye agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ. [1]N'agbanyeghị aha ahụ, agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ nwere ike ime n'oge ọ bụla n'ụbọchị. [2]Mgbaàmà na-emekarị n'etiti izu ime anọ na nke iri na isii nke ime ime. [2]Ihe dị ka 10% nke ụmụ nwanyị ka nwere mgbaàmà mgbe izu nke 20 nke ime gasịrị. [2]A maara ụdị ọnọdụ ahụ siri ike dị ka hyperemesis gravidarum ma na-akpata ibu.[1][3]

A maghị ihe kpatara ọrịa ụtụtụ mana ọ nwere ike ịmekọrịta mgbanwe nke hormone mmadụ chorionic gonadotropin. [2]Ụfọdụ ekwuola na ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere ike ịba uru site n'echiche evolushọn. [1]Nnyocha kwesịrị ime naanị mgbe ewepụchara ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya. [4]Ihe mgbu afọ, ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa anaghị adịkarị na ọrịa ụtụtụ.[1]

Iwere vitamin tupu ime ime ime nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ. [4]Ọgwụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ ma e wezụga nri na-adịghị mma nwere ike ọ gaghị achọ maka ndị na-adịghị ike. [2][3][4]Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọgwụgwọ mee ihe, a na-atụ aro njikọta nke doxylamine na pyridoxine na mbụ. [4][5]E nwere ihe akaebe ole na ole na ginger nwere ike ịba uru. [4]Maka ọrịa siri ike nke na-emebeghị nke ọma na usoro ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịnwale methylprednisolone. [4]Enwere ike ịchọ inye ụmụ nwanyị nri na-ebelata ibu.[4]

Ọrịa ụtụtụ na-emetụta ihe dị ka 70-80% nke ụmụ nwanyị niile dị ime ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. [5][6]Ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agbọ agbọ. [2]Hyperemesis gravidarum na-eme na ihe dị ka 1.6% nke ime ime. [1]Ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere ike imetụta ndụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-akpata mbelata ikike ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị ime, ma na-akpatara mmefu nlekọta ahụike. [4]N'ozuzu, ndị na-arịa ọrịa dị nro na ndị dị n'etiti enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na nwa e bu n'afọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-arịọ arọ nwekwara nsonaazụ dị mma. [1]Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahọrọ ite ime n'ihi oke mgbaàmà. [1]Nsogbu ndị dị ka Wernicke encephalopathy ma ọ bụ rupture esophageal nwere ike ime, mana ọ naghị adịkebe.[1]

Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà

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Ihe dị ka pasent 66 nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma agbọ onunu ma ịgbọ agbọ ebe pasent 33 nwere naanị agbọ onunu. [1]Mgbaàmà nke ma agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ ga-akarị n'ihe dị ka izu 10 na 16 nke ime ime, na-ebelata n'ihe dịka izu 20. [7]Otú ọ dị, mgbe ihe dị ka izu 22, ihe ruru 10% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-anọgide na-enwe mgbaàmà na-adịgide adịgide.[7]

Ihe kpatara ya

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A maghị ihe kpatara ọrịa ụtụtụ mana ọ nwere ike ịmekọrịta mgbanwe nke estrogen na hormone mmadụ chorionic gonadotropin. [2][8]Ụfọdụ atụwo aro na ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere ike ịba uru site n'echiche evolushọn, na-ekwu na ọrịa ụnyaahụ nwere ike ichebe ma nwanyị dị ime ma nwa e bu n'afọ na-eto eto mgbe nwa e bu na ya kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ. [1]Nnyocha kwesịrị ime naanị mgbe ewepụchara ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya. [4]Ihe mgbu afọ, ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa anaghị adịkarị na ọrịa ụtụtụ.[1]

Ọrịa agbọ na ịgbọ agbọ nwekwara ike ime na ime ime ime.[9]

Ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere njikọ na nri dị ala na shuga dị elu, mmanụ, mmanya na anụ.[10]

Ọrịa na ahụike

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Mgbanwe nke homonụ

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Pathophysiology nke ịgbọ agbọ n'oge ime
  • Mmụba nke ọkwa na-agagharị agagharị nke hormone Estrogen. [11]Otú ọ dị, enweghi ihe akaebe na-adịgide adịgide nke ọdịiche dị na ọkwa estrogen na ọkwa Bilirubin n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa na ndị na-arụghị ya. [12]N'ihe metụtara mmụba nke Estrogen, a na-ahụkwa ụdị agbọ onunu yiri nke ahụ n'ụmụ nwanyị ụfọdụ na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ hormone dochie anya.
  • Mmụba nke progesterone na-eme ka uru ahụ dị n'akpa nwa dị jụụ, nke na-egbochi ịmụ nwa n'oge, mana ọ pụkwara ime ka afọ na eriri afọ dị jụụ.
  • Mmụba nke gonadotropin chorionic nke mmadụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụghị HCG n'onwe ya na-akpata agbọ onunu. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ HCG na-akpali ovaries nke nne ka ha wepụta estrogen, nke na-akpata agbọ onunu.[13]

Usoro nchebe

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Ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere ike ịbụ àgwà na-eto eto nke na-echebe nwa e bu n'afọ pụọ na nsí nke nne na-eri. Onye ọkà mmụta na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'onwe ya bụ Margie Profet si Seattle bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ nyochara ihe omimi ọrịa ụtụtụ. O kwuru na agbọ onunu na nri na-adịghị mma n'oge ime na-agbanwe iji tinye ihe mgbochi nri na nne n'ime izu ndị mbụ nke ime, mgbe nne na nwa e bu n'afọ kachasị nwee ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, iji belata mmetọ nwa na nsí dịka mutagens na teratogens. [14]Nwanyị na nwa ya e bu n'afọ na-enwe nsogbu nke ukwuu maka nsí n'oge ime. Site n'ibelata ikpughe na kemịkal ndị dị otú ahụ, ọrịa ụtụtụ na-ebelata nkwarụ na uto embryo nkịtị ma na-eme ka ọganihu ọmụmụ nke nne na ihe ịga nke ọma nke nne na ụmụ ya. Ihe akaebe na-akwado echiche a gụnyere:[15][10]

  • ọrịa ụtụtụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, nke na-ekwu na ọ bụ mgbanwe na-arụ ọrụ na echiche na ọ bụ ọrịa.
  • Enweghị ike ịnweta nsí n'ime nwa n'ihe dị ka ọnwa 3, nke bụkwa oge kachasị ike maka ọrịa ụtụtụ.
  • Enwere njikọ dị mma n'etiti oke nsị na nri, na ụtọ na ísì na-akpata iwe.

Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ọrịa ụtụtụ nwere ike ịpụ ime karịa. [16][17]Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ nwere ike iri ihe ndị na-emerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ.[18]

Na mgbakwunye na ichebe nwa e bu n'afọ, ọrịa ụtụtụ nwekwara ike ichebe nne. A na-egbochi usoro ahụ nwanyị dị ime n'oge ime, ikekwe iji belata ohere nke ịjụ anụ ahụ nke ụmụ ya. [19]N'ihi nke a, ngwaahịa anụmanụ nwere nje na nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ karịsịa nye ụmụ nwanyị dị ime. E nwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ụtụtụ na-esikarị na ngwaahịa anụmanụ gụnyere anụ na azụ.[20]

Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụtụtụ bụ usoro nchebe megide iri nsí, ide Ọgwụ mgbochi agbọ onunu nye ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ịkpata nkwarụ ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ ime ime ọpụpụ site n'ịgba ume nhọrọ nri na-emerụ ahụ.[15]

Ọzọkwa, ọrịa ụtụtụ bụ usoro nchebe n'ihi na mgbe ị na-enyocha uto embryo, a na-achọpụta ọtụtụ oge dị oke egwu ebe enwere mmụba buru ibu na nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ na-akpata mmepe nke obi na usoro akwara etiti nke na-emetụta nke ukwuu. N'oge ahụ, nwa e bu n'afọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ na nsí na mutagens. Ọganihu ndị a na-eme n'ime izu 6-18 nke dị n'otu oge ahụ ebe akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ịgbọ agbọ nke ime ime (NVP) na-eme. Mmekọrịta a dị n'etiti oge nwa e bu n'afọ na-enwekarị nsị kpọmkwem mgbe a na-ahụ mgbaàmà NVP kachasị njọ, na-atụ aro na NVP a bụ nzaghachi evolushọn mepụtara na nne, iji gosipụta mmetụta nke nwa e bu pụta ụwa wee mee ka ọ kpachara anya maka ahụike ya ma chebe nwa e bu.[20]

Ọgwụgwọ

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Enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe iji kwado ojiji nke ntinye aka ọ bụla maka ọrịa ụtụtụ.[21]

Ọgwụ

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Ọtụtụ antiemetics dị irè ma dị nchebe n'ime ime gụnyere: pyridoxine / doxylamine, antihistamines (dị nkwa diphenhydramine), metoclopramide, na phenothiazines (dịka promethazine). [22][23]Banyere ịdị irè, a maghị ma otu ọ dị elu karịa nke ọzọ. [22]Na United States na Canada, ngwakọta doxylamine-pyridoxine (dị ka Diclegis na US na Diclectin na Canada) bụ naanị ọgwụgwọ ime ime "A" kwadoro maka agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ nke ime ime.[23]

Ondansetron nwere ike ịba uru, mana enwere nchegbu ụfọdụ gbasara njikọ ya na oghere ọnụ, ma enwere obere data dị elu. [24][22]A na-ejikwa Metoclopramide eme ihe ma na-anabata ya nke ọma. [25]Ihe akaebe maka ojiji nke corticosteroids adịghị ike.[26]

Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ

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Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-akwado ojiji nke ginger, mana n'ozuzu ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe ma ghara ikwekọ. [4][21][27][8]A na-ewelite nchegbu banyere nchekwa ya gbasara ihe ndị na-egbochi ọbara.[28][29][8][30]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Thalidomide

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  Na ngwụcha afọ 1950 na mmalite afọ 1960, iji thalidomide mee ihe na mba 46 site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma ọ bụ ndị mechara tụ ime kpatara "ọdachi ahụike kachasị njọ nke mmadụ mere, nke nwere ihe karịrị ụmụaka 10,000 nwere nkwarụ dị iche iche, dị ka phocomelia, yana ọtụtụ puku afọ ọpụpụ.[31][32]

E webatara Thalidomide na 1953 dị ka ihe na-eme ka obi dị jụụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Germany bụ Chemie Grünenthal mechara ree ya n'okpuru aha azụmahịa bụ Contergan dị ka ọgwụ maka nchegbu, nsogbu ihi ụra, "nsogbu", na ọrịa ụtụtụ. [33][34]E webatara ya dị ka ọgwụ na ọgwụ maka ọrịa ụtụtụ na-enweghị nnwale na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime. [35]Ọ bụ ezie na e weere ya na ọ dị mma n'oge ime, a chọpụtara nchegbu banyere nkwarụ ọmụmụ na 1961, ewepụkwara ọgwụ ahụ n'ahịa na Europe n'afọ ahụ.[33][36]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 (September 2015) "Practice Bulletin No. 153: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology 126 (3): e12–e24. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001048. PMID 26287788. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 (June 2009) "Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". BMJ Clinical Evidence 2009. PMID 21726485. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pregnancy. Office on Women's Health (September 27, 2010). Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved on 5 December 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 (September 2015) "Practice Bulletin Summary No. 153: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology 126 (3): 687–688. DOI:10.1097/01.aog.0000471177.80067.19. PMID 26287781. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 (December 2014) "Treating morning sickness in the United States--changes in prescribing are needed". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 211 (6): 602–606. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.08.017. PMID 25151184. 
  6. ↑ (2013-01-01) "Prevalence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the USA: a meta analysis". Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology 20 (2): e163–e170. PMID 23863545. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (June 2011) "Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 40 (2): 309–34, vii. DOI:10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID 21601782. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 (March 2014) "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting". Nutrition Journal 13: 20. DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-13-20. PMID 24642205. 
  9. ↑ (2005) "Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review". Human Reproduction Update 11 (5): 527–539. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmi021. PMID 16006438. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (October 2006) "Rates of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and dietary characteristics across populations". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 273 (1601): 2675–2679. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2006.3633. PMID 17002954. 
  11. ↑ (April 2003) "Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study". Obstetrics and Gynecology 101 (4): 639–644. DOI:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02730-8. PMID 12681864. 
  12. ↑ Morning Sickness: Coping With The Worst. NY Metro Parents Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved on 2008-07-06.
  13. ↑ (October 2010) "Clinical practice. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy". The New England Journal of Medicine 363 (16): 1544–1550. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp1003896. PMID 20942670. 
  14. ↑ (April 1996) "Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine.". Ecology 77 (3): 983. DOI:10.2307/2265522. ISSN 0012-9658. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 (1996) Why We Get Sick, 1st, New York: Vintage Books, 290. 
  16. ↑ (November 2010) "Severity and duration of nausea and vomiting symptoms in pregnancy and spontaneous abortion". Human Reproduction 25 (11): 2907–2912. DOI:10.1093/humrep/deq260. PMID 20861299. 
  17. ↑ Collins (2016-10-04). Morning Sickness Associated with Lower Miscarriage Risk (en-US). NIH Director's Blog. Retrieved on 2023-06-25.
  18. ↑ (May 2002) "Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186 (5 Suppl Understanding): S190–S197. DOI:10.1067/mob.2002.122593. PMID 12011885. 
  19. ↑ (December 1993) "Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy". The Quarterly Review of Biology 68 (4): 495–532. DOI:10.1086/418300. PMID 8115596. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 (June 2000) "Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo". The Quarterly Review of Biology 75 (2): 113–148. DOI:10.1086/393377. PMID 10858967. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (September 2015) "Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (9): CD007575. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4. PMID 26348534. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 (June 2011) "Management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy". BMJ 342: d3606. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d3606. PMID 21685438. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 (December 2014) "The outpatient management and special considerations of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy". Seminars in Perinatology 38 (8): 496–502. DOI:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.08.014. PMID 25267280. 
  24. ↑ (October 2012) "Motherisk update. Is ondansetron safe for use during pregnancy?". Canadian Family Physician 58 (10): 1092–1093. PMID 23064917. 
  25. ↑ (April 2011) "Contemporary approaches to hyperemesis during pregnancy". Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 23 (2): 87–93. DOI:10.1097/GCO.0b013e328342d208. PMID 21297474. 
  26. ↑ (October 2011) "Towards evidence-based emergency medicine: Best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 2: Steroid therapy in the treatment of intractable hyperemesis gravidarum". Emergency Medicine Journal 28 (10): 898–900. DOI:10.1136/emermed-2011-200636. PMID 21918097. 
  27. ↑ (2014) "Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 27 (1): 115–122. DOI:10.3122/jabfm.2014.01.130167. PMID 24390893. 
  28. ↑ (April 2005) "Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting". Obstetrics and Gynecology 105 (4): 849–856. DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000154890.47642.23. PMID 15802416. 
  29. ↑ (February 2012) "Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 18 (1): 22–25. DOI:10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.08.007. PMID 22196569. 
  30. ↑ (January 2022) "Effect of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting compared with vitamin B6 and placebo during pregnancy: a meta-analysis". The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 35 (1): 187–196. DOI:10.1080/14767058.2020.1712714. PMID 31937153. 
  31. ↑ Vargesson, Neil. “Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: history and mechanisms.” Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews vol. 105,2 (2015): 140–56. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21096
  32. ↑ Bren L. "Frances Oldham Kelsey: FDA Medical Reviewer Leaves Her Mark on History", FDA Consumer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 28 February 2001. Retrieved on 23 December 2009.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Miller (1991). "Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Model for the Study of Congenital Incomitant Horizontal Strabismus". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 81: 623–674. PMID 1808819. 
  34. ↑ Loue (2004). Encyclopedia of Women's Health (in en). Springer Science & Business Media, 643–644. ISBN 9780306480737. 
  35. ↑ Sneader (2005). Drug discovery: a history, Rev. and updated, Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2. 
  36. ↑ Cuthbert (2003). The Oxford Companion to the Body. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001. ISBN 9780198524038. 

Templeeti:Medical resourcesTempleeti:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

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