Weather drone

A weather drone, ma ọ bụ weather-sensing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), ^[1] - bụ ụgbọ elu a na-akwọ ụgbọ elu nke dị n'ebe dị anya nke na-erughị 25 kg ^[2] ma na-ebu ihe mmetụta nke na-anakọta data thermodynamic na kinematic site na etiti na ala ikuku (dịka ruo 6 km).

^[3] naghị eji drones ihu igwe akwado National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) n'ihi mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu na ohere UAVs na ikuku na ịgbaso iwu ikuku na mmepe teknụzụ dị mkpa iji mezuo ihe World Meteorological Organization chọrọ.

^[4], a na-etinye drones ihu igwe iji kwado ọrụ nyocha sayensị na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Atụmatụ mbụ

UAV mbụ ^[5] dekọrọ maka ịlele usoro ikuku bụ na 1970, mgbe "obere ụgbọ elu na-achịkwa redio [eji] dị ka ikpo okwu nlele" maka ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nlele ihu igwe. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ nwetara nkwado site na Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory na NASA, Wallops Station. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka "usoro dị mfe, nke akụ na ụba, nke a na-achịkwa, na nke na-agbake iji na-ebu ihe mmetụta meteorological na ngwá ọrụ" ma gosipụta na iji obere ụgbọ elu nke redio na-anakọta data ihu igwe bụ ma bara uru.

Ihe ịrịba ama nke abụọ na mmepe nke drones ihu igwe bụ ihe atụ nke otu ndị nchọpụta wuru na Mahadum Colorado, nke US Office of Naval Research (ONR) kwadoro na 1993.[6] Ebumnobi nke drone nku a kapịrị ọnụ akpọrọ Aerosonde bụ ime ka nnakọta data ihu igwe na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na enweghị ike ịnweta n'ụwa. ^[6] . N'afọ 1995, e mere mmepe ndị ọzọ na Australia site na Environmental Systems and Services (ES&S) Pty Ltd. nwere Australian Bureau of Meteorology na Insitu Group dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ. ^[7]^[8]'afọ 1999, ọrụ na mmepe niile malitere site na Aerosonde Ltd nke dị na Australia. Kemgbe afọ 2007, Aerosonde LTD. bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke America Textron Inc. . [1] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, Aerosonde aghọwo ụgbọelu nzuzo, nlekota na nyocha (ISR) maka ọrụ agha na njirimara nchịkọta data ihu igwe ya, nke abụọ.

Ọganihu e mesịrị

N'afọ 2009, American National Research Council bipụtara akụkọ "Nleba anya na ihu igwe site na Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks", na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị maka usoro nyocha mesoscale zuru oke karịa radiosondes nke ikuku ikuku na-ebute - usoro bụ isi eji anakọta data site na ikuku ahụ. ^[9]

^[1] ahụ, mmemme nyocha na-elekwasị anya na drones ihu igwe anọwo na-abawanye. The Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling na Mahadum Oklahoma bụ otu kachasị arụ ọrụ na ngalaba a. ^[10] ^[11]-eme nchọpụta ya anọwo na-emepe CopterSonde ma mepụta echiche 3D Mesonet, netwọk nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke a na-ebupụ drones ihu igwe kwa awa ma ọ bụ abụọ iji chịkọta data sitere na mesoscale.

N'afọ 2022, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) wepụrụ ụgbọ elu ihu igwe, Area-I Altius-600, n'ime ajọ ifufe (Hurricane Ian) na nke mbụ. Drone nwere nku kwụ ọtọ fegara n'ogo dị ala (900 m - 1.3 km) n'ime anya nke ajọ ifufe ahụ wee banye na nku anya iji nakọta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide na oke mmiri.

Drones ihu igwe dị n'ahịa dị ụkọ, ebe ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Meteomatics AG na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ahịa, ^[11] ^[12] onye nrụpụta na onye nrụpụta Meteodrones kemgbe 2013. Na 2020, ụlọ ọrụ Britain Menapia batara n'ahịa na MetSprite.

Ụdị

Nnụnụ kwụ ọtọ

Drones ihu igwe mbụ jiri nku kwụ otu ebe mee ihe ^[13] ọ na-enye ndị nchọpụta ohere itinye ọganihu teknụzụ site na ngalaba ụgbọ elu na-akwọ ụgbọelu na ikpuchi mpaghara buru ibu n'ihi ikike ya ife ogologo oge.

Rotary wing

Rotary-wing weather drones ^[13]-ewu ewu karị n'ihi na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị mfe ịrụ ọrụ, ma dabara adaba maka profaịlụ kwụ ọtọ karịa radiosondes nke na-apụ.

Uru na njedebe

N'afọ 2019, na mmekorita ya na ọrụ ihu igwe nke mba France Météo-France, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) haziri "WMO Workshop on Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Operational Meteorology Report", ^[3] ogbako mbụ iji kwurịta ngwa nke drones ihu igwe. N'ime ndị sonyere na ya, e nwere ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ meteorological nke mba, otu nyocha mahadum, na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe.

Mkparịta ụka ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwubiri na drones ihu igwe bara uru iji nakọta nha n'ime ọnọdụ site na oyi akwa oke, na-emechi oghere data na imeziwanye amụma ihu igwe ọnụọgụgụ. Mana ndepụta ihe mgbochi dị mkpa ka edoziri tupu drones ihu igwe enwee ike ịkwado ọrụ meteorological nke mba, gụnyere:

Enweghị iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ikuku
Ọnọdụ dị oke ala nke imepụta ụgbọ elu, mmanụ, na mmezi nke ọkwa mmanụ

Ọzọkwa, idozi ice ikuku na-efe efe na oke ikuku na-eguzogide iji hụ na nchekwa nke drones ihu igwe na igbochi ọnwụ. ^[6] mmepe nke Aerosonde mbụ, na 1990s, emeela nnyocha iji dozie nsogbu nke ice, nke kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụgbọelu. ^[1]'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Meteomatics bụ nzukọ mbụ mepụtara usoro deicing nke na-ekpo ọkụ rotor blades mgbe ọ bụla a chọpụtara ihe ize ndụ iceing.

Edensibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pinto (2021-11-01). "The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology" (in EN). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102 (11): E2121–E2136. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1. ISSN 0003-0007.
↑ United States Department of Transportation (2016-06-21). Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. www.faa.gov. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 World Meteorological Organization (2022-11-16). Workshop on Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Operational Meteorology. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
↑ "The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2022-11-16. (in en-US)
↑ Konrad (November–December 1970). "A Small, Radio-Controlled Aircraft As A Platform For Meteorological Sensors". APL Technical Digest 10: 11–19.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Holland (2001-05-01). "The Aerosonde Robotic Aircraft: A New Paradigm for Environmental Observations" (in en). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82 (5): 889–902. DOI:<0889:TARAAN>2.3.CO;2 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0889:TARAAN>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0007.
↑ Peck (2021-10-27). Beyond the Shadow: FTUAS Competition's Next Phase (en-US). Inside Unmanned Systems. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
↑ staff. Textron Buys UAV Makers AAI Aerosonde. Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
↑ Council (2008-11-20). Observing Weather and Climate from the Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks (in en). ISBN 978-0-309-12986-2.
↑ Drones could be the future of weather forecasting. The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Chilson (January 2019). "Moving towards a Network of Autonomous UAS Atmospheric Profiling Stations for Observations in the Earth's Lower Atmosphere: The 3D Mesonet Concept" (in en). Sensors 19 (12): 2720. DOI:10.3390/s19122720. ISSN 1424-8220.
↑ Koch (2018-11-01). "On the Use of Unmanned Aircraft for Sampling Mesoscale Phenomena in the Preconvective Boundary Layer" (in EN). Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35 (11): 2265–2288. DOI:10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0101.1. ISSN 0739-0572.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Bell (2020-07-16). "Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere" (in English). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13 (7): 3855–3872. DOI:10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020. ISSN 1867-1381.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pinto (2021-11-01). "The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology" (in EN). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102 (11): E2121–E2136. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1. ISSN 0003-0007.

[2] United States Department of Transportation (2016-06-21). Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. www.faa.gov. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 World Meteorological Organization (2022-11-16). Workshop on Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Operational Meteorology. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.

[4] "The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2022-11-16. (in en-US)

[5] Konrad (November–December 1970). "A Small, Radio-Controlled Aircraft As A Platform For Meteorological Sensors". APL Technical Digest 10: 11–19.

[:2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Holland (2001-05-01). "The Aerosonde Robotic Aircraft: A New Paradigm for Environmental Observations" (in en). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82 (5): 889–902. DOI:<0889:TARAAN>2.3.CO;2 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0889:TARAAN>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0007.

[7] Peck (2021-10-27). Beyond the Shadow: FTUAS Competition's Next Phase (en-US). Inside Unmanned Systems. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.

[8] staff. Textron Buys UAV Makers AAI Aerosonde. Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.

[9] Council (2008-11-20). Observing Weather and Climate from the Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks (in en). ISBN 978-0-309-12986-2.

[10] Drones could be the future of weather forecasting. The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.

[:3-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Chilson (January 2019). "Moving towards a Network of Autonomous UAS Atmospheric Profiling Stations for Observations in the Earth's Lower Atmosphere: The 3D Mesonet Concept" (in en). Sensors 19 (12): 2720. DOI:10.3390/s19122720. ISSN 1424-8220.

[12] Koch (2018-11-01). "On the Use of Unmanned Aircraft for Sampling Mesoscale Phenomena in the Preconvective Boundary Layer" (in EN). Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35 (11): 2265–2288. DOI:10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0101.1. ISSN 0739-0572.

[:4-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Bell (2020-07-16). "Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere" (in English). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13 (7): 3855–3872. DOI:10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020. ISSN 1867-1381.

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