Wim Kok
Willem "Wim" Kok ( <Mkpọ okwu Dutch: [ ˈʋɪm ˈkɔk ] ⓘ/link></link> ; 29 September 1938 - 20 Ọktoba 2018) bụ onye ụzọ ndị Dutch na onye ndu otu ndị ọrụ nke jere ozi dị ka Prime Minister nke Netherlands site na 22 Ọgọst 1994 ruo 22 Julaị 2002. [1] [2] Ọ bụ onye otu Labour Party (PvdA).
Kok akwụkwọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Nyenrode na-enweta nzere bachelọ nke ịzụ ahịa wee ọrụ dị ka onye isi otu nchekwa maka Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions site na 1961 ruo 1976, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche ya site na 1972. Na 1976, ọkpụrụ aka guzobe Federation of Dutch Trade Unions, na Kok na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ ya ruo 1986. Na elu aka izugbe nke 1986, a ọmụmụ Kok ka ọ bụrụ ndị Ndị Nnọchiteanya, na-ewere ọrụ na 3 June 1986. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka iwu aka ahụ nchebe, onye ndu nọ n' National Party nke Labour Party Joop den Uyl, na ọ na-agba hapụrụ ma kwado Kok dị ka onye nọchiri anya ya na -eweghara ọrụ na 21 Julaị 1986. N'ihi na 1989 nhoputa ndi ochichi, Kok jere ozi dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi, mgbe nke ahụ ofufe, ọ nwere a mmekota mmetụta na incumbent Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers nke Christian Democratic Mkpegharị (CDA). ), na-eme nke atọ Lubbers cabinet . Kok ikpe osote onye isi ala na onye minista na-ahụ maka ego, na-arụ ọrụ na 7 November 1989.
Maka mbụ aka izugbe nke 1994, Kok jere ozi dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ọzọ na-esochi nguzobe kabinet, hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Kok mbụ, na-ewere ọrụ dịka Prime Minister nke Netherlands na 22 Ọgọst 1994. Maka mbụ aka izugbe nke 1998 Kok jere ozi dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ọzọ, na mgbe nhazi ụlọ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma, hiwere ụlọ Kok nke abụọ, na-aga n'ihu dị ka praịm minista maka okwu nke abụọ. Na Disemba 2001, Kok nri na ya na-agbahapụ dị ka onye isi otu na na ọ nzọụkwụ nzọụkwụ maka izugbe nke 2002 ma ọ bụ jee ozi ọzọ dị ka praịm minista. Kok ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ na-esote nrụnye nke ụlọ ọrụ Balkenende mbụ na 22 Julaị 2002.
Kok lara ezumike nká na ndị ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na 63 wee onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkeonwe na eze dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na onye na-arụ ọrụ, jere ozi na ọtụtụ state commissions [ nl ] na kansụl n'aha egwu, ma na-aga n'ihu na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-akwado European Union, na-akwado nkwado aka na Europe n'ihu. A mara Kok maka ikike ya dị ka onye njikwa na onye mkparita ụka. N'oge dị ya, ụlọ ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ àmà mgbochi ọha na eze, dị ka ndị na-eso na gosiri nwoke na nwoke na euthanasia, na n'ihu na-adị mperi ahụ. Enyere Kok aha mkpa nke Minista steeti na 11 2003 wee gaa n'ihu na-ekwu okwu gbasara ịhụnanya, dịka onye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 80. Ọ na-ejide ihe dị iche iche nke iduga mbụ mbụ na -acha odo dị ka praịm minista na-achọ ma ndị ọrịa na mgbasa na eze dị ka otu n'ime ndị praịm minista kacha mma mgbe Agha IIwa nke ọgụ ọgụ.
Ndụ mbido
dezieMgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na azụmahịa na Nyenrode Business Universiteit, ọ pụtara ọrụ ya na 1961 na Socialist Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions (NVV), ebe ọ bụ Louis oche site na 1973 ruo 1982. Na 1982, NVV akwụkwọ ya na Dutch Catholic Trade Union. Federation (NKV) wee guzobe Federation of Dutch Trade Unions (FNV), nke ọ jere ozi dị ka oche ruo 1986. [1] N'enyere a, o nyere aka mbi Agreement Wassenaar .
Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
dezie
A ahụmahụ Kok na ndị Nnọchiteanya na 3 June 1986, mgbe mbụ aka izugbe 1986 nchebe. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka elu aka ahụ nchebe Joop den Uyl, onye ndu nke Labor Party na onye isi oche ndị omeiwu na Ndị Nnọchiteanya, elele na ọ na-ahụ apụ mgbe ọ rụchara afọ iri dị ka onye isi otu . A ahụmahụ Kok ka ọ nọchie ya wee onye otu na onye isi omeiwu nke Labor Party na Houselọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na 21 Julaị 1986, na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndu mmegide n'oge oge omeiwu nke Lubbers cabinet . [1]
[2]Kok duuru otu ya na mbụ aka izugbe nke 1989 . Ndị Labour Party tụfuru oche atọ, mana nguzobe kabinet na-esote rụpụtara ndị ọrụ ya na Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) nke hibere kabinet Lubbers nke atọ . Kok ịmalite na mbụ nke mbụ bụ onye osote Prime Minister nke Netherlands na Minista ego, na-eje ozi site na 7 November 1989 ruo 22 Ọgọst 1994
Prime Minister nke Netherlands
dezie
Oge mbụ (1994-1998)
dezie. [1]Na 1994 nhoputa ndi ochichi, Labor Party furu efu oche iri na abuo, ma CDA na onye ndu ohuru Elco Brinkman tufuru oche iri abuo, na-eme ka ndi oru oru buru ibu na ulo ndi nnochite anya. Mgbe nhazi ụlọ ọrụ siri ike na ndị Conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) na Social liberal Democrats 66 (D66), e meri, nke rụpụtara na mbụ Kok cabinet, na Kok dị ka praịm minista. A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe mgbawa na ndị agha ndị Dutch n'ihi na nke a bụ ọkwa mbụ nke Netherlands 1908 na-achọ otu ndị agha ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
Okwu mbụ Kok hụkwara mbelata na mgbanwe dị iche iche na agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịmma. Banyere agụmakwụkwọ, nde guilders 1,772 belata mmefu ego na agụmakwụkwọ, omenala na sayensị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, "Iwu banyere imeziwanye usoro nhazi nke mahadum n'usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke afọ ndị 1970 ji usoro ọchịchị aka ike karịa, nke sitere n'ụdị nlekọta nke nchegbu azụmahịa." Ọ bụ ezie na agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ego agbakwunyere, nke mere ka o kwe omume iwebata kọmpụta ma belata nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ime afọ 4, nke ikpeazụ butere ụkọ nke klaasị na ndị nkuzi. [3] Tupu 1996, gọọmenti nyere ndị nwere obere ego ohere ọmụmụ ihe. N'afọ ahụ, e webatara Iwu Ịkwụ Ụgwọ Ọmụmụ, nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkọlọtọ belatara ma webata oke ego ha na-enweta. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, “N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ pụtara na WTS butere ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-enye nsogbu. Ọnọdụ ndị a metụtara oke oke ego a na-enweta nke butere nnukwu mbelata ego. Na mgbakwunye, oke ego WTS na-enweta na-adabereghị na ọnụọgụ ụmụaka maka otu ezinụlọ. " Otú ọ dị, na nkwekọrịta njikọ aka nke 1998, "E deziri ókè ndị a siri ike ma mee ka ọtụtụ mmadụ nwetakwuo ego." [4] Banyere ọdịmma, a na-eme mgbanwe na General Child Benefit Act na 1995, n'okpuru nke a na-abawanye uru na afọ naanị maka nwa mbụ, ebe site na 1996 uru ụmụaka na-akwụ naanị maka ụmụaka ruo afọ 18, ebe ọ bụ na mbụ. A kwụrụ ụgwọ nwantakịrị ruo afọ 24 n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. [5] E degharịrị enyemaka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na 1995, na-ejigide ma iwu ntozu yana ikike ikike. [6] A kagburu ihe mgbakwunye pụrụ iche maka ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nka, a gbatịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ntozu, belata ego ụfọdụ enyere ụmụaka na ndị di ha nwụrụ, agbatịkwuru ụkpụrụ ntozu enweghị ọrụ, na ebipụkwa uru na atụmatụ ezumike nka nkwarụ. [7] A nakweere iwu njikọ, nke mere ka o kwe omume ijikọ data setịpụ site na ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nchekwa ọha, na ndị uwe ojii ọbịa (ebe ndị ọbịa niile ga-edebanye aha). Ebumnuche nke a bụ imegide ebe obibi iwu na-akwadoghị site n'iwepụ ndị ọbịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na mkpokọta mkpokọta dịka uru nchekwa ọha. [8] N'afọ 1996, akwụsịrị ụgwọ ọrụ nke ọrịa mmanye kpamkpam, na n'ihu ụgwọ ọrụ dịka pasentị nke ụgwọ ọnwa mbụ gbadara site na 75 ruo 70%, n'agbanyeghị na agbatịgoro oge ruo izu 52. [9] Site na ntụleghachi nke atụmatụ inye ego mgbazinye, ndị bi n'ụlọ na-abụghị nke onwe ha enwekwaghị ikike ịgbazinye ego na 1997. [10] Dị ka otu nnyocha si kọọ, “Maka ndị nwere opekempe uru ọha na eze na ụmụaka, ikike ịzụrụ ihe belatara n'ime afọ atọ mbụ nke oge ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ. N'ime oge ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dum, ikike ịzụrụ ihe ji ntakịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ iri nke pasentị kwa afọ, n'ihi mmụba nke pasentị abụọ n'afọ ntuli aka (cpb 1998: 22,168-177)." Otú ọ dị, n’okpuru nrụgide sitere n’aka chọọchị dị iche iche na òtù ndị ọzọ, “ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti tinyere nsogbu nke ịda ogbenye n’usoro iwu.” Enyere nkwado ụfọdụ ndị otu na-adịghị ike ego, na-akwụ ụgwọ na onye ọ bụla n'ime ego mgbazinye ego maka ezinụlọ nwere ụmụaka na ego ha na-enweta na ọkwa nke ọha mmadụ kacha nta, usoro maka ndị agadi nwere naanị ụgwọ ezumike nká n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ obere ụgwọ ezumike nka, na a. ego mgbakwunye dị elu maka nwa mbụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, tupu ntuli aka nke 1998, “e ji nde guilder 850 rụzie ikike ịzụrụ ihe mbelata nke ukwuu, karịsịa maka ndị na-erite uru n’ọha mmadụ.” [11]
N'afọ 1997, e webatara ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ime atụmatụ ezumike nne na nna, ebe ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịrịọ ka ha gbasaa ezumike ihe karịrị izu 26 ma ọ bụ were ihe karịrị awa kwa izu. [12] N'otu afọ ahụ, a gbanwere ego mgbazinye ụlọ, yana enyemaka isiokwu maka ndị bi n'ụlọ na-aghọwanye nke ọma maka ịkwado ndị otu obere ego. [13] Ọzọkwa na 1997, mkpuchi nke AWBZ (atụmatụ ịnshọransị iwu dị iche maka nlekọta ogologo oge ewepụtara na 1968) gbatịpụrụ na nlekọta ebe obibi maka ndị agadi. [14] Site na 1997 TOG na-eme 'ụgwọ maka ụgwọ nlekọta nke ọtụtụ ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ' "na-enye nkwado ego nye ndị nne na nna na-elekọta ụmụ ha nwere nkwarụ siri ike (3 ruo afọ 18) n'ụlọ ha." [15] Na Jenụwarị 1998, a kagburu Insurance Disability Insurance, mana ewebata atụmatụ ọhụrụ akpọrọ Wajong. [16] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Iwu nke 24 Eprel 1997 nyere maka " mkpuchi ọhụrụ iji chebe ndị ọrụ onwe ha na ndị di na nwunye ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere nkwarụ ogologo oge." [17] Otu iwu nke 11 Septemba 1997 nyere maka "iwu ọhụrụ nke metụtara ndị nọ n'okpuru afọ 65, nwere nkwarụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ oge niile na ọrụ ndị dabara na ha." Ọ nyekwara na obodo ọ bụla ("gemeente") "nwere ọrụ ịnye ọtụtụ ohere ọrụ dịka enwere ike nye ndị a na-ewere na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị na ọrụ ahaziri maka mkpa ma ọ bụ ike ha." [18] Site na Julaị 1997 gaa n'ihu, [19] "ndị bi n'ụlọ nlekọta anaghị akwụkwa ụgwọ n'otu n'otu maka ego nlele na ige ntị." [20] Onyinye ego nwa oge nke 1997 ndị ọchụnta ego na-eme njem n'ime ala chọrọ "iji mezie enweghị nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ha n'ihi ihe mere ịka nká ma ọ bụ nkwarụ. Enyemaka ego na ihe enyemaka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke 1 Jenụwarị 1999." [21]
. N'okpuru Iwu Oge Ọrụ nke 2000 ndị ọrụ nwa oge nyere ikike doro anya maka nha anya nha anya n'ịkpọ niile nke ndị mmekọ na-akpa àgwà, dị ka ịkwụsị ezumike nka nke abụọ, ejedebe, kwụsị ịza, onye na njikọ , nchekwa nchekwa na eze, yana ọrụ. Site na 2001 gaa n'ihu na-enye-enye, akara na ọrụ maka ndị niile na-achọ ọrụ mgbe ha na-achọ ọrụ maka ọnwa 6. [1] Na 1 January 2002 iwu ọrụ na ihe àmà Edi. Iwu a chị ezumike ezumike dị iche dị adị na nke ọhụrụ wee mee ka mezie ọrụ na ibu ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye na ngagharị nke mgbasa ozi ndị dị adị, dị ka ndị na-achịkwa oge igbu na ezumike nne na nna, ndokwa kpuchiri ikike ikike ịbụ oge ọrụ ma ọ na ọnọdụ onwe onye onye; Ụbọchị abụọ nke ezumike nna; ezumike anɔ maka ndị di na nri na-ehi nwa; na ụbọchị abụọ nke ezumike na-enye kwa afọ maka onwe onye ngwa ngwa, yana ụbọchị 10 nke ezumike ezumike otu afọ iji lekọta ndị. [2] N'afọ 2001, ewebatara kredit ụtụ isi nke ọrụ (dị ka Earned Income Tax Credit na United States), na-enye onyinye ụtụ isi nye ndị na-enweta ego n'onwe dịka ụzọ isi kpalie ọrụ. [3] Ewebatakwa kredit ụtụ isi maka ihe ngosi, [4] yana kredit ụtụ isi n'ozuzu (onye ga-iche echiche nkwụtụghị ụtụ isi), [5] na kredit ụtụ isi nke onye nwera maka ndị ọrụ na-enweta uru Wajong. [6] sau na nke ahụ, dị ka otu ikwu si kwuo, ajụjụ nke ndị bi na ego ogbenye dara n'oge ihe Kok nke abụọ.[22]
. [23]A na-eto Kok nke ukwuu maka ụzọ nke ụzọ ya na nkà ihe nkiri ihe polder yana maka ịga nke ọma nke iduga ọnọdụ Purple ya. N'oge ya premiership, ya cabinets bụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmetọ atumatu ọtụtụ ndị na- ibe, iwu fon na eke nwoke na mer na euthanasia, [1] na- akpali aku na uba na-akpata ọzọ ọrụ na privatization na n'ihu ibelata mperi . N'ihi nke a, na n'ihi nkà ya dị ka onye njikwa na onye n bu okwu, ndị ndú Europe ibe ya toro Kok
Mgbe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gasịrị
dezieMgbe ọ na-enye onye isi ala, Kok lara ezumike nká na ndị soja na-arụsi ọrụ ike mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na atọ wee onye na-akwado European Union ma na-elekọta ọtụtụ "otu ọkwa dị elu". O jikwa ọtụtụ oche na bọọdụ azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ụwa ( ING Group, Koninklijke TNT Post, Royal Dutch Shell, KLM, Stork BV, International Commission on Missing Persons, International Crisis Group, Anne Frank Foundation wee jee ozi dị ka oga oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Club nke Madrid site na 2009 ruo Disemba 2013). [1] Na 11 2003, e nyere ya aha mkpa nke Minista steeti. [2]
Na 1965, mgbe afọ anọ nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị, Kok lụrụ Margrietha Lummechiena "Rita" Roukema (a mụrụ 3 November 1939). [24] Ọ napụtara ụmụ ya abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye gara aga, nwa nwanyị Carla (amụrụ 1959) na nwa André (amụrụ 1961 wee nwụọ March 30, 2022), bụ onye nwere nkwarụ uche, na ha nwere nwa nke atọ, nwa Marcel (amụrụ 1966).
| Ogo nkwanye ugwu | ||||
| Mahadum | Ubi | Obodo | Ụbọchị | Ikwu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nyenrode Business University | Ọchịchị ọha | Netherlands | Septemba 2, 2003 | |
| Mahadum nke Münster | Nkà ihe ọmụma | Germany | 2003 | |
Ntụaka
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vat. "Wim Kok obituary", The Guardian, 22 October 2018. Retrieved on 22 October 2018. (in en) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "guard" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Corder. "Former Dutch PM Wim Kok dies at 80, haunted by Srebrenica", Washington Post, 20 October 2018. (in en)
- ↑ Policy Successes and Failures of the First Purple Cabinet by A. Hoogerwerf
- ↑ Beleidsdoorlichting van de WTOS: Wet Tegemoetkoming Onderwijsbijdrage en Schoolkosten Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap Directie Hoger Onderwijs en Studiefinanciering Afdeling Studiefinanciering, P.6
- ↑ (1998-01-01) European Social Charter: Committee of Independent Experts : Conclusions XIV-1 (in en). Council of Europe. ISBN 978-92-871-3637-4.
- ↑ The Dutch Participatory State : Shift from a Welfare System of Collective Solidarity Towards Individual Responsibility in a Participatory Society, van Gerven, Minna
- ↑ Ideologues, Partisans, and Loyalists Ministers and Policymaking in Parliamentary Cabinets By Despina Alexiadou, 2016,P.188
- ↑ Policy Successes and Failures of the First Purple Cabinet by A. Hoogerwerf
- ↑ Social Democracy in Power The Capacity to Reform By Wolfgang Merkel, Alexander Petring, Christian Henkes, Christoph Egle, 2008
- ↑ 29 003 Voorstel van wet van het lid Van Gent tot wijziging van de Huursubsidiewet (huursubsidie voor jongeren en studenten)
- ↑ Policy Successes and Failures of the First Purple Cabinet by A. Hoogerwerf
- ↑ PF 2.5 ANNEX: DETAIL OF CHANGE IN PARENTAL LEAVE BY COUNTRY
- ↑ Divergence in European Welfare and Housing Systems By J. S. C. M. Hoekstra, 2010, P.42
- ↑ Reforming Long-term Care in Europe Edited by Joan Costa-Font, P.55
- ↑ The Battle Against Numbers: Disability Policies in the Netherlands by Wim van Oorschot Kees Boos, P.15
- ↑ Labour Markets at a Crossroads Causes of Change, Challenges and Need to Reform Edited by Henrik Lindberg and Nils Karlson, 2011, P.53
- ↑ Act of 24 April 1997 establishing an insurance in case of financial consequences from long-term work disability and the regulations for benefit payments for workers and their spouses who are self-employed/independently employed.
- ↑ Act of 11 September 1997 providing new regulations for the Act Social Work Provision ("Wet sociale werkvoorziening").
- ↑ 26 204 Jaaroverzicht Zorg 1999, P.98
- ↑ Rapport - Armoedebestrijding: de financiële ondersteuning
- ↑ Act of 30 May 1997 concerning the establishment of income provisions for formerly self-employed entrepreneurs in fresh water/in-land navigation.
- ↑ Poverty not falling as rapidly in 2002
- ↑ Former Dutch prime minister Wim Kok dies; Euronews; 21 October 2018
- ↑ Chorus. "Het harnas van Rita Kok", NRC Handelsblad, 17 April 2004. Retrieved on 20 October 2018. (in nl)