Ịgba mmiri n'elu ala
Ịgba mmiri n'elu bụ ebe a na-etinye mmiri ma kesaa n'elu ala site na ike ndọda. Ọ bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa niile ma bụrụkwa nke a na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe agbanwebeghị kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ.
A na-akpọkarị ogbugba mmiri n'elu dị ka mmiri idei mmiri, na-egosi na nkesa mmiri adịghị achịkwa ya mere, na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. N'ezie, ụfọdụ omume ịgba mmiri agbakọtara n'okpuru aha a gụnyere oke njikwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba mmiri).
Usoro
dezieEnwere ike ịkọwa usoro ịgba mmiri n'elu site na iji akụkụ anọ. Ka a na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ubi ọ ga-asọba ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu n'ogologo ubi. Usoro n'ihu na-ezo aka na ogologo oge ahụ ka a na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ubi ahụ ma na-asọba ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu n'ogologo ubi. Mgbe mmiri ahụ rutere na njedebe nke ubi ọ ga-agbapụ ma ọ bụ malite ọdọ mmiri. A na-akpọ oge dị n'etiti njedebe nke oge aga n'ihu na nkwụsị nke nbata a na-akpọ wetting, ntughari ma ọ bụ nchekwa nchekwa. Ka ntinye ahụ na-akwụsị, mmiri ga-aga n'ihu na-agbapụta ma na-abanye n'ime ya ruo mgbe a ga-ekpochapụ ubi ahụ dum. Oge nkwụsịtụ bụ obere oge ka ebipụchara mgbe ogologo ubi ka na-emikpu. Oge nlaazu na-akọwa oge oge ebe mmiri dị n'ihu na-alaghachi azụ na njedebe ala nke ubi ahụ. Mmiri omimi nke a na-etinye na ebe ọ bụla n'ọhịa bụ ọrụ nke oge ohere, ogologo oge nke mmiri dị n'elu ala.
Ụdị ịgba mmiri n'elu ala
dezieỊgba mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri
dezie
A na-eji mgbaba mmiri dị larịị mee ihe n'obere ebe nwere oke elu nke akụkụ mmiri ụwa gbara ya gburugburu. A na-etinye mmiri ahụ ngwa ngwa na efere dum ma hapụ ya ka ọ banye. N'ọwa mmiri ọdịnala, ọ dịghị mmiri a na-ekwe ka ọ gbapụta n'ubi ozugbo agbasara ya mmiri. A na-enwe mmasị ịgba mmiri n'ime ala n'ime ala nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ntinye dị ntakịrị.[1] Nke a bụkwa usoro nke ịgba mmiri n'elu. A na-edobe ubi ka ọ na-eso akụkụ ala nke ala mana iwebata ọkwa laser na nhazi ala ekwela ka e wuo nnukwu efere akụkụ akụkụ anọ nke dabara adaba maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ.
Mmiri na-asọba n'ala
dezieMmiri mmiri (DBLBs) ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri dị n'akụkụ bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri nke mmiri ebe a na-ekewa ubi ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri rectangular nke a na-eme ka ọ dị larịị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ndagwurugwu. A na-etinye mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ (nke kachasị elu) wee kwe ka omimi mmiri a na-etinye na ya pụọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma na-aga n'ọdụ osimiri ọzọ nke dị ala karịa nke mbụ. A na-agba mmiri ọ bụla n'otu n'otu site na iji ngwakọta nke mmiri na-esi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri gara aga na-aga n'ihu na-esi na ọwa mmiri. Ọrụ na-aga nke ọma nke usoro ndị a dabere na ọdịda dị elu n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-esote. A na-ejikarị usoro ndị a eme ihe na Australia ebe a na-akụ osikapa na ọka wit na ntụgharị.
Ịgba mmiri
dezie
A na-agba mmiri site n'ịmepụta obere ọwa ndị kwụ ọtọ n'ogologo ubi ahụ kwụ n'akụkụ ntụziaka nke ndagwurugwu ya. A na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ọ bụla ma na-agbadata n'ọhịa n'okpuru mmetụta nke ike ndọda. Enwere ike inye mmiri site na iji ọkpọkọ, siphon na olulu isi, ma ọ bụ usoro na-enweghị ụlọ akụ. A na-ekpebi ọsọ nke mmegharị mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ihe dịka ndagwurugwu, mkpụmkpụ elu, na ọdịdị oghere, mana nke kachasị mkpa site na ọnụego ntinye na ọnụego ịbanye n'ala. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ na-achịkwa ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, oghere ndị a na-ahụkarị na-adịkarị site na 0.75 ruo 2 . A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ n'elu ugwu dị n'etiti oghere nke nwere ike ịnwe otu ahịrị osisi ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ahịrị ma ọ bụrụ na usoro ihe ndina. Akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịdị n'ebe ọ bụla site na ihe na-erughị 100 ruo 2,000 mi) ogologo dabere na Ụdị ala, ebe, na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ. A na-ejikọkarị oghere ndị dị mkpirikpi na otu ihe dị elu nke itinye n'ọrụ mana ọ na-akpata ohere dị ukwuu maka mfu. Ịgba mmiri na-adaba adaba karịsịa maka ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ogho, ọka, na okpete. A na-emekwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ ubi dị iche iche dị ka citrus, Mkpụrụ osisi nkume, na tomato.
Mmiri ahụ nwere ike iwe ogologo oge iji ruo na njedebe nke ọzọ, nke pụtara na mmiri anọwo na-abanye ogologo oge na njedebe elu nke ubi ahụ. Nke a na-ebute otu ihe na-adịghị mma na ngwa dị elu na njedebe dị ala na njedebe dị n'okpuru. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, enwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ịgba mmiri site n'ịbawanye ọsọ nke mmiri na-aga n'ihu n'ọhịa (ọnụego na-agafe). Enwere ike inweta nke a site n'ịbawanye ọnụego mmiri ma ọ bụ site n'omume ịgba mmiri. Ịbawanye ọnụego ọganihu ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-eme ka ịdị n'otu dị mma kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ngụkọta mmiri achọrọ iji mezue ịgba mmiri.
Mmiri na-agba mmiri
dezieỤdị ịgba mmiri a bụ ihe ọhụrụ na nyocha na mmepe n'ime omume ya na imepụta ihe malitere na mbido afọ 1980.[1] Surge Irrigation bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri nke ebe a na-etinye mmiri na oge a haziri ahazi (dịka 1 awa maka elekere 1 na ọkara). Okirikiri mmiri na ịcha na-ebelata ọnụego na-abanye n'ime mmiri nke na-akpata ọnụego na ngwa ngwa na ịdị n'otu dị elu karịa ịga n'ihu.[2] Mbelata nke infiltration bụ n'ihi nkwụsi ike n'elu, jupụta na oghere na micro pores na disintegration nke ala particles n'oge ngwa ngwa na-ede mmiri na-eme ka elu sie ike n'oge ọ bụla na-akpọnwụ.[3] N'ala ndị ahụ ebe ọwụwa dị irè, a kọọrọ na ọ na-enye ohere ka a rụchaa ịgba mmiri na obere ojiji mmiri ma ya mere arụmọrụ dị elu ma nwee ike inye ikike ịme ịgba mmiri na-adịghị mma.[4] Ịdị irè nke ịgba mmiri na-adabere n'ụdị ala; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ ala ụrọ na-enwe omume mkpuchi ngwa ngwa n'okpuru mmiri na-aga n'ihu ma ya mere ịgba mmiri na na-enye obere uru.[5]
Mmiri a na-agba n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri
dezieA pụrụ iwere ókèala, nke a makwaara dị ka ókèala ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ka ngwakọta nke ọdọ mmiri na ịgba mmiri. A na-ekewa ubi ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ eriri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla na-ekewaa site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị elu (ókè). Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-adịkarị ogologo ma dị warara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgba mmiri n'ọhịa ma na-eche ihu iji kwekọọ n'ogologo na ndagwurugwu nke ubi ahụ. Ụdị ọnụ mmiri bụ 10 ruo 70 n'obosara na 100 ruo 700 n"ogologo. A na-etinye mmiri ahụ na njedebe elu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke a na-ewukarị iji mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'efu dị mfe na njedebe ala. Otu ojiji a na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe gụnyere ịgba ala ịta ahịhịa maka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi.
Ịgba mmiri
dezieMmiri ara ehi (site n'okwu Bekee bụ tide, nke pụtara: a. idei mmiri ma ọ bụ idei mmiri. b. osimiri na-eme ka osimiri, iyi, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri jupụta n'akụkụ mmiri ya). Ọ bụ usoro oge ochie nke ịgba mmiri na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, North Africa, West Asia, East Africa na akụkụ Latin America.[6]
N'ịgba mmiri mmiri, a na-ewepụ mmiri site na ala osimiri kpọrọ nkụ mgbe osimiri ahụ na-agba mmiri. A na-ebugharị mmiri nke idei mmiri gaa n'ọhịa. Enwere ike ime nke a site na nnwere onwe, site na ntụgharị ma ọ bụ site na bunds, nke a na-ewu gafee osimiri. Mmiri idei mmiri, nke na-adịkarị awa ole na ole ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole, na-agafe site na netwọk nke ọwa idei mmiri nke mbụ, nke abụọ na mgbe ụfọdụ nke atọ. Mpaghara nchịkwa nwere ike ịdị site na ihe ọ bụla dị n'agbata hekta ole na ole ruo ihe karịrị hekta 25,000 (62,000 acres).
Usoro ịgba mmiri na-achọ nnukwu mbọ nchịkwa iji chịkwaa ma melite mmiri na-aga. N'ihi na mmiri na-aga ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịkwaga nnukwu ihe, ịdị elu nke osimiri na ihe mejupụtara ala ha nwere ike ịgbanwe ngwa ngwa. Ịgbanwe mmiri nke ike dị ike nke nwere ike ịkwaga nkume, ala na ihe ndị ọzọ eji mee ka ụzọ mmiri si pụọ nwere ike isi ike.[7]
Nsogbu ndị metụtara ịgba mmiri n'elu ala
dezieỌ bụ ezie na a pụrụ ịgba mmiri n'elu ala n'ụzọ dị irè site na iji njikwa ziri ezi n'okpuru ọnọdụ ziri ezi, a na-ejikọkarị ya na ọtụtụ nsogbu na-emebi mmepụta ihe na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi: [8]
- Waterlogging - Nwere ike ime ka osisi ahụ mechie na-egbu oge uto ọzọ ruo mgbe mmiri zuru ezu ga-esi na mgbọrọgwụ pụta. Enwere ike igbochi mmiri site na drainage, drainage tebụl ma ọ bụ njikwa mmiri site na ụdị ọzọ nke drainage n'okpuru ala.[9][10]
- Mmiri na-agba mmiri nke ukwuu - Ịgba mmiri gabigara ókè nwere ike ime ka mmiri na-aga n'okpuru mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ nke na-akpata tebụl mmiri na-arị elu. N'ógbè ndị nwere ala nnu na-apụta (dịka ọmụmaatụ salinity na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Australia) ma ọ bụ aquifers saline, tebụl mmiri ndị a na-arị elu nwere ike iweta nnu n'ime mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ na-eduga na nsogbu nke salinity ịgba mmiri.
- Mmanụ nnu - Dabere na mmiri mmiri ịgba mmiri nwere ike ịgbakwunye nnu dị ukwuu na profaịlụ ala. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ obere nsogbu maka ịgba mmiri n'elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịgba mmiri ndị ọzọ (n'ihi oke mmiri dị elu), enweghị mmiri n'okpuru ala nwere ike igbochi mmiri nnu si n'ala. Enwere ike idozi nke a site na drainage na njikwa nnu nke ala site na ịsacha.
Ebumnuche nke njikwa ịgba mmiri n'elu ala nke oge a bụ iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta ọjọọ ndị a nwere ike ime.
Hụkwa
dezie- Ịgba mmiri
- Ịgba mmiri n'ịkpa mmanya
- Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba mmiri
- Nchịkwa ịgba mmiri
- Mmetụta ịgba mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi
- Mmiri na-agba mmiri
- Ịgba mmiri n'ime ala
- Ịgba mmiri na-adịghị
- Mpaghara ịgba mmiri
Ebem si dee
dezie- ↑ Haie, Naim (1984) Hydrodynamic Simulation of Continuous and Surged Surface Flow. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (approved in mid 1983)
- ↑ El-Dine (2000). "Field evaluation of surge and continuous flows in furrow irrigation systems". Water Resources Management 14 (2): 77–87. DOI:10.1023/a:1008189004992.
- ↑ Kemper (1988). "Mechanisms by which surge irrigation reduces furrow infiltration rates in a silty loam soil". Transactions of the ASAE 31 (3): 821–829. DOI:10.13031/2013.30787.
- ↑ Horst (2007). "Assessing impacts of surge-flow irrigation on water saving and productivity of cotton". Agricultural Water Management 87 (2): 115–127. DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2006.06.014.
- ↑ Walker (1987). Surface irrigation. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
- ↑ Bashir (2020). Strategies to Cope with Risks of Uncertain Water Supply in Spate Irrigation Systems. CRC Press. ISBN 9781000047189.
- ↑ Tadesse (2018). "Improving Traditional Spate Irrigation Systems: A Review", in Almusaed: Landscape Architecture; The Sense of Places, Models and Applications. IntechOpen, 141–160. ISBN 9781789237122.
- ↑ ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 - 34. On line:
- ↑ (1993) Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands. Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation. ISBN 0-16-061623-9.
- ↑ Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control. waterlog.info. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.