Òtù Ọrụ Ugbo
Njikọ ọrụ ugbo, nke a makwaara dị ka otu ndị ọrụ ugbo, bụ njikọ aka ndị na-emepụta ihe nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikọta ihe onwunwe ha na mpaghara ụfọdụ.
Ụdị dị iche iche nke otu ọrụ ugbo na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, bụ ndị na-enye ndị otu ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ọrụ dị iche iche, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ugbo nke a na-ejikọta akụrụngwa mmepụta (ala, igwe) na ndị òtù na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ..[1]
Ihe atụ ama ama nke ndị ọrụ ugbo gụnyere ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi nke America, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi kacha ukwuu na US, Amul, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ngwaahịa nri kacha ukwuu na India na Zen-Noah, otu ndị otu ọrụ ugbo na-ahụ maka 70% nke ire fatịlaịza kemịkalụ. Japan [2]
The default meaning of "agricultural cooperative" na bekee na-abụkarị ọrụ ọrụ ugbo, ụdị ọnụọgụgụ nke ụwa. Enwere ụdị isi abụọ nke ngalaba ọrụ ọrụ ugbo: ụlọ ọrụ na-enye nkwado na ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ ahịa. Ndị otu na-enye nkwado na-enye ndị otu ha ihe ntinye maka mmepụta ugbo, gụnyere mkpụrụ, fatịlaịza, mmanụ ụgbọala na ọrụ igwe. Ndị ọrụ ugbo hibere otu ndị na-ere ahịa ka ha were ụgbọ njem, nkwakọ ngwaahịa, ọnụahịa, nkesa, ire na nkwalite ngwaahịa ugbo (ma ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ). Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adaberekwa na ụlọ ọrụ kredit dị ka isi iyi ego maka ma ego ọrụ na itinye ego..
Ebumnuche
dezieNjikọ aka dị ka ụdị nke nzukọ azụmahịa dị iche na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinye ego na-enwekarị (IOFs). A haziri ha abụọ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, mana IOF na-achụso ebumnobi oke uru, ebe ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na-agba mbọ ịbawanye uru ha na-ewepụta maka ndị otu ha (nke na-agụnyekarị ọrụ efu). Ya mere, a na-emepụta ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọnọdụ ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọrụ ndị dị mkpa n'aka IOF (n'ihi na ịnye ọrụ ndị a bụ ndị IOF na-ahụta na ọ gaghị aba uru), ma ọ bụ mgbe IOF na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọrụ ahụ na-adịghị mma (ya bụ, ọrụ ndị ahụ bụ). dị, ma ọnụ ahịa na-akpata uru dị oke elu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo). A na-akọwa ọnọdụ ndị gara aga na tiori akụ na ụba dị ka ọdịda ahịa ma ọ bụ ebumnuche efu efu. Nke ikpeazụ na-akwalite mmepụta nke mmekorita dị ka ihe nrịbama asọmpi ma ọ bụ dị ka ụzọ isi kwe ka ndị ọrụ ugbo wulite ike ahịa na-adịghị mma iji megide ndị IOF. Echiche nke yardstick asọmpi na-egosi na ndị ọrụ ugbo, chere ihu na arụmọrụ na-adịghị mma nke ndị IOF nwere, nwere ike guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nkwado nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịmanye IOF site na asọmpi, iji kwalite ọrụ ha na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo..[3]
Ihe na-akpali akpali maka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ugbo metụtara ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ijikọta mmepụta na / ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ n'ime ọrụ ugbo, ọ dị oke ọnụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo imepụta ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ. Ndị otu na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ụzọ ha ga-esi sonye na 'mmekọrịta', nke otu ndị ọrụ ugpo nwere ike inweta nsonaazụ ka mma, nke na-abụkarị ego, karịa site n'ịga naanị ha. Usoro a kwekọrọ n'echiche nke akụ na ụba nke oke ma nwee ike ịkọwa ya dị ka ụdị mmekọrịta akụ na ụba, ebe "ndị ọrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta nsonaazụ nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọrụ ahụ na-enweghị ike inweta n'onwe ya". Ọ bụ ezie na o nwere ike iyi ihe ezi uche dị na ya ikwubi na ka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka mma, nke a abụghị eziokwu. Ndị otu na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ dị n'ofe ọtụtụ ndị otu, ebe ụfọdụ ndị otu nwere ihe na-erughị ndị otu 20 ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị 10,000.
Ọ bụ ezie na uru akụ na ụba bụ ihe na-akpali akpali n'ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị ihe a na-atụle. N'ezie, ọ ga-ekwe omume maka uru akụ na ụba sitere na mmekorita ka a mepụtaghachi ya n'ụdị nzukọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka IOF. Ike dị mkpa nke imekọ ihe ọnụ maka onye ọrụ ugbo bụ na ha na-ejigide ọchịchị nke njikọ ahụ, si otú a hụ na ha nwere ikike na nchịkwa kachasị. Nke a na-eme ka o doo anya na nkwụghachi ụgwọ uru (ma ọ bụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi) na-ekere òkè naanị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo, karịa ndị nwere òkè dị ka na IOF.
Dị ka mmepụta ugbo na-abụkarị isi ihe na-eweta ọrụ na ego n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye, ụlọ ọrụ ugbo na'ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nchekwa nri na mbelata ịda ogbenye.[4] Ha na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo obere ohere ịnweta ihe okike na agụmakwụkwọ, ngwaọrụ, na ahịa ndị a na-apụghị iru.[5] Òtù ndị na-emepụta ihe nwekwara ike inye ndị na-ere obere ala ike ịbawanye ike; n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ha na-ewu ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo iji kwadebe ma meghachi omume na nrụgide akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ na-egbochi adịghị ike ma na-akwalite nkwado ha.[6] Nnyocha na-atụ aro na ịbụ onye otu na nzukọ na-emepụta ihe na-emetụta ihe ma ọ bụ ego ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta karịa itinye ego ndị ọzọ dị ka ọzụzụ, asambodo, ma ọ bụ ụgwọ.[7]
- Ọdọ mmiri igwe: Ugbo ezinụlọ nwere ike ịdị obere iji kwado ịzụta igwe ugbo dị oke ọnụ, nke a nwere ike iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, kwuo naanị n'oge owuwe ihe ubi; kama ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ nwere ike ịbịakọta ọnụ iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri igwe nke na-azụta ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ndị otu niile iji mee ihe.
- Nkwekọrịta mmepụta / ahịa: Ugbo anaghị enwe usoro njem dị mkpa mgbe niile maka ibubata ihe ọ na-emepụta n'ahịa, ma ọ bụ obere mmepụta ya nwere ike itinye ya n'ọnọdụ nkwekọrịta na-adịghị mma maka ndị na-anọchite anya na ndị na-ere ahịa; otu ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ejikọta ihe, na-anakọta ihe site na ndị otu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-emepụta ihe, ma na-ebubata ya n'ọtụtụ n'okpuru mmiri site na ọwa ahịa.
- Credit Union: Ndị ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu site na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụgwọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji nweta. Mgbe ị na-enye ego, ụlọ akụ ndị a na-echebara echiche banyere ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị elu na obere ego, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịjụ ụgwọ kpamkpam n'ihi enweghị nkwado - ihe siri ike na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Iji nye isi iyi nke ụgwọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ijikọ ego ndị a ga-agbazinye ndị otu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ego na ọnụego ka mma site na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nnukwu njikọ karịa onye ọrụ ugbo n'otu n'otu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị otu na-akwụ ụgwọ ga-enye nkwenye ibe ha ma ọ bụ nrụgide ndị ọgbọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ego. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta / na-ere ahịa nwere ike ịnwe ụlọ ọrụ na'ahụ maka ego dị ka akụkụ nke azụmahịa ha sara mbara. Ụzọ dị otú ahụ na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ịnweta ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ugbo, dị ka mkpụrụ na ngwá ọrụ. A na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ntinye ndị a mgbe onye ọrụ ugbo na-eziga ihe na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta / na-ere ahịa.
Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieE guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ugbo mbụ na Europe na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na Military Frontier, ebe ndị nwunye na ụmụ nke ndị nche ókèala bi n'otu n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo a haziri ahazi n'akụkụ ebe a na-eme egwuregwu na ebe ịsa ahụ ọha. [citation needed][8]
E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ugbo mbụ na Europe na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ha mechara gbasaa na North America na kọntinent ndị ọzọ. Ha aghọwo otu n'ime ngwá ọrụ nke mmepe ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị na-apụta.Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọkwa ọrụ ọnụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị ugbo.
Ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego n'ime obodo.E kere ha n'otu oge ahụ, na ebumnuche mbụ nke inye ego mgbazinye ugbo.Ụfọdụ ghọrọ ụlọ akụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka Crédit Agricole ma ọ bụ Rabobank.
Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mbubata ihe
dezieNdị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na-agbakọta ịzụta, nchekwa, na nkesa nke ntinye ugbo maka ndị otu ha. Site n'iji ego a na-akwụ ụgwọ na iji akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ, ndị na-enye ihe na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa nke ihe ndị otu na-azụta site na ndị na-azụ ahịa belata ọnụahịa. Ndị na-enye ihe na-enye aka na-enye ntinye achọrọ maka mmepụta ugbo gụnyere mkpụrụ, fatịlaịza, kemịkal, mmanụ, na ígwè ọrụ ugbo. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ọdọ mmiri igwe nke na-enye ndị otu ha ọrụ igwe (dịka, ịkọ ugbo, owuwe ihe ubi).
Ihe Nlereanya
dezieAustralia
dezie- Njikọ Njikọ Nnukwu Limited
- Westralian Farmers Co-operative Limited
Canada
dezie- Ụlọ Ahịa Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo
- Ndị ọrụ ugbo United nke Alberta
- Ndị ọrụ ugbo nke North America
France
dezie- Agrial (Normandy)
- Terrena (Ala Loire)
- Ndụ
Israel
dezie- Granot Central Cooperative
- Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ugbo nke Japan
Korea (South)
dezie- National Agricultural Cooperative Federation
Ukraine
dezie- Òtù na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Ukraine
United States
dezie- Landisville Produce Co-op, nke e guzobere na 1914[9]
- Rockingham Cooperative, nke e guzobere na 1921
- MFA Incorporated
- Darigold
- Ndagwurugwu Organic
- National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
- Southern States Cooperative
- Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo, Inc.; Frederick, Maryland
- Ocean Spray (nkwekọrịta)
- Ala O'Lakes
- Ọka Michigan
- Onye na-etinye mmiri n'ime mmiri
- Ụlọ ahịa Wilco (Oregon)
- Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ahịa
- Saline Valley Farm Cooperative, nke e guzobere na 1931
Netherlands
dezie- Avebe
- Ọrụ ugbo
- Agụmakwụkwọ
New Zealand
dezieNew Zealand nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme siri ike nke ọrụ ugbo, nke malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. Nke mbụ bụ obere Otago Peninsula Co-operative Cheese Factory Co. Ltd, malitere na 1871 na Highcliff na Otago Peninsular.[10][11] Site na nkwado siri ike nke gọọmentị New Zealand, na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-adaba adaba n'ógbè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụlọ ọrụ na'oge na-adịghị anya malitere ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1905, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi bụ isi nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 1920s-'30s, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi 500 na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe na-erughị 70 nke onwe.[12]
Otú ọ dị, mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, site na ọbịbịa nke njem ka mma, teknụzụ nhazi na usoro ike, a na-ejikọta ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi.[13] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1990, e nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ: New Zealand Dairy Group nke dị na Waikato na Kiwi Co-operative Dairies nke dị na Taranaki. N'afọ 2001, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a, tinyere New Zealand Dairy Board, jikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe Fonterra. Gọọmentị New Zealand kwadoro nnukwu njikọta a dị ka akụkụ nke mmebi iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi, nke nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ohere mbupụ ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi ozugbo. Obere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ esonyeghị na Fonterra, na-ahọrọ ịnọgide na-anọpụ iche - ụlọ ọrụ Tatua Dairy Company nke dị na Morrinsville na Westland Milk Products na West Coast nke South Island.
Ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ugbo na New Zealand dị na ụlọ ọrụ anụ na fatịlaịza. ụlọ ọrụ anụ, nke na-alụ ọgụ mgbe ụfọdụ, atụwo aro njikọta dị iche iche yiri okike nke Fonterra; Otú ọ dị, ndị a enwetaghị nkwado ndị otu dị mkpa.[14]
Canada
dezieNa Canada, ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke ụdị a bụ ọdọ ọka wit. Ndị ọrụ ugbo a zụrụ ma buru ọka n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Canada. Ha nọchiri Ndị na-azụ ọka n'onwe ha na ndị mba ọzọ ma na-achịkwa ahịa n'oge agha. Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1990, ọtụtụ n'ime ha emeela ka ha bụrụ ndị nweere onwe ha, ọtụtụ njikọta mere. Ugbu a, ọdọ mmiri ọka wit niile bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Viterra.
- Ọdọ Mmiri Wheat nke Alberta
- Manitoba Pool Elevators
- Ọdọ Mmiri Wheat nke Saskatchewan
- Ndị Na-akụ Mkpụrụ
- Organic Meadow Cooperative (organic dairy)
- Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited (mmiri ara ehi)
- Ọrụ ugbo
Ecuador
dezieA maara mpaghara Amazon nke Ecuador maka imepụta agwa cacao a ma ama n'ụwa. N'ógbè Napo, ezinụlọ 850 Kichwa agbakọtawo site n'enyemaka nke onye American biologist, Judy Logback, iji guzobe otu ahịa ọrụ ugbo, Kallari Association. Njikọ a enyerela aka ịbawanye uru maka ezinụlọ ndị metụtara yana ichebe na ịgbachitere ọdịbendị Kichwa ha na oké ọhịa Amazon.[15]
Na India, e nwere netwọk nke ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na mpaghara, mpaghara, steeti na mba na-enyere aka na ahịa ugbo. Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ọka nri, jute, ogho, shuga, mmiri ara ehi na mkpụrụ osisi [16]
Ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi dabere na Anand Pattern, nke nwere otu ụlọ ọrụ ahịa, bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado onwe ya kachasị na India na onye na-enye ọrụ n'ime ime obodo kachasị. Mmejuputa ihe ịga nke ọma nke ihe nlereanya Anand emeela ka India bụrụ onye na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi kachasị n'ụwa.[17] N'ebe a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị isi na isi ehi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-agbanye n'ahịrị ugboro abụọ n'ụbọchị iji wụsa mmiri ara ehi site na obere akpa ha n'ime ebe nchịkọta obodo. Mmiri ara ehi mgbe a rụchara ya na ndị otu distrikti na-ere ahịa site na gọọmentị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba n'okpuru aha Amul, ụdị nri kachasị ukwuu na India. Site na usoro Anand, ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnụahịa nke ndị na-azụ ahịa n'obodo ukwu kwụrụ na-abanye n'aka ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi, ndị bụ ndị nwe akara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na-ewe ndị ọkachamara n'ọrụ maka nka na nkà ha ma jiri ụlọ nyocha hi-tech na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nke oge a na-ebugharị chains oyi, iji hụ na ogo nke ihe ha na-emepụta na uru na mmiri ara ehi.
Mmepụta shuga site na okpete na-emekarị na ụlọ ọrụ okpete nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ nwere. Ndị nwere òkè gụnyere ndị ọrụ ugbo niile, ndị obere na ndị buru ibu, na-enye okpete na igwe ihe ahụ.[18] N'ime afọ iri isii gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ shuga dị n'ógbè ahụ ekerewo òkè dị mkpa n'ịgba ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ime obodo na dị ka steepụ maka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achọ.[19] Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa na steeti Maharashtra ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nọ na pati Congress ma ọ bụ NCP nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ shuga si n'ógbè ha.[20] Nchịkwa na-ezighị ezi nke ụkpụrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ emeela ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.[21]
Israel
dezie- Tnuva Central Cooperative for the Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel Ltd.
- Coöperatieve Nederlandse Bloembollencentrale (CNB)
- Coforta
- Royal Cosun
- Mpaghara
- FloraHolland
- FrieslandCampina
Ukraine
dezieUnited States
dezie- American Legend Cooperative (mink fur) "Blackglama" brand
- Ndị na-eto eto Blue Diamond (almond)
- Cabot Creamery (mmiri ara ehi)
- Darigold
- Diamond nke California (nuts), nke bụbu otu ụlọ ọrụ
- Dairylea Cooperative Inc. (Dairy), nke bụbu Dairymen's League
- Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo Mmiri nke America
- Ogige A Na-eri Nri
- Ndị na-eto eto nke Florida (mkpụrụ osisi citrus)
- Humboldt Creamery (mmiri ara ehi), nke bụbu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ
- Ala O'Lakes (mmiri ara ehi na ugbo)
- Maine's Own Organic Milk Company (dairy)
- Michigan Milk Producers Association (mmiri ara ehi)
- Michigan Sugar Company (sugar beets)
- Ocean Spray (cranberries na mkpụrụ osisi citrus)
- Organic Valley (mmiri ara ehi, cheese, àkwá, soy, bọta, yogọt, ihe oriri)
- Riceland Foods (osikapa, soybeans, ọka na ọka wit)
- Ndị na-eto eto (pears, apụl, cherry)
- Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi Sunkist, Incorporated (mkpụrụ osisi citrus)
- Sun-Maid (Mkpụrụ vaịn)
- Sun-sweet Growers Incorporated (mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ, ọkachasị prunes)
- Tillamook County Creamery Association (mmiri ara ehi)
- Ndị na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi Lone Star (mmiri ara ehi)
- Ndị na-emepụta àkwá United
- Welch Foods Inc. (Welch's)
Mexico
dezie- Ụlọ ọrụ kọfị Zapatista
Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
dezieNdị a bụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, nke otu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ nwere ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa.
Cuba
dezieHụkwa
dezie- Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya
- Zvi Galor, ọkachamara Israel na cooperatives
Ebem si dee
dezie- ↑ Cobia, David, editor, Cooperatives in Agriculture, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.
- ↑ Béla A. Balassa. Japan in the World Economy.
- ↑ John M. Staatz, "Farmers' incentives to take collective action via cooperatives: A transaction-cost approach, " in: Cooperative Theory: New Approaches, ed. J.S. Royer, Washington, DC: USDA ACS Service Report 18 (July 1987), pp. 87–107.
- ↑ Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development. Retrieved on 17 August 2020.
- ↑ Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development. Retrieved on 17 August 2020.
- ↑ Serfilippi (2018). "Resilience Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks: A Review of the Literature". Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 89 (4): 645–664. DOI:10.1111/apce.12202.
- ↑ Empowering Farmers through Producer Organizations. Retrieved on 17 August 2020.
- ↑ Hallberg (2007). References on Agricultural History and Rural Life in the United States: Descriptive Studies, Historical Analyses, Novels on Agricultural Pioneering, and Documentaries (in en). Pennsylvania: Milton C. Hallberg.
- ↑ Jersey Fresh produce found at nation's oldest fruit and vegetable co-op. nj.com (23 July 2015). Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved on 28 October 2017.
- ↑ Petchey (November 1998). "La crème de la crème". Welcome to the Hocken: Bulletins of the Friends of the Hocken Collections (26). Retrieved on 13 February 2011.
- ↑ "Catherine Mathieson". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
- ↑ Philpott, H.G. (1937). A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry: 1840–1935. Wellington: Government Printer.
- ↑ Ward, A.H. (1975). A Command of Cooperatives. Wellington: The New Zealand Dairy Board.
- ↑ Hembry. "Meat mega merger hits a bumpy road", The New Zealand Herald, 14 April 2008. Retrieved on 13 February 2011.
- ↑ Our Mission. Kallari.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved on 6 February 2015.
- ↑ (2013) "Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India: An overview". International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 3 (3): 108–118.
- ↑ Scholten (2010). India's white revolution Operation Flood, food aid and development. London: Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1-4416-7658-0.
- ↑ National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited. Coopsugar.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved on 27 December 2011.
- ↑ Patil (9 July 2007). Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra. Rediff India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved on 27 December 2011.
- ↑ Lalwani (2008). "Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective". The Journal of Development Studies 44 (10): 1474–1505. DOI:10.1080/00220380802265108.
- ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2015-09-28.