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Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo

 

akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo bụ ngalaba a na-etinye n'ọrụ nke akụ na ụba na-emetụta itinye n'ọrụ echiche akụ na ụba n'imeziwanye mmepụta na nkesa nke nri na ngwaahịa fiber. Akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo malitere dị ka alaka nke akụ na ụba nke na-ekwu maka ojiji ala eme ihe. O lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye ihe ọkụkụ ka ọ na-echekwa usoro okike dị mma. N'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọzụzụ ahụ gbasaa na oke ọzụzụ ugbu a sara mbara. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Ọrụ ugbo taa na-agụnye ọtụtụ ebe a na-etinye n'ọrụ, na-enwe nnukwu mkpakọrịta na akụ na ụba omenala. [1] [2] [3][4] Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo enyela aka dị ukwuu na nyocha na akụ na ụba, econometrics, akụ na ụba mmepe, na akụ na ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta Iwu nri, Iwu ọrụ ugbo, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mmalite ya

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Ihe osise na-egosi Onye isi ala US Calvin Coolidge na-ebu McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill n'ime ájá na-aga n'ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịkpọ "VETO"

  Akọwala gbasara akụnaụba dịka ọmụmụ nke oke akụrụngwa n'okpuru ụkọ. Akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ itinye usoro akụ na ụba iji kwalite mkpebi ndị na-emepụta ọrụ ugbo mere, toro na nke a ma ama na mbido narị afọ nke 20. Akụkụ nke akụ na ụba ugbo nwere ike ịmaliteghachi na ọrụ na akụ na ụba ala. Henry Charles Taylor bụ onye kacha nyere aka n'oge a, na nguzobe nke Ngalaba Economics Agricultural na Mahadum Wisconsin na 1909.. [5]

Onye ọzọ nyere aka, onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Economics na 1979 Theodore Schultz, so na ndị mbụ nyochara akụnụba mmepe dịka nsogbu metụtara ọrụ ugbo. Schultz nyekwara aka n'iwepụta econometrics dị ka ngwa eji enyocha akụ na ụba ugbo n'ụzọ doro anya; o kwuru n'akwụkwọ akụkọ 1956 nke akara ya na nyocha ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na "ájá na-agbanwe agbanwe", na-egosi na ọ bụ na ọ naghị eme ya nke ọma..[6]

Otu onye ọkà mmụta n'ọhịa ahụ, Ford Runge, chịkọtara mmepe nke akụ na ụba ugbo dị ka ndị a:

Akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo bilitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, jikọtara echiche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na echiche ahịa na nhazi, ma melite na narị afọ nke abụọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dị ka alaka nke akụ na ụba n'ozuzu. A na-ejikọta ọzụzụ ahụ na ngwa nke mgbakọ na mwepụ ma nye aka n'oge na-adịghị anya na usoro econometric. N'afọ ndị 1960 na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ka ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na mba OECD kwetara, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ugbo dọtara mmasị na nsogbu mmepe nke mba ndị dara ogbenye, na azụmahịa na iwu akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo n'ala ndị bara ọgaranya, yana nsogbu dịgasị iche iche nke mmepụta, oriri, na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ.[7]

Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba n'ọrụ ugbo enyela ọtụtụ onyinye a ma ama n'ọhịa akụ na ụba na ụdị ndị dị ka cobweb model, [8] ụdị ọnụahịa hedonic regression, [9] teknụzụ ọhụrụ na ụdị mgbasa ozi (Zvi Griliches), [10] ọtụtụ mmepụta ihe na arụmọrụ theory na nha, [11] na ndaghachi nke coefficients random.[12][13] A na-ekwukarị ngalaba ugbo dị ka ihe atụ kachasị mma nke asọmpi akụ na ụba zuru oke.

N'Eshia, e guzobere Faculty of Agricultural Economics na Septemba 1919 na Mahadum Hokkaido Imperial, Japan, dị ka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mahadum Tokyo Imperial malitere ngalaba na akụ na ụba ugbo na ngalaba nke abụọ nke sayensị ugbo.

Na Philippines, Mahadum nke Philippines Los Baños Department of Agricultural Economics nyere akụ na ụba ugbo na 1919. Taa, ngalaba akụ na ụba ugbo agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ọzụzụ na-ejikọta ọnụ nke na-ekpuchi njikwa ugbo na akụ na ụba mmepụta, ego na ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, ahịa na ọnụahịa ugbo, iwu na mmepe ugbo, akụ na ụba nri na nri, na akụ na ndụ na ụba nke ihe okike.

Kemgbe afọ 1970, akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu asaa, dị ka Ford Runge si kwuo: gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe onwunwe; ihe ize ndụ na ejighị n'aka; akụ na ụba nri na ndị na-azụ ahịa; ọnụahịa na ego ha na-enweta; usoro ahịa; azụmahịa na mmepe; na Mgbanwe teknụzụ na isi mmadụ.[14]

Isiokwu ndị dị na akụ na ụba ugbo

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Ebe ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị sitere n'okike

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N'ọhịa akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ugbo enyewo aka n'akụkụ atọ: imepụta ihe mkpali iji chịkwaa ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka mmetọ mmiri n'ihi mmepụta ugbo), ịtụle uru nke uru ndị na-abụghị ahịa site na ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ntụrụndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị dị mma (dị ka ala ime obodo mara mma), na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ọrụ akụ na ụba na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.[15] Banyere ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ugbo emepụtala ngwá ọrụ dị ukwuu maka imeziwanye njikwa ala, igbochi mbuze, ijikwa ụmụ ahụhụ, ichebe ụdị dị iche iche, na igbochi Ọrịa anụ ụlọ.[16]

Nri na akụ na ụba ndị ahịa

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Ọ bụ ezie na n'otu oge, ngalaba akụ na ụba ugbo lekwasịrị anya na nsogbu ndị dị n'ugbo, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo amụọla isiokwu dị iche iche metụtara akụ na ụba nke oriri nri. Na mgbakwunye na nkwenye ogologo oge nke ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na mmetụta nke ọnụahịa na ego ha na-enweta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ngalaba a amụọla etu ozi na àgwà dị mma si emetụta omume ndị ahịa. Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba n'ọrụ ugbo enyewo aka ịghọta etu ezinụlọ si ahọrọ n'etiti ịzụta nri ma ọ bụ ịkwadebe ya n'ụlọ, otu esi ekpebi ọnụahịa nri, nkọwa nke ọnụ ụzọ ịda ogbenye, otu ndị na-azụ ahịa si emeghachi omume na mgbanwe ọnụahịa na ego n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu, yana nyocha na ngwaọrụ nnwale maka ịghọta mmasị ndị na-ere ahịa. [17]

Mmepụta akụ na ụba na njikwa ugbo

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Nnyocha akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo ekwuola maka mbelata nloghachi na mmepụta ugbo, yana ụgwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na nzaghachi. Ọtụtụ nnyocha etinyela echiche akụ na ụba na mkpebi ndị dị n'ọkwa ugbo. Nnyocha nke ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi n'okpuru ejighị n'aka nwere ngwa ngwa n'ụwa maka iwu mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na ịghọta otú ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe si eme nhọrọ banyere nkuchi teknụzụ. Isiokwu ndị a dị mkpa maka ịghọta atụmanya maka ịmepụta nri zuru ezu maka Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụwa, dabere na ihe ọhụrụ na ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ụkọ mmiri na Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.[18]

Mmepe akụ na ụba

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Mmepe akụ na ụba na-echegbu onwe ya banyere imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, na imeziwanye arụmọrụ akụ na ụba n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ego. N'ihi na ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe, ma n'ihe gbasara ọrụ na òkè nke GDP, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ugbo anọwo na-ebute ụzọ na nyocha nyocha nyocha na akụ na ụba mmepe, na-enye aka na nghọta anyị banyere ọrụ ugbo na mmepe akụ na ụba, uto akụ na ụba yana mgbanwe nhazi. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ugbo nwere mmasị na Usoro nri nke akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe, njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ, na ụzọ ọrụ ugbo si emekọrịta ihe na ngalaba ndị ọzọ, dị ka gburugburu ebe obibi.[19][20]

Mmekọrịta ndị ọkachamara

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International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) bụ òtù ndị ọkachamara zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke na-enwe nnukwu nzukọ ya kwa afọ atọ. Njikọ ahụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Agricultural Economics . [21] E nwekwara European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE), African Association of Agriculture Economists (AAAE) na Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Ọrụ dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba ugbo na mba ụwa bụ nke International Food Policy Research Institute na-arụ.

Na United States, ndị ọkachamara bụ isi bụ Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA), nke na-eme ọgbakọ nke ya kwa afọ ma na-akwadokwa nzukọ kwa afọ nke Allied Social Sciences Association (ASSA). AAEA na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ American Journal of Agricultural Economics na Atụmatụ akụ na ụba etinyere na amụma.

Ọrụ na akụ na ụba ugbo

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Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na etinyere n'ọrụ akụ na ụba na-achọta ọrụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụ na ụba: njikwa ọrụ ugbo, azụmaahịa, ịzụ ahịa ugbo, agụmakwụkwọ, ngalaba ego, gọọmentị, akụ sitere n'okike na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ezigbo ala na mmekọrịta ọha. Ọrụ na akụnụba ọrụ ugbo chọrọ opekata mpe nzere bachelọ, yana ọrụ nyocha n'ọhịa chọrọ ọzụzụ ọkwa gụsịrị akwụkwọ; hụ Masters in Agricultural Economics. Nnyocha 2011 nke Georgetown Center on Education na Workforce gosiri na akụ na ụba ugbo jikọtara maka 8th n'ime ubi 171 n'ihe gbasara ọrụ.[22][23]

Akwụkwọ

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  • Evenson, Robert E. na Prabhu Pingali (ed.) (2007). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke akụ na ụba ugbo. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier.

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Karl A. Fox (1987). "agricultural economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 55–62.
  2. ↑ B. L. Gardner (2001), "Agriculture, Economics of," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, v. 1, pp. 337-344. Abstract & outline.
  3. ↑ C. Ford Runge (2008). "agricultural economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed., Abstract.
  4. ↑ Daniel A. Sumner, Julian M. Alson, and Joseph W. Glauber (2010). "Evolution of the Economics of Agricultural Policy", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 92, pp. 403-423.
  5. ↑ Shaars, Marvin A. (1972). The Story of The Department of Agricultural Economics: 1909-1972. Archived from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved on 2009-09-17.
  6. ↑ Schultz (1956). "Reflections on Agricultural Production, Output and Supply". Journal of Farm Economics 38 (3): 748–762. DOI:10.2307/1234459. 
  7. ↑ Runge (June 2006). Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History. University of Minnesota Working Paper WP06-1.
  8. ↑ Mordecai Ezekiel (February 1938). "The Cobweb Theorem". Quarterly Journal of Economics 52 (2): 255–280. DOI:10.2307/1881734. Retrieved on 2015-03-05. 
  9. ↑ Waugh (1928). "Quality Factors Influencing Vegetable Prices". Journal of Farm Economics 10 (2): 185–196. DOI:10.2307/1230278. 
  10. ↑ Griliches (1957). "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technical Change". Econometrica 25 (4): 501–522. DOI:10.2307/1905380. 
  11. ↑ Farrell, M.J., "The Measurement of Productive Efficiency," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, General 125 Part 2(1957): 252-267. Farrell's frequently cited application involved an empirical application of state level agricultural data
  12. ↑ Vernon Wesley Ruttan, "Technological Progress in the Meatpacking Industry, 1919-47," USDA Marketing Research Report No. 59, 1954.
  13. ↑ Hildreth (1968). "Some Estimators for a Linear Model with Random Coefficients". Journal of the American Statistical Association 63 (322): 584–595. DOI:10.2307/2284029. 
  14. ↑ Runge (June 2006). Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History. University of Minnesota Working Paper WP06-1.
  15. ↑ Catherine L. Kling, Kathleen Segerson and Jason F. Shogren (2010). "Environmental Economics: How Agricultural Economists Helped Advance the Field" American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 92, pp. 487-505.
  16. ↑ Erik Lichtenberg, James Shortle, James Wilen and David Zilberman (2010). "Natural Resource Economics and Conservation: Contributions of Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Economists" American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 92, pp. 469-486.
  17. ↑ Laurian Unnevehr, James Eales, Helen Jensen, Jayson Lusk, Jill McCluskey and Jean Kinsey (2010). "Food and Consumer Economics" American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 92, pp. 506-521.
  18. ↑ Jean-Paul Chavas, Robert G. Chambers and Rulon D. Pope (2010). "Production Economics and Farm Management" American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 92, pp. 356-375.
  19. ↑ Douglas Gollin, Stephen Parente and Richard Rogerson (2002). "The Role of Agriculture in Development" The American Economic Review, v. 92, pp. 160-164.
  20. ↑ C. Peter Timmer (2002). "Agriculture and economic development" Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol 2, Part A, pp. 1487-1546.
  21. ↑ Agricultural Economics. Archived from the original on 2018-04-27. Retrieved on 2009-12-14.
  22. ↑ What's the Value of an Agricultural Economics Degree?. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics at the Ohio State University (2014). Retrieved on 2014-10-11.
  23. ↑ Anthony P. Carnevale (2011). What's It Worth? The Economic Value of College Majors. Retrieved on 2014-10-11.
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