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Ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri

Docking bụ ụma wepụ akụkụ nke ọdụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, ntị. A na-ejikarị okwu cropping eme ihe n'ịtụ aka n'ịkụ mkpụrụ nke ntị, ebe ị na-akụdo ọtụtụ-ma ọ bụghị nanị-na-ezo aka ọdụ; a na-eji okwu ọdụ ọdụ, kwa. Okwu ahụ sitere na anụ ahụ dị ndụ nke ọdụ, nke a na-akpọkarị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke ntutu ọdụ anụmanụ na-esi na ya na-eto.

Ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri

Ezì

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Nsonaazụ nke ọdụdụ na-ejikọta nwa ezì na Iowa Select Farms, nke Mercy for Animals weere na 2011. Ebumnuche nke ịkwụchi ọdụ bụ iji gbochie mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ime mgbe ezì na-ata ọdụ ibe ha. Enweghị anesthesia, ọ na-akpata mmerụ ahụ na ihe mgbu siri ike.

A na-emekarị ka ọdụ na ezì na-enweghị ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ mgbe obere ezì dị ụbọchị atọ ruo anọ, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ na ihe mgbu siri ike.[1] Ezì ndị a zụlitere n'ụlọ na-anọ nso na-ejikọta ọdụ ha iji gbochie ịta ma ọ bụ ịta ọdụ ibe ha. Ndị na-emepụta ezì na Brazil na Thailand akwụsịla ịbịaru ọdụ n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ọdịmma anụmanụ.[2] Ntinye ọdụ na-enweghị anesthesia bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na EU. Omume a na-aga n'ihu n'etiti nnukwu ndị na-emepụta ezì na US.

Atụrụ

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Nwa atụrụ dị na Australia nke a na-ejighị ọdụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka atụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ahụ.
 
Nwa atụrụ a na-achọ ịbata n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (1920). Dị ka isi iyi ahụ si kwuo, "E nwere ihe karịrị otu ụzọ isi dozie ụmụ atụrụ. Enwere ike iji mma dị nkọ bepụ ọdụ ha. Ọ bụ omenala iji chisel na martillet bepụ ha na blọk".

Ọtụtụ ụdị atụrụ nwere ọdụ ha iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke nnụnụ.[3][4] A na-ejikwa Mulesing eme ihe maka nzube ahụ. Docking na-emekwa ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ile udders nke nne toro eto iji chọpụta nsogbu ndị nwere ike ime.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri bụ usoro mgbochi dị irè n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụrụ na emeghị ya nke ọma ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị ka nsogbu [5] ma ọ bụ prolapse rectal. N'ime ụmụ atụrụ, nkwụsịtụ ọdụ na njedebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nkwonkwo caudal na-ebelata mmetụta nkwụsịtụ na ihe na-eme na prolapse rectal.[6] Ọ bụ American Veterinary Medical Association tụrụ aro ka a na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri n'ogologo ahụ.[7] Na UK, iwu na-ekwu na maka ọdụ atụrụ kwesịrị ikpuchi anus n'ime ụmụ atụrụ nwoke, na vulva n'ime nwa atụrụ nwanyị.[8] A na-atụkwa aro ogologo ndị a kacha nta na Canada.[9]

Dabere na anụmanụ na ọdịbendị, enwere ike ịkpụcha (mpu ma ọ bụ mma ndị ọzọ), ịcha (gas ma ọ bụ ígwè ọkụ eletrik), ma ọ bụ usoro mkpakọ, ya bụ, mgbanaka rọba.[3] Canadian Veterinary Medical Association na-egosi na ihe mgbu, nrụgide, oge mgbake na nsogbu ndị metụtara nkwụsị nke anụ ụlọ ga-ebelata site na nkwụsị mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ erubeghị otu izu.[10] Otú ọ dị, a naghị atụ aro ka ụmụ atụrụ nọrọ n'ime awa 24 nke ọmụmụ, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike igbochi iri nri na / ma ọ bụ ịmepụta njikọ nne.[11] Na UK, iwu chọrọ ka a ga-eme ka atụrụ na-ejikọta ya n'ime izu mbụ nke ndụ anụmanụ ahụ.[12] UK Farm Animal Welfare Council kwuru na njedebe a nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu na njikwa ìgwè atụrụ ugwu ebe omume dị mma bụ ijikwa ụmụ atụrụ dị ka o kwere mee n'izu mbụ "iji zere nne na-adịghị mma, ihe ọjọọ na mmerụ ahụ".[11]

Nkịta

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Nkịta nwere ọdụ ụgbọ ala na-esi ísì maka ụgbọalatruffles

Dị ka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a na-azụ n'ụlọ, e nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịtinye ọdụ nkịta. A na-aghọta ya ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala na Gris oge ochie. Ihe kachasị ewu ewu maka ịdebe ụdị nkịta bụ iji gbochie mmerụ ahụ na nkịta na-arụ ọrụ. N'ime nkịta na-achụ nta, a na-etinye ọdụ ya iji gbochie ya ka ọ ghara igbupụ ya ka nkịta ahụ na-akwagharị ọdụ ya n'ime brọsh. Nke a na-agbagha site n'ọtụtụ ìgwè ma na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ụdị Obi ọjọọ anụmanụ. [13] Nke a emeela ka a machibido omume ahụ iwu ma mee ka ọ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ọtụtụ mba, na ụfọdụ n'ime ha anaghịzi azụ nkịta maka ọrụ, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe dị ka anụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ n'England, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na-esote mmejuputa ụtụ isi a na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nkịta [14] (ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ ọnọdụ dị ka nkịta na-arụ ọrụ). Mgbalị maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ, nke bụ ihe e ji mara UK na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ruru n'ókè nke iwu Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966. N'ebe ahụ, e kwupụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na nkwụsịtụ ọdụ bụ iwu na nke a gụpụrụ na iwu mgbe ndị mmadụ dị afọ iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-eme ya - ọkachasị tupu nkịta ahụ emeghe anya ya na nwa ọhụrụ.[15] Withal, mmezigharị 1991 nke iwu ahụ site n'aka ndị omeiwu nyere iwu ka ndị nkịtị na-etinye ọdụ nkịta site na 1 Julaị 1993 gaa n'ihu - si otú a belata omume ahụ naanị maka ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ anụmanụ.[16] Ntinye nke mmezigharị a mere ka nzaghachi sitere na Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, mgbe na Nọvemba 1992 otu ahụ kpebiri na nkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri bụ ihe na-adịghị mma "ma e wezụga maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi a na-anabata". Ndị nkatọ gosipụtara na ihe ndị dị mkpa, nke Royal College setịpụrụ, maka nkwụsị mgbochi siri ike nke na ha mere ka nkwụsị nke ụmụ nkịta site n'aka ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ anụmanụ sie ike nke ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. Ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ bụ ndị na-emega ahụ ugbu a n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịdọ aka ná ntị, a pụkwara iwepụ ha na ndekọ ọkachamara. Ndị a chọpụtara na ikpe mara ha maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ga-eche ụgwọ ruru £ 20,000, ruo izu 51 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ha abụọ ihu. Ha nwere ike ijide ọdụ nkịta "na-arụ ọrụ" (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ) - dịka nkịta na-achụ nta na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ndị jupụtara na brambles na ahịhịa dị arọ ebe ọdụ nkịta nwere ike ijidesi ike imerụ nkịta ahụ. A machibidoro Docking na England na Wales site na Animal Welfare Act 2006 na Scotland site na Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006.

N'afọ 1987, European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, nke Council of Europe guzobere, machibidoro ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ihi ihe ndị na-abụghị nke ahụike, ọ bụ ezie na mba ndị bịanyere aka nweere onwe ha ịhọrọ ịpụ na ndokwa a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara n'ime ha emeela ya. Norway machibidoro omume ahụ kpamkpam na 1987. [17] Mba ndị ọzọ a machibidoro ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri gụnyere Australia na United Kingdom . [18][19]

Ịnyịnya

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Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ polo, nke e sere n'agbata afọ 1910 na 1915

Na mbụ, a na-eme ọtụtụ n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka ebumnuche bara uru. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnyịnya a na-adọkpụ buru ibu nwere ike ịbụ na e debere ọdụ ya iji gbochie ya ijide eriri, ígwè ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ eriri; na-enweghị nkwụsị, ọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ịnyịnya ahụ, na-egbu mgbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọdụ ahụ agbagwoju anya, ma ọ gaghị ekwe omume onye nwe ya ijide ọdụ ịnyịnya ahụ maka ojiji ọ bụla.[20]

In modern use, the term usually does not refer to tail amputation as it does with some dog breeds[Tinye edensibịa]. However, historically, docking was performed on some horses, often as foals. The practice has been banned in some nations, but is still seen on some show and working draft horses in some places, and is practiced at some PMU operations.Templeeti:Clarify[<span title="That abbreviation, whatever it means, is not even used in the linked article. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span>]

N'oge a, okwu ahụ bụ "docked" ma ọ bụ "docking" na-ezo aka na ọdụ ịnyịnya n'ozuzu ya na-ezobe omume nke ịkpụ ntutu nke uwe ọdụ dị mkpụmkpụ, gafere njedebe nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ọdụ .  Karịsịa, a na-ebipụkarị ọdụ ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ iji gbochie ya ka ọ ghara ịghọ agbagwoju anya.

Ehi

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Ịkwado ehi mmiri ara ehi ọdụ juru ebe niile na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Ụfọdụ akụkọ anecdotal na-atụ aro na nkwụsịtụ dị otú ahụ nwere ike ibelata SCC (ọnụọgụ mkpụrụ ndụ somatic na mmiri ara ehi) na omume mastitis. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere na-enyocha okwu ndị dị otú ahụ ahụghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ na SCC ma ọ bụ mastitis ugboro ma ọ bụ na ihe anọ nke ịdị ọcha ehi.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro na enwere ike ibelata leptospirosis n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi site n'ịkwado ọdụ ọdụdụ, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na titers leptospiral nke ndị milkers enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ọdụ ọdụ.[2]. Otu American Veterinary Medical Association na-emegide "ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-eme ehi."[3] N'otu aka ahụ, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ Ahụike Canada na-emegide ịkwanye ọdụdụ ehi mmiri ara ehi.. [21][22]

Ehi ndị dị n'ụlọ ehi ndị buru ibu n'Australia na-enwekarị brọsh ọdụ (ọ bụghị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri) dị mkpụmkpụ (ụda) tupu a tọhapụ ha; "ụda ọdụ" a na-egosi ndị a gụrụ, gwọọ, ọnọdụ ime ha ugbu a, wdg.

Amachibidoro ọdụ ọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi na Denmark, Germany, Scotland, Sweden, United Kingdom, na ụfọdụ steeti Australia, [1] yana California, Ohio, na Rhode Island.[2] Ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi na-emegide ọdụ ọdụ[3] [4] n'ihi enweghị akaebe sayensị na-akwado nkwupụta na-erite uru omume ahụ. Nnyocha sayensị egosila na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ọdịmma anụmanụ na omume a (dị ka nhụjuanya, mgbu, mmụba na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-anabata ihe mgbu na mkpịsị ụkwụ ọdụ, ọganihu na-adịghị mma nke eriri akwara, mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na oyi, na ọrịa clostridial). Ọ dabara nke ọma, enwere ụzọ dị irè na nke mmadụ na ọdụ ọdụ, nke bụ ngbanwe trimming..[23]

Hụkwa

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  • Ịkụ (anụmanụ)
  • Debeaking
  • Ịkwụsị ịkwa iko
  • Dubbing (anụ ọkụkọ)
  • Nchịkọta nke usoro mwakpo na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ The curse of tail-docking: the painful truth about Italy's pigs | Cecilia Ferrara and Catherine Nelson (en). the Guardian (2019-01-19). Retrieved on 2021-01-28.
  2. ↑ foodnavigator-asia.com. CPF to further promote natural behaviours of livestock to avoid pain and injury (en-GB). foodnavigator-asia.com. Retrieved on 2021-01-28.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Primary Industries Ministerial Council (2006). The Sheep – Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-09357-5. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. 
  4. ↑ French, N. P., R. Wall and K. L. Morgan. 1994. Lamb tail docking: a controlled field study of the effects of tail amputation on health and productivity. Vet. Rec. 124: 463-467.
  5. ↑ Giadinis, N. D., Loukopoulos, P., Tsakos, P., Kritsepi-Konstantinou, M., Kaldrymidou, E., and Karatzias, H. Illthrift in suckling lambs attributed to lung pyogranuloma formation. Veterinary Record, 165: 348–350, 2009.http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/cgi/content/full/165/12/348?view=long&pmid=19767640
  6. ↑ Thomas, D. L., D. F. Waldron, G. D. Lowe, D. G. Morrical, H. H. Meyer, R. A. High, Y. M. Berger, D. D. Clevenger, G. E. Fogle, R. G. Gottfredson, S. C. Loerch, K. E. McClure. T. D. Willingham, D. L. Zartman and R. D. Zelinsky. 2008. Length of docked tail and the incidence of rectal prolapse in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 2725–2762.
  7. ↑ Animal Welfare AVMA policy - Docking of Lambs' Tails. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved on 2012-07-11.
  8. ↑ UK Defra Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock. Page 14. Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
  9. ↑ CARC. 1995. Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of sheep. Canadian Agri-Food Research Council, Ottawa. 37 pp.
  10. ↑ Castration, Tail Docking, Dehorning of Farm Animals. Archived from the original on 2006-03-05.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 FAWC. 2008. FAWC report on the implications of castration and tail docking for the welfare of lambs. Farm Animal Welfare Council, London. 31 pp.
  12. ↑ UK Defra Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock. Page 13. Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
  13. ↑ Ear-Cropping and Tail-Docking People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
  14. ↑ Sinmez (2017-07-03). "Tail docking and ear cropping in dogs: a short review of laws and welfare aspects in the Europe and Turkey". Italian Journal of Animal Science 16 (3): 431–437. DOI:10.1080/1828051X.2017.1291284. 
  15. ↑ Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 Office of Public Sector Information
  16. ↑ Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (Schedule 3 Amendment) Order 1991 Office of Public Sector Information
  17. ↑ Tail Docking. www.svh55.com.au. Retrieved on 2019-12-20.
  18. ↑ Is the tail docking of dogs legal?. RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase. RSPCA (2010-08-03). Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. Retrieved on 2011-02-15.
  19. ↑ Tail docking of dogs. British Veterinary Association. BVA. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved on 2012-10-30.
  20. ↑ Horse Tail Modifications.
  21. ↑ Animal Welfare AVMA policy - Tail Docking of Cattle. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved on 2012-07-11.
  22. ↑ Tail Docking of Dairy Cattle. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14.
  23. ↑ An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Tail Docking of Cows in the Dairy Industry (October 2012). Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved on 2024-07-19.
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