Wikipedia

Ịkụ (anụmanụ)

Ịkụ mkpụrụ bụ iwepụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị na mpụga ntị anụmanụ. Usoro a na-agụnye mgbe ụfọdụ nkwado nkwado na ịpị ntị nke fọdụrụnụ iji zụọ ha ka ha tụọ aka ọtọ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị na-eme na nkịta, ọ bụ omume ochie nke e mere maka ahụike aghọtara, ihe bara uru ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma. Sayensị ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ na-ekwu na ọ nweghị uru ahụike ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ maka anụmanụ site na usoro ahụ, na-eduga na nchegbu nke obi ọjọọ nke anụmanụ maka ịwa anụmanụ na-enweghị isi. N'oge a, amachibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ọtụtụ mba, mana ọ ka bụ nke iwu kwadoro na mba ole na ole. Ebe a na-anabata ya, a na-ahụ ya naanị n'ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ, dị ka olulu ehi na ụdị anụ ọhịa, Doberman Pinscher, Schnauzer, Great Dane, Boxer na Cane Corso..

Ndị na-akụ ọkpọ, na-egosi ntị ndị e kere eke na ndị e gburu egbu
Nwa nkịta Doberman Pinscher nke e tinyere ntị ya na teepu iji zụọ ha n'ụdị na ụgbọ ala ha chọrọ mgbe a gbasịrị ya

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebumnuche

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N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eme ihe ọkụkụ na nkịta na-arụ ọrụ dịka a kwenyere na ọ ga-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ahụike, dị ka ọrịa ntị ma ọ bụ hematomas. A na-akọkwa ihe ọkụkụ na nkịta ndị nwere ike ịdị mkpa ịlụ ọgụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-achụ nta anụ ndị nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ na-echebe ìgwè anụ ụlọ n'aka ndị na-eri anụ, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme egwuregwu ọgụ dị ka ọgụ nkịta ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa bea..[1][2]

Akụkọ mmalite

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Omume Ndị Rom bụ ịkụ nkịta ntị iji zere mmebi na mmerụ ahụ n'ịlụ ọgụ ịchụ nta; na ọdụ ọdụ a na-eme iji zere ibufe ọrịa rabies.[3]

Ụdị ndị nche

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Ịkpụ ntị nke Nkịta na-echebe anụ ụlọ bụ, ma ọ ka nwere ike ịbụ, omenala n'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ. A na-egbutu ntị nke nkịta ndị a na-eche nche - dị ka Caucasian Shepherd Dog [4] na Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog - iji belata ohere nke anụ ọhịa wolf ma ọ bụ nkịta ndị iro na-ejide ha. [5]

Dị ka otu nkọwa si kwuo, a na-akụ ihe ubi mgbe a na-enye ụmụ nkịta ara, n'ihe dị ka izu isii. Ọ bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ meworo agadi ma ọ bụ ọkachamara na-eme ya, na-eji ụta nkịtị a na-eji akpụ isi, nke a na-akpụ akpụ nke ọma. A na-ebipụ ntị ya ma ọ bụ ruo n'ókè dị ka nke nkịta ọhịa, ma ọ bụ gbaa gburugburu dị ka nke anụ ọhịa bea. A na-ebu ụzọ sie oghere ndị e wepụrụ, [6] mgbe ahụ, nye nwa nkịta ka ọ rie, na nkwenye na ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe "na-esi ísì ụtọ". [5] Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwepụ ntị n'aka ụmụ nkịta a mụrụ ọhụrụ site na ịmegharị ha; Otú ọ dị, nke a hapụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ntị mpụga na nkịta ahụ.[5] A kọwara ma igbu ntị na iji okpu olu nwere spiked ihe karịrị narị afọ atọ gara aga, dị ka ihe nchebe megide anụ ọhịa wolf.[7]

Ịlụ ọgụ

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Dị ka ụdị ndị na-eche nche, na ọgụ egwuregwu, a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ eme ihe iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịta ntị na ijide ya. Ntị bụ ihe dị mfe maka anụmanụ na-emegide ya ijide ma ọ bụ dọwaa ya.[1] Nkịta nwere ike igbu ntị ha, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, maka isonye na ọgụ nkịta, n'onwe ha iwu na-akwadoghị n'ọtụtụ ikike.[8][9]

Omume nke oge a

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N'afọ 2000, dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ Bruce Fogle dere, sị: [10]  

Usoro

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A maara usoro ọgwụ anụmanụ dị ka "cosmetic Otoplasty", ma na-agụnye iwepụ akụkụ nke pinnae, mpụga flap nke ntị. A na-emekarị ka ụmụ nkịta na-egbutu ihe mgbe ha dị izu 7 ruo 12. Mgbe izu iri na isii gasịrị, usoro ahụ na-afụ ụfụ karịa ma anụmanụ ahụ nwere ncheta ihe mgbu ka ukwuu.[1] A na-ewepụkarị ihe ruru nke oghere ntị n'ọrụ ịkpụcha, a na-ejikwa ihe na-emechi ọnụ ọnyá ahụ.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpuchi ntị. A na-etinye ihe ọkụkụ ogologo ruo mgbe ha gwọrọ n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị.[11] A na-atụ aro ka a mee usoro ahụ n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu; nchegbu ndị mmegide na-elekwasị anya na mgbu mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị.[12]

Ụlọ akwụkwọ anụmanụ ndị America anaghị akụzi ihe ọkụkụ (ma ọ bụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri), ya mere ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-eme omume ahụ ga-amụta ọrụ ahụ. Enwekwara nsogbu na ndị na-amụrụ ihe na-eme ka ntị na-egbutu, ọkachasị na ụlọ nkịta.[13]

N'ime afọ 100 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-eme ka a na-egbutu ntị ugboro ugboro maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma. [2][14] Na mba na steeti ebe ọ ka bụ iwu, a na-emekarị ya n'ihi na achọrọ ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụkpụrụ agbụrụ maka ngosi na Ihe ngosi nkịta. Na US, ọ bụ ezie na ịdọrọ ọdụ, iwepụ akara igwu mmiri, na usoro neutering ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ịkpụ ntị na-ebelata, ma e wezụga n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ngosi nkịta.[14] Ụfọdụ ndị na-asọmpi mgbaaka na-ekwu na ha ga-akwụsị omume ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụrụ na ha ka nwere ike "mmeri na mgbaaka".[15]

Ihe atụ nke ụdị owuwe ihe ubi

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Ahụike anụmanụ na iwu

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Omume a megidere iwu n'ọtụtụ Europe, gụnyere mba niile kwadoro European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, na ọtụtụ mba ndị so na Fédération Cynologique Internationale.[16] Ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na mpaghara nke Spain na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Canada.

A ka na-akụ ntị n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States na akụkụ nke Canada, na ihe dịka ụmụ nkịta 130,000 na United States chere na a na-akụ ntụrụndụ ha kwa afọ.[17] American Kennel Club (AKC) na Canadian Kennel Club na-ekwe ka omume ahụ. Ọnọdụ AKC bụ na ịkpụcha ntị na ịkpụchi ọdụ bụ "omume a na-anabata nke dị mkpa iji kọwaa ma chekwaa àgwà agbụrụ na / ma ọ bụ melite ahụike dị mma. " Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ steeti n'otu n'otu agbalịwo ịmachibido ịkpụ ntị, enwere mmegide siri ike site na ụfọdụ òtù agbụrụ nkịta, ndị na-ekwu maka nchegbu ahụike na ọdịnala.[18][19]

American Veterinary Medical Association "na-emegide igbu ntị na ịkwụnye ọdụ nke nkịta mgbe emechara naanị maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma" ma "na-agba ume iwepụ igbu ntị na ọdụ site na ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ". [20]

N'afọ 2009, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ Banfield Pet Hospital kwupụtara na ha agaghịzi eme ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkpụ ntị ma ọ bụ idobe nkịta.[15]

A na-atụ aro na ịkụ mkpụrụ nwere ike igbochi ikike nkịta iji akara ntị na-ekwurịta okwu, agbanyeghị, enwebeghị ọmụmụ sayensị atụnyere nzikọrịta ozi ntị n'ime nkịta ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na ndị na-akụghị ahịhịa.

Ọnọdụ iwu site na mba

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Country Status Ban/restriction date (if applicable)
Australia Banned [21][22]
Austria Banned[23] 1 January 2005
Belgium Banned[23] 1 January 2006
Bosnia and Herzegovina Banned[24]
Brazil Banned for cosmetic purposes[23]
Bulgaria Banned 1 February 2005
Canada Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes all cosmetic alterations.[25] Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1)[26] and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2).

Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: New Brunswick (☨3),[23] Nova Scotia (☨4), and Quebec[27] (☨5)

Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),[28] British Columbia (☨7),[29] and Saskatchewan (☨8).[30]

☨1: 10 July 2015 ☨2: 1978 ☨3: 15 October 2008 ☨4: 1 April 2010 ☨5: 1 January 2017 ☨6: 3 February 2012 ☨7: 2015 ☨8: 2013

Croatia Banned[23] 2007[31]
Cyprus Banned[23] 1993
Czech Republic Banned[32] 1 April 1999
Denmark Banned[21] 1 June 1996
England Banned[33] 1899
Estonia Banned[23] 2001
Finland Banned[34] 15 February 1971
France Banned[35] 1 January 2010
Germany Banned[32] 1 May 1992
Greece Banned[23] 27 February 1992
Hungary Banned[23]
Iceland Banned[23] 2001
India Previously restricted, currently unrestricted [36]
Ireland Banned[37]
Israel Banned[38] 2000
Italy Banned[32] 1 November 2011
Latvia Banned[23]
Lithuania Banned[23]
Luxembourg Banned[32] 1 May 1992
Netherlands Banned[23] 1 September 2001
New Zealand Banned[21] 2004
Northern Ireland Banned[23][33] 2011
Norway Banned[21] 1954
Poland Banned[23] 1997
Portugal Banned[32] 1 January 1994
Romania Banned[23] 2008
Russia Restricted[Tinye edensibịa]
Scotland Banned[23][39][33] 1899
Serbia Banned[40] 2019
Slovakia Banned[23] 1 January 2003
Slovenia Banned[41] April 2007
South Africa Banned[23] June 2008
Spain Banned in autonomies of Catalonia and Andalucia[23]
Sweden Banned[42] 1989
Switzerland Banned[23] 1997
Turkey Banned[43] 2004
United States UnrestrictedÀtụ:Refn 2003
Virgin Islands Banned[23] 2005
Wales Banned[23][39][33] 1899

Anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị nkịta

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Ịkpụpụta akụkụ buru ibu nke pinnae nke anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụpụta ọdịdị na pinnae anụ ụlọ, nke a na-akpọ earmarks, bụ ihe a ma ama tupu iwebata akara ntị iwu. A ka na-eji iwepụ akụkụ nke ntị nke òké ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ nwamba na-enweghị eriri maka njirimara, ya bụ, ịpị ntị ma ọ bụ ịpị isi ntị.[44] Omume nke ịkpa ihe maka ebumnuche ntecha bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị na-abụghị nkịta, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ anụmanụ a na-azụlite nwere obere ntị nke nwere ike ịghọtahie maka ịkpa ihe.[note 2]

Hụkwa

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  • Okpokoro (ọdụ nkịta)
  • Ịkpụzi ntị (ntị mmadụ)
  • Nchịkọta nke usoro mwakpo na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ

Ihe edeturu

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Briar
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Murgai (1996). Handbook on Dogs. New Delhi, IN: New Age International. ISBN 9788122408935.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "murgai" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Mills (2016-06-27). "Tail Docking and Ear Cropping Dogs: Public Awareness and Perceptions". PLOS ONE 11 (6): e0158131. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158131. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 27348817. 
  4. ↑ Samsonova (2 February 2011). Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Breber (1983). "The Maremmano-Abruzzese shepherd dog", Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese, 2nd (in it), Olimpia: Firenze, 98–99.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "breber" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ MacDonell (1907). In the Abruzzi, Atkinson, Amy (illustrator), New York, NY: F.A. Stokes. 
  7. ↑ [[Jean de la Fontaine|Àtụ:Nobr]] [1678] (1862). "Fable 9", The Fables of la Fontaine, English (in en-UK), London, UK: Miller. “translated in verse from the French” 
  8. ↑ Curtis (2002). City Dog: Choosing and living well with a dog in town. New York, NY: Lantern Books. ISBN 978-1-59056-000-6. 
  9. ↑ Robert (2006). Occupational Hearing Loss, 3rd, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420015478. 
  10. ↑ Fogle (2000). KISS Guide to Living with a Dog. Dorling-Kindersley. ISBN 0789459760. 
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named doggies
  12. ↑ Literature Review on the Welfare Implications of Ear Cropping-Dogs. American Veterinary Medical Association (March 13, 2013).
  13. ↑ Broughton (2003). Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs. Animal Legal & Historical Center. Michigan State University College of Law.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CFHS
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Weise (30 July 2011). Banfield pet hospitals ban tail docking, ear cropping on dogs. USA Today. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "USAtoday" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Fogle (2000). KISS Guide to Living with a Dog. Dorling-Kindersley. ISBN 0789459760. 
  17. ↑ Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs. Animallaw.info. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
  18. ↑ New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill. American Kennel Club (9 June 2006). Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved on 31 December 2007.
  19. ↑ Abraham, S. (1993). Sad lesson learned. American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved on January 18, 2016.
  20. ↑ Ear cropping and tail docking of dogs. American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Ear cropping and tail docking. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-09. Retrieved on 2011-09-13.
  22. ↑ Wynn (2014-06-11). "World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2001". 
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 Υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης και Τροφίμων Àtụ:Pipe Δικτυακός Τόπος Διαβουλεύσεων (el). Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece (April 2011).
  24. ↑ Zakon o zaštiti i dobrobiti životinja (bs). Retrieved on 26 March 2021.
  25. ↑ CVMA Àtụ:Pipe Documents Àtụ:Pipe Cosmetic Alteration – Position Statement. www.canadianveterinarians.net. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.
  26. ↑ Cormier (November 4, 2015). Animal Welfare Act outlaws animal ear cropping and tail docking. CBC News.
  27. ↑ "Quebec's order of veterinarians bans pet cosmetic surgery", CBC News, 6 February 2016. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Ear cropping of dogs banned in Manitoba. CBC News (February 10, 2012).
  29. ↑ "Cosmetic ear cropping banned by B.C. veterinarians", CBC New - British Columbia, 28 October 2015. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.
  30. ↑ Bylaws Of the Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association (September 17, 2015). Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved on 2016-03-20.
  31. ↑ Rep sa sretnim završetkom (hr). Jutarnji list (11 January 2008). Retrieved on 26 March 2021.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 "Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125 - European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals". Treaty Office. 14 October 2020.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Animal Welfare Act 2006. legislation.gov.uk (8 November 2006).
  34. ↑ Oy. FINLEX - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Eläinsuojelulaki 91/1971 (Finnish Animal Protection Law) (fi). finlex.fi.
  35. ↑ Sous-section 2 : Dispositions relatives aux animaux de compagnie (Articles R214-19-1 à R214-34) - Légifrance (fr). www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  36. ↑ Ajay Sura (Apr 14, 2013). Now, you can dock dogs' tail. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15.
  37. ↑ Minister McConalogue announces new legislation to protect dogs from ear cropping (en). www.gov.ie (25 August 2023).
  38. ↑ A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs. defra.gov.uk (2005). Archived from the original on June 26, 2007.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named johnston
  40. ↑ Zakon o Dobrobiti Životinja. Retrieved on 1 January 2019.
  41. ↑ Zakon o zaščiti živali (Uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZZZiv-UPB1). Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved on 2009-09-09. Slovene Animal Protection Act (in Slovene)
  42. ↑ Djurskyddsbestämmelser - Hund. Retrieved on 2021-01-25.
  43. ↑ 5199 Animal Protection Law - Article 8. Laws , Regulations in Turkey. Retrieved on 12 November 2017.
  44. ↑ Eartipping. Neighborhood Cats. Retrieved on 24 March 2022.
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