Wikipedia

Ịgba mmiri

Pumping bụ usoro ọ bụla n'ebufe mmiri maka ọtụtụ ngwa. Pumping n'eji ọkpọkọ, valvụ, ihe ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ na tankị, n'angwaọrụ ndị ọzọ ebufe mmiri.[1] Okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi (HVAC), iwepụ ihe mkpofu, na nnyefe mmiri ọṅụṅụ so n'ihe ndị a n'ejikarị eme ihe maka pọmpụ, mana ọ bụghị naanị maka ngwa ndị a.[2] Okwu a sitere na Latịn maka ọkpụkpụ, plumbum, dịka ọkpọkọ mbụ dị irè eji eme ihe n'Oge ndị Rom bụ ọkpọkọ ọkpụkpụ.[3]

Ndị na-eme ihe ọkụ na ndị na-etinye paịpụ abụghị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na paịpụ dị ka akụkụ nke azụmahịa ha na ọrụ ha nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ paịpụ.

Ọwa ndị Rom nwere eriri a pịrị apị, na Roman Baths na Bath, England

Pumping malitere n'oge mmepeanya oge ochie, ka ha mepụtara Ebe ịsa ahụ ọha na eze ma chọọ inye mmiri ọṅụṅụ na mwepụ mmiri ọjọọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwụụ nke ndị mmadụ.[4]

Ndị mba Mesopotamia webatara ụwa na ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ ụrọ n'ihe dị ka 4000 TOA, ya na ihe atụ ndị mbụ achọtara n'ụlọ nsọ Bel dị na Nippur na Eshnunna, [1] n'ewepụ mmiri mkpofu na saịtị, wee weghara mmiri ozuzo, na olulu mmiri. Ọbọdọ 1 Uruk nwere ihe atụ kacha ochie ama ama nke ụlọ ịsa ahụ arụrụ brik, nke arụrụ n'elu jikọtara ya na ọkpọkọ ọwa mmiri ụrọ, c. 3200 TOA.[2][3] E mechara jiri ọkpọkọ ụrọ mee ihe n’obodo Hattusa nke Het.[4] Ha nwere akụkụ ndị a n'ewepụ ngwa ngwa na ndị nwere ike dochie anya, ma kwe ka ha dị ọcha.

Paịpụ ọkpọkọ ndị e ji ụrọ mee nke nwere nnukwu flanges n'eji asphalt eme ihe iji gbochie mgbapụta pụtara n'obodo ukwu nke mmepeanya Indus Valley site n' oge 2700 BC.[5]

Okwu ahụ bụ "plumber" sitere n'Alaeze Ukwu Rom.[6] Latịn maka ọta bụ plumbum. Elu ụlọ ndị mba Rom n'eji ọkpụkpụ eme ihe na paịpụ mmiri [7] ma n'ekpuchikwa ụfọdụ. A n'ejikwa ntutu mee ihe maka ịfụ ụfụfụ na ịsa ahụ.[8]

Pumping ruru n'isi ya na Tiel="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Rom oge ochie, nke hụrụ iwebata usoro mmiri sara mbara, iwepụ mmiri n'adịghị mma, na iji ọkpọkọ mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ndị mba Rom jiri ihe odide paịpụ n'egbochi izu ohi mmiri. Site na ọdịda nke mba Rom ma mmiri n'enye na ịdị ọcha kwụsịrị - ma ọ bụ laghachi azụ - rụọ ihe karịrị 1,000 afọ. Ọganihu dị nnọọ nwayọ, na obere ọganihu dị irè rụọ mgbe uto nke obodo ndị mmadụ bi na oge ndị 1800s. N'oge a, ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze malitere ịmanye ka etinye usoro mkpofụ ihe ka mma, iji gbochie ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ọrịa na-efe efe. N'oge gara aga, usoro mkpofu ihe gụnyere ịnakọta ihe mkpofu ma tụfụo ya n'ala ma ọ bụ n'ime osimiri. N'ikpeazụ, mmepe nke mmiri dị iche iche, n'okpuru ala na usoro nsị wepụrụ ọwa nsị na-emeghe na ọdọ mmiri.

Ojiji a n'eji led eme mmiri a n'aṅụ ebelatala nke ọma mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị n'ihi na a matawanye ihe egwu dị n'ime nsị. N'oge a, e webatara ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa dị ka ihe dị mma ma dị nchebe karịa ọkpọkọ ndu.[1]

Usoro

dezie
 
Usoro paịpụ ọla kọpa n'ime ụlọ
  • mmiri oyi na pọmpụ ọkụ a na-aṅụ
  • pọmpụ mmiri na-ewepụta mmiri
  • Usoro nsị na Usoro septic nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị Mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na usoro mgbake na ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-acha ntụ ntụ
  • Mmiri ozuzo, mmiri dị n'elu, na mmiri dị n"okpuru
  • paịpụ gas mmanụ
  • hydronics, ya bụ usoro okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi na-eji mmiri ebuga ike okpomọkụ, dịka na usoro okpompe distrikti, dịka ọmụmaatụ usoro steam nke New York City.

Pipa mmiri bụ paịpụ ma ọ bụ paịpu, nke a na-ejikarị plastik ma ọ bụ ígwè eme, nke na-ebu Mmiri dị ọcha ma na-edozi ya n'ụlọ (dị ka akụkụ nke Usoro mmiri obodo), yana n'ime ụlọ ahụ.

Lead bụ ihe kachasị amasị maka paịpụ mmiri ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ n'ihi na ịdị nro ya mere ka ọ dị mma ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị achọrọ. Ojiji dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke na okwu ahụ bụ "plumbing" sitere na plumbum, okwu Latịn maka ọkpụkpụ. Nke a bụ isi iyi nke nsogbu ahụike metụtara ọta n'ime afọ ole na ole tupu a ghọta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke iri ọta n"ụzọ zuru ezu; n'etiti ndị a bụ ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ ụmụaka. A ka na-eji paịpụ mmiri eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ma na-anọgide n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ. A na-ejikarị ihe na-agbanye ọkụ na-acha ọbara ọbara ejikọta ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa, mana omume nke oge a na-eji ihe na-acha odo odo na-acha ọkụ na-eme ihe iji wepụ ihe ize ndụ na-acha uhie uhie.[9]

A n'eji ọkpọkọ osisi mee ihe na mba London na ebe ndị ọzọ n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17. Paịpụ ndị ahụ bụ osisi ndị nwere oghere nke e ji obere oghere mee ka ọ dị mkpụmkpụ na njedebe nke mmiri ga-agafe.[10] A n'ejikọta ọtụtụ ọkpọkọ ahụ na abụba anụmanụ na-ekpo ọkụ. A n'eji ọkpọkọ osisi mee ihe na mba Philadelphia, Boston, na Montreal n'oge ndị 1800s.[11] A n'eji tubes osisi e wuru ewu ewu na US n'oge narị afọ nke 20. A na-eji ọkpọkọ ndị a (nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ígwè corrugated ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ siri ike) eme site na akụkụ ndị e ji osisi dị mkpirikpi bepụ. Ịchụchi mgbanaka ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na pin dowel nke osisi siri ike mepụtara ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. A rụnyere ihe dị ka 100,000 ụkwụ nke ọkpọkọ osisi ndị a n'oge WW2 na nsị mmiri, nsị mmiri na conduits, n'okpuru okporo ụzọ awara awara na n'ogige ndị agha, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ụlọ ọrụ ordnance.

Igwe Igwe a kpụrụ akpụ na ọkpọkọ ígwè na-adọkpụ bụ ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa ọla kọpa tupu ọbịbịa nke ihe plastik n'adịgide adịgide mana a ghaghị iji ihe ndị pụrụ iche na-abụghị nke na-eduzi mee ihe ebe a ga-eme mgbanwe gaa na ọkpọ ọkpọkọ ndị ọzọ (ma e wezụga maka ihe ndị dị na njedebe) iji zere corrosion n'ihi mmeghachi omume elektrokemikal n'etiti ọla dị iche iche (lee galvanic cell). [12]

Ihe dị iche n'etiti ọkpọkọ na ọkpọkọ

dezie
 
A n'etinye isi mmiri obodo PVC na Ontario, Canada
 
A na-etinye paịpụ mmiri plastik. Tubu dị n'ime na-ebu mmiri n'ezie, ebe tube dị n'èzí na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nchebe.

A na-ahụkarị ọkpọkọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ọkpọkọ nkesa nke nwere ogo ọkpọkọ site na inch (9.5 ruo 2 (51 .  A naghị eji ya eme ihe taa maka ụlọ ọhụrụ. Pipe ígwè nwere National Pipe Thread (NPT) ọkọlọtọ ụmụ nwoke, nke jikọtara ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-agba agba na ogwe aka, tees, couplers, valvụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. galv steel (nke a na-akpọkarị "galv" ma ọ bụ "iron" na azụmahịa pọmpụ) dị oke ọnụ, ma sie ike ịrụ ọrụ na ya n'ihi ịdị arọ na ihe achọrọ nke eriri ọkpọkọ. Ọ ka na-eji ya eme ihe maka nrụzi nke usoro "galv" dị ugbu a na iji mezuo iwu ụlọ na-abụghị ihe a chọrọ na họtel, ụlọ obibi na ngwa azụmahịa ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-adịkwa ogologo oge ma na-eguzogide mmebi iwu. Black lacquered steel pipe bụ ihe ọkpọkọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọkụ na gas sitere n'okike.

A n'eji ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa na ọkpọkọ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka usoro mmiri ụlọ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa ọla kọpa adaala n'ihi ịrị elu dị egwu na ọnụahịa ọla kọpa, na-akpata ịrị elu maka ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ gụnyere PEX na stainless steel.

A na-eji ọkpọkọ plastik eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka inye mmiri n'ụlọ na ọkpọkọ nsị (DWV). Ụdị ndị bụ isi gụnyere: E mepụtara Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) na nnwale na narị afọ nke 19 mana ọ ghọghị ihe bara uru iji mepụta ruo 1926, mgbe Waldo Semon nke BF Goodrich Co. mepụtara usoro iji mee ka PVC dịkwuo mfe, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuokwuo mfe ịhazi. A malitere imepụta ọkpọkọ PVC n'afọ ndị 1940 ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ sara mbara maka ọkpọkọ Drain-Waste-Vent n'oge nrụzigharị nke Germany na Japan na-esote WWII. N'afọ 1950, ndị na-emepụta plastik na Western Europe na Japan malitere imepụta ọkpọkọ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). E mepụtara usoro maka ịmepụta polyethylene (PEX) jikọtara ya na 1950s. Pịa ọkpọkọ plastik abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị, na ihe dịgasị iche iche na ihe ndị a na-eji eme ihe.

  • PVC / CPVC - ọkpọkọ plastik siri ike yiri ọkpọkọ mmiri PVC mana nwere mgbidi dị arọ iji dozie nrụgide mmiri ọbọdọ, nke e webatara n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1970. PVC n'anọchite anya polyvinyl chloride, ọ ghọwokwa ihe a n'ahụkarị maka ọkpọkọ ígwè. A g'eji PVC mee ihe naanị maka mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ maka ikuku. Enwere ike iji CPVC mee ihe maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ na oyi. A n'eme njikọ na primers na solvent cements dị ka koodu chọrọ.[13]
  • PP - A n'eji ihe ahụ eme ihe karịsịa na ngwongwo ụlọ, nkwakọba nri, na ngwá ọrụ ahụike, mana kemgbe mmalite n'oge ndị 1970s ahụla ka a n'eji ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile maka mmiri ọkụ na mmiri oyi.[14] A n'agwakọta ọkpọkọ PP na okpomọkụ, n'ekwesịghị ekwesị maka iji glues, solvents, ma ọ bụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ. A n'ejikarị ọkpọkọ PP eme ihe na ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[15]
  • PBT - ọkpọkọ plastik n'agbanwe agbanwe (na-abụkarị nke n'acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ nke ojii) nke a n'ejikọta ya na ihe ndị nwere ogwu ma jiri mgbanaka ọla kọpa jide ya. Onye isi n'emepụta tubing na ihe eji arụ ọrụ PBT bụ onye ikpe n'eme maka ọdịda nke usoro a.   [citation needed] Otú ọ dị, PB na PBT tubing alaghachila n'ahịa na koodu, nke mbụ maka "ebe ndị a kpughere" dị ka risers.
  • PEX - usoro polyethylene jikọtara ya na ihe jikọtara ya nke na-eji barbs, na mgbaaka ígwè ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa.
  • Polytanks - ọdọ mmiri polyethylene plastik, tankị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, tankị ruwa dị n'elu ala, a n'ejikarị polyethylene dị mma dị ka tankị nchekwa mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nke a na-enye na-acha ọcha, oji ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.
  • Aqua - nke a maara dị ka PEX-Al-PEX, maka PEX / aluminum sandwich ya, nke nwere aluminum pipe sandwiched n'etiti ọkwa nke PEX, ma jikọọ ya na brass compression fittings. N'afọ 2005, a chetara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a.   [<span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2012)">further explanation needed</span>]

Usoro mmiri nke oge a na-eji netwọk nke mgbapụta dị elu, a na-ejikwa ọla kọpa eme paịpụ n'ụlọ ugbu a, [16] ọla, plastik (karịsịa polyethylene jikọtara ya na-akpọ PEX, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na a ga-eji mee ihe na 60% nke ụlọ otu ezinụlọ [17]), ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị egbu egbu. N'ihi nsị ya, ọtụtụ obodo hapụrụ ọkpọkọ mmiri na-ebute mmiri site na 1920s na United States, ọ bụ ezie na ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ kwadoro site na koodu ọkpọkọ mba n'ime afọ 1980, a na-ejikwa ọkpọkọ mee ihe na ọkpọọ maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo mgbe a machibidoro ya iwu na 1986.[18] about="#mwt199" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-38","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rabin&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richard&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;March 6, 2017&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes \\&quot;A MODEST CAMPAIGN\\&quot;&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;American Journal of Public Health&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;98&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1584–1592&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0090-0036&quot;},&quot;pmc&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2509614&quot;},&quot;pmid&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;18633098&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA2M\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt196\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRabin2017\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Rabin, Richard (March 6, 2017). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509614\" id=\"mwA2Q\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes \"A MODEST CAMPAIGN\"\"</a>. <i id=\"mwA2Y\">American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b id=\"mwA2c\">98</b> (9): 1584–1592. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"532\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA2g\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.113555\" id=\"mwA2k\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"533\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA2o\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a><span id=\"mwA2s\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036\" id=\"mwA2w\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">0090-0036</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"534\" href=\"./PMC_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA20\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\">PMC</a><span id=\"mwA24\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><span class=\"id-lock-free\" id=\"mwA28\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509614\" id=\"mwA3A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">2509614</a></span>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"535\" href=\"./PMID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA3E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a><span id=\"mwA3I\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18633098\" id=\"mwA3M\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">18633098</a>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-38" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Plumbing#cite_note-38 [4]] A na-eji plastik, ígwè, ígwè, ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ emepụta eriri drain na ikuku. [19][20]

  •  
    Ihe ncheta nke mmiri na[en→ig]Mytishchi[en→ig] (Russia)
  •  
    [en→ig]Otu paịpụ mmiri a kapịrị ọnụ e mere maka iji ya na arịa nrụgide. Pipe ahụ nwere ike ijide mmiri dị elu ma dị obere.
  •  
    [en→ig]Pipa mmiri simenti
  •  
    [en→ig]Njikọ na eriri mmiri dị ugbu a (paịpụ ọcha) na aka na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na valvụ (ọbara). A na-emepụta ihe mgbochi siri ike n'azụ njikọ ọhụrụ ahụ.
  •  
    [en→ig]Paịpụ mmiri ejikọtara na [en→ig]tankị septic[en→ig].
  •  
    [en→ig]Paịpụ nsị

Na mgbakwunye na ogologo nke ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ, ihe ọkpọkọ dị ka valves, elbows, tees, na njikọ. a na-eji na usoro pọmpụ.[21] A na-ejide ọkpọkọ na ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ebe ahụ na eriri ọkpọkọ.

A n'eji eriri eriri ma ọ bụ eriri n'ekpuchi njikọ ọkpọkọ. A n'eji putty nke plumber mechie ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na paịpụ mmiri n'elu ha.[22]

 
Onye na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ na-eme ka ihe a na-etinye n'ụgbọ gas sie ike

Ngwá ọrụ pọmpụ na-agụnye ngwaọrụ na-abụkarị n'azụ mgbidi ma ọ bụ n'ime oghere ndị ọha na eze na-adịghị ahụ. Ọ na-agụnye mita mmiri, mgbapụta, tankị mmụba, ihe mgbochi azụ, nzacha mmiri, ọkụ UV, ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro, ihe na'okpomọkụ mmiri, ihe na -agbanwe okpomọkụ, gauges, na usoro nchịkwa.

E nwere ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ dị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ngwá ọrụ ole na ole a na-ejikarị aka arụpụta ọtụtụ ọrụ pọmpụ, ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mee ka ọrụ ahụ dịkwuo mfe.

Ngwá ọrụ ndị nwụrụ iche n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ n'agụnye wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies, na ijikọta ngwaọrụ dị ka soldering torches na crimp tools. E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ iji nyere ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ aka idozi nsogbụ nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ n'eji kamera vidiyo maka nyocha nke mgbapụta zoro ezo ma ọ bụ nsogbụ ndị ọzọ; ha na-ejikwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, na pọmpị hydraulic dị elu ejikọtara na eriri ígwè maka dochie eriri nsị na-enweghị trench.

E gosipụtara na nje bacteria na-ebi na "usoro pọmpụ ụlọ". Nke ikpeazụ na-ezo aka na "pipes na fixtures n'ime ụlọ nke na-ebugharị mmiri na pọmpụ mgbe ọ natara ya site na ndị ọrụ".[23] A maara usoro mmiri obodo kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ iji gbasaa Ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri dị ka typhoid na ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, "ebe ohere na-eme ka pathogens" ka a matara na nso nso a: Legionella pneumophila, chọpụtara na 1976, Mycobacterium avium, na Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụ nje bacteria a na-ahụkarị, nke ndị nwere ikike mgbochi nwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa. [24]Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe pathogens ndị a nwere ike itolite gụnyere paucets, isi ịsa ahụ, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na mgbidi paịpụ. Ihe ndị na-akwado uto ha bụ "nnukwu elu na mpịakọta, nkwụsịtụ na-akpaghị aka, obere ihe na-egbu nje, na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ". Nnukwu elu na mpịakọta, ya bụ, nnukwu elu na-enye ohere ka nje bacteria mepụta biofilm, nke na-echebe ha pụọ na disinfection.[24]

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ pọmpụ n'ógbè ndị mmadụ bi na ha bụ nke gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị n'achịkwa n'ihi mmetụta kpọmkwem na ahụike ọha na eze, nchekwa, na ọdịmma. A ghaghị ịrụ ọrụ nrụnye na nrụzi nke pọmpụ na ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'ozuzu ya dịka iwu pọmpụ si dị iji chebe ndị bi n'ụlọ ahụ na iji hụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu nwere nchekwa, nke dị mma. Ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ikike maka ọrụ, ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-ahụkarị ha n'aka ndị ọchịchị n'aha ndị nwe ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ.   [citation needed]

N'mba Australia, ụlọ ọrụ n'achịkwa mba maka iwu pọmpụ bụ Australian Building Codes Board. Ha bụ ndị n'ahụ maka ịmepụta National Construction Code (NCC), Mpịakọta nke 3 nke, Plumbing Regulations 2008 [25] na Plumbing Code of Australia, [26] metụtara pọmpụ.

Gọọmentị ọ bụla nọ na steeti nwere ikike na ụkpụrụ nke ya maka ikikere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ. Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka nkọwa, nchịkwa na itinye iwu ndị edepụtara na NCC.[27] A na-ehiwe ndị ọchịchị a naanị maka ebumnuche nke ịchịkwa ọrụ pọmpụ na steeti / mpaghara ha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ iwu steeti bụ ihe mgbe ochie, ụfọdụ ka na-arụ ọrụ na iwu mpaghara nke e webatara ihe karịrị afọ iri gara aga. Nke a emeela ka mmụba nke nsogbu nchịkwa nke na-ekpuchighị n'okpuru iwu dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, a na-emelite ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a iji kpuchie nsogbu ndị a nke oge a. Mmelite ndị ahụ gụnyere ịgbanwe na ahụmịhe kacha nta na ọzụzụ achọrọ maka ikikere, ụkpụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụdị ọkpọkọ ọhụrụ na nke a kapịrị ọnụ, yana ịnakwere Usoro ọkpọkọ nke Australia n'ime iwu steeti na mgbalị iji mee ka iwu ọkpọkọ dị mma gafee mba ahụ.

Na mba Norwee, pọmpụ ụlọ ọhụrụ arụnyere kemgbe n'afọ 1997 ga-emezu ihe achọrọ na ọ ga-adị mfe ịnweta maka dochie anya mgbe arụnyere.[28] Nke a emeela ka e mepụta Usoro ọkpọkọ dị ka ihe achọrọ maka ọkpọkọ ụlọ.

Na mba United Kingdom, ndị ọkachamara bụ Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere agụmakwụkwọ) ma ọ bụ eziokwụ na azụmahịa ahụ ka n'anọgide n'enweghị nchịkwa; [29] enweghị usoro iji nyochaa ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ọrụ nke ndị n'enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ndị nwe ụlọ n'ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na mmezi n'onwe ha, n'agbanyeghị nsogbụ ahụike na nchekwa nke n'esite na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ mgbe a n'eme ha n'ụzọ n'ezighi ezi; lee Health Aspects of Plumbings (HAP) nke World Health Organization (WHO) bipụtara.[30][31] WPC emeela ka a họpụta onye nnọchi anya na World Health Organization iji mee ka ọrụ dị iche iche metụtara Akụkụ Ahụike nke Plumbing. [32]

United Steeti

dezie

Na United Steetị, koodu pọmpụ na ikikere n'achịkwa steeti na gọọmentị ime obodo. Na mba, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi setịpụrụ ntuziaka banyere ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị n'enweghị isi na ọkpọkọ, iji mezụo Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Nchebe.[33]

Kanada

dezie

Na Canada, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri bụ ahia ahaziri ahazi chọrọ ọzụzụ nka na asambodo akọwapụtara. A n'ahụ maka ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ọkwa ógbè na mpaghara, nke ọ bụla nwere òtù ọchịchị dị iche iche:

  • Ndị n'achịkwa: Ógbè ma ọ bụ ógbè ọ bụla nwere ikike nchịkwa ya n'ahụ maka ikikere na nhazi nke ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Ontario, Ontario College of Trades n'ahụ maka asambodo na nhazi nke ndị ahịa, ebe na mba British Columbia, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ (ITA) n'arụ ọrụ a.
  • asambodo: Iji nweta ọkwa onye n'arụ ọrụ na mba kanada, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu n'emecha mmemme mmụta nke gụnyere ma ntụziaka klas na ahụmịhe aka. Mgbe ha mechara, ndị n'aga akwụkwọ n'aga uụe maka asambodo ha.
  • Iwu ụlọ: Ntinye na nrụzi nke pọmpụ g'agbaso iwu ụlọ nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla kwụrụ. National Building Code of Canada n'arụ ọrụ dị ka koodu ihe nlereanya, na mpaghara na ókèala nwere ikike ịnakwere ma ọ bụ gbanwee maka mkpa ha.
  • Echiche Gburugburu Ebe Obibi: N'egosipụta mkpebi nke kanada maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, a n'ekwusi ike na omume pọmpụ n'adịgide adịgide. Iwu n'akwado nchekwa mmiri na itinye ihe ndị n'ahụ maka gbụrụ-gbúrụ ebe obibi.
  • Ụkpụrụ: Canadian Standards Association (CSA) n'ekpebi ụkpụrụ maka ngwa ahịa pọmpụ dị iche iche, n'ahụ maka nchekwa, ogo, na arụmọrụ ha. Ihe ndị dị ka olulu mmiri na ụlọ mposi na-enwekarị asambodo CSA, n'egosi ịgbaso ụkpụrụ achọrọ.[34]
  1. ↑ Muscroft (March 14, 2016). Plumbing. Elsevier. ISBN 9781136373152. 
  2. ↑ Blankenbaker (1992). Modern Plumbing. Goodheart Willcox. 
  3. ↑ "What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 12, 1942. Retrieved on December 27, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying", Herald-Journal, March 19, 2003. Retrieved on December 27, 2013.
  5. ↑ Teresi et al. 2002
  6. ↑ Pulsifer, William H. Notes For a History of Lead, New York University Press, 1888. pp. 132, 158
  7. ↑ Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892
  8. ↑ Historical production and uses of lead. ila-lead.org
  9. ↑ Lead in Drinking Water. Epa.gov (February 20, 2013). Retrieved on January 22, 2014.
  10. ↑ Wooden water pipe. BBC. Retrieved on January 22, 2014.
  11. ↑ Rosenwald. "Philadelphia's plumbing revolution: wood pipes - Retropod", Washington Post, February 11, 2019.
  12. ↑ Types of Pipe Material. Virginia's Community Colleges. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved on January 22, 2014.
  13. ↑ What's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe? (August 15, 2017).
  14. ↑ Bidisha Mukherjee. Polypropylene Properties and Uses. Buzzle. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved on February 7, 2015.
  15. ↑ Walking The Talk. pmengineer.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved on 2024-07-23.
  16. ↑ Copper Tube Handbook, the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006
  17. ↑ California’s PEX Battle Continues. Builderonline.com
  18. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maceketal2006
  19. ↑ Uniform Plumbing Code, IAPMO
  20. ↑ International Plumbing Code, ICC
  21. ↑ Miscellaneous Valves. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved on December 27, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Key To Pop-up Drain Is Fresh Plumber's Putty", Daily News, January 12, 2003. Retrieved on December 27, 2013.
  23. ↑ Carol Potera (August 2015). "Plumbing Pathogens: A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes". Environmental Health Perspectives 123 (8). DOI:10.1289/ehp.123-A217. PMID 26230512. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Joseph O. Falkinham III (August 2015). "Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Environmental Health Perspectives 123 (8): 749–758. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1408692. PMID 25793551. 
  25. ↑ PLUMBING REGULATIONS 2008 - REG 11 Plumbing work that may be carried out by unlicensed or unregistered persons. classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved on November 13, 2018.
  26. ↑ The Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) - Australian Government. ablis.gov.au (November 14, 2018). Retrieved on November 14, 2018.
  27. ↑ Regulatory Framework | Australian Building Codes Board. www.abcb.gov.au. ABCB. Retrieved on November 13, 2018.
  28. ↑ Nytt om føringsveier for tappevann - Byggebransjens våtromsnorm. www.byggforsk.no. Retrieved on December 25, 2021.
  29. ↑ The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE). Retrieved on March 29, 2014.
  30. ↑ World Plumbing Council. Retrieved on October 11, 2009.
  31. ↑ WHO Health aspects of plumbing. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved on October 11, 2009.
  32. ↑ World Plumbing Council. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved on October 11, 2009.
  33. ↑ Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes, Solder, and Flux (August 3, 2015). Retrieved on December 20, 2016.
  34. ↑ Brown. Plumbing Company in Canada. Capital Plumbing & Heating. Norah Brown. Retrieved on October 11, 2018.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ịgba_mmiri&oldid=191617