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Usoro Nhazi Ụwa

  

. [1]The Global Positioning System ( GPS), nke mbụ Navstar GPS, [1] bụ usoro ịnya redio dabere na satịlaịtị nke egwuregwu United States nwere yana nke United States Space Force na-arụ ya.  [2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụgbọ satịlaịtị ụgbọ ala zuru ụwa ọnụ (GNSS) nke na-enye geolocation na ozi oge na onye nna GPS ebe ọ gbakwunye na ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ụwa ebe ,ịrịlị na-, na-etinye na  satịlatị GPS anọ ma ọ bụ akụkụ.  [3] Ọ bụ ka onye ọrụ bufee data ọ llala, ma na-arụ ọrụ na-adabereghị na televishọn ma ọ bụ ịntanetị ọ llala, n'agbanyeghị na-enwe ndị nwe nwe ike uru nke ozi onye GPS.  Ọ na-enye ndị agha, obodo, na ndị ọrụ azụmahịa n'ụwa niile ike n'ọkwa.  Ọ bụ ihe na-abụ na ugboro United States, na-ahụ ma na-edobe usoro GPS, ọ na-enweta ya n'efu nye onye ọ llaa nnata GPS.

.Ngalaba na-ahụ maka nchekwa US nke ọrụ GPS na 1973. Emere ụgbọ elu mbụ prototype n'afọ 1978 na mkpokọta satịlaịtị 24 zuru ezu akụkọ ọrụ na 1993. N'ịbụ nke ndị agha United States nwere ike iji ya mee ihe, anatara iji.  ndị amaghị site na 1980s na-agba ọsọ iwu iwu sitere n'aka Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan mgbe ụgbọ elu Korea Air Lines Flight 007 nchebe.  [1] Ọganihu na nkà na ẹzụrụ na ihe ọhụrụ na usoro dị ugbu a emeela egbochi iji mee ka GPS dị ọhụrụ ma me ngwaọrụ na-esote GPS Block IIIA satellites na Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).  [2] nke US Congress nyere ikike na 2000.

. [2]Site na ụmụ 1990s, United States wedara izi nke ọnọdụ GPS site na mmemme mmemme Selective Availability, nke nwere ike weda ma ọ bụ jụ ajụ n'oge ọ ALA, [1] dị ka o mere ndị agha India na 1999 n  'oge Kargil.  Agha .  N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ mba - akpọ Russia, China, India, Japan, na European Union - pịala ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịwube ụgbọ mmiri satịla ndị ọzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara.  ụkwụ, Akwụsịrị Nnweta nhọrọ na Mee 1, 2000, dị ka iwu nke Onye isi ala Bill Clinton bịanyere aka na ya.

Mgbe ewelitere nnweta nhọrọ na 2000, GPS nwere ihe dị ka five-meter (16 ft) izi ezi.  Ndị nna nwere GPS nke na-eji band L5 izi ezi dị elu ụfọdụ, na-atụ aka n'ime 30 centimeters (12 na), ebe ndị ọrụ dị elu (nke a na- injinia na ngwa ncha ala) na-enwe  ike ị ikike izi ezi na ọtụtụ akara bandwidth n'ime centimita abụọ, na egwuregwu sub-millimeter ziri ezi maka nha ogologo oge.  [1] [2] [3] Ngwa ndị ọrụ, dị ka smartphones, nwere ike nke ziri ezi dị ka ọ dị n'ime 4.9 m (ma ọ bụ ka mma na ọrụ ndị dị ka ihe Wi-Fi agha ike).  [4] As of May 2021[update] </link></link> , Satellites GPS 16 na-agbasa ozi L5, a na-ahụtakwa akara ndị a ka ọ dị tupu arụ ọrụ, nke akwadoro iru satịlaịtị 24 n'ihe.  afọ 2027.

Ihe nkiri Air Force na-ewebata Navstar Global Positioning System, dịka 1977
Sistemụ igwe kpakpando GPS animation

A ndị ọrụ GPS na United States na 1973 iji merie njedebe nke sistemu ịnya ụgbọ mmiri gara aga, [1] na-azụ echiche sitere na ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ, ndị na-eje ozi nhazi nhazi nkewa site na 1960s.  Ngalaba na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke United States ụzọ a, nke ji satịlaìtì 24 na mbụ, maka ndị agha United States ji mee ihe, wee na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na 1995. Enyere ikike iji ndị eme ihe site na 1980s.  Roger L. Easton nke Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A. Getting of The Aerospace Corporation, na Bradford Parkinson nke Applied Physics Laboratory bụ ndị akwụkwọ na ha chepụtara ya.  [2] A na-arụ ọrụ Gladys West dị ka ihe mmemme na ike nke usoro n'ụzọ na-ahụ maka ozi satịla na nkenke mkpa maka GPS.  [3]. [3]

N’afọ 1955, Friedwardt Winterberg’ bụ aro ka a nwalee nleba anya n’ozuzu ya —ịchọpụta oge na-adị n’ubi ndò siri ike site n’iji elekere atomiki ziri ezi itinyere n’ime orbit n’ime satịlatị mmadụ.  Anti iche na nke izugbe buru hel na clocks na satịlatị GPS, dị ka ndị nọ n'ụwa na-ahụ, na-agba ọsọ 38 microseconds kwa ụbọchị ụfọdụ ndị n'ụwa.  Nhazi nke GPS na-edozi maka ndụ a;  n'ihi na nke a, ọnọdụ GPS gbakọrọ ga-akpakọba mperi ruru 10 kilometers per day (6 mi/d) .

Mgbe Soviet Union ọhụrụ satịlaịtị mbụ ya ( Sputnik 1 ) na .  [1] 1957, ndị nchịkọta nhọrọ America abụọ, William Guier na George Weiffenbach, na Mahadum Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) ihe mgbasa ozi redio ya.  [2] N'ime awa ole na ole ha ngosi na, n'ihi ụgbọ Doppler, ha nwere ike nchọpụta ebe satịla ịtị n'omume ya.  Onye isi APL nyere ha nhọrọ na UNIVAC ha iji mee mgbako siri ike.

N'isi afọ na-esote, Frank McClure, onye osote onye isi APL, jụrụ Guier na Weiffenbach ka ha nyochaa nsogbu dị iche iche: ịkọwapụta ebe onye ọrụ nọ, nyere nke satịlaịtị. (N'oge ahụ, ndị agha mmiri na-emepụta ngwa agha Polaris nke okpuru mmiri, nke chọrọ ka ha mara ebe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị. ) Nke a mere ka ha na APL wulite usoro TRANSIT . N'afọ 1959, ARPA (akpọrọ aha DARPA na 1972) rụkwara ọrụ na TRANSIT. [4] [5] [6]

A nwalere TRANSIT nke ọma na 1960. [7] Ọ na-eji otu kpakpando nke satịlaịtị ise ma nwee ike inye nhazi igodo ihe dịka otu ugboro kwa elekere.

Na 1967, ndị agha mmiri US mepụtara satịlaịtị Timation, nke gosipụtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume itinye elekere ziri ezi na mbara igwe, teknụzụ achọrọ maka GPS.

N'afọ ndị 1970, sistemụ igodo OMEGA dabere na ala, dabere na ntụle oge nke mgbasa ozi sitere na ọdụ ụgbọ abụọ, [8] ghọrọ sistemụ igodo redio zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmachi nke sistemu ndị a mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka e nweta azịza ntugharị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi ka ukwuu.

Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka njem ụgbọ mmiri ziri ezi na mpaghara ndị agha na nke ndị nkịtị, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ ka a na-ahụta dị ka ihe ziri ezi maka ijeri dollar ọ ga-efu na nyocha, mmepe, mbugharị, na ọrụ nke ìgwè kpakpando nke satịlaịtị igodo. N'oge agbụrụ agha Nzuzo, ihe egwu nuklia na ịdị adị nke United States bụ otu mkpa nke mere ka ọnụ ahịa a kwadoro n'echiche nke United States Congress. Mmetụta a na-egbochi ya bụ ya mere e ji kwado GPS. Ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara nzuzo nzuzo n'oge ahụ. Ngwakọta atọ nke nuklia nwere ogbunigwe ogbunigwe nke ụgbọ mmiri nke United States navy butere ballistic missile (SLBMs) yana ogbunigwe ogbunigwe nke United States Air Force (USAF) na ogbunigwe bọọlụ intercontinental ballistic (ICBM). N'ịbụ onye e chere na ọ dị mkpa maka nkwụsị nkwụsị nuklia, mkpebi ziri ezi nke ọnọdụ mmalite SLBM bụ ike ịba ụba .

N'afọ 1960, Air Force tụpụtara usoro ịnyagharị redio nke a na-akpọ MOSAIC (mobile System for Accurate ICBM Control) nke bụ n'ezie 3-D LORAN. A na-eme nyocha na-esote, Project 57, na 1963 ma ọ bụ "n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a ka a mụrụ echiche GPS". N'otu afọ ahụ, a gbasoro echiche ahụ dị ka Project 621B, nke nwere "ọtụtụ n'ime àgwà ndị ị na-ahụ ugbu a na GPS" [9] ma kwe nkwa ịba ụba nke ọma maka ndị na-atụ bọmbụ ụgbọ elu yana ICBM.

. Onye ọzọ dị mkpa bu ụzọ gaa GPS sitere na ngalaba dị iche iche nke ndị agha United States.  Na 1964, United States Army orbited mbụ Sequential Collation of Range ( SECOR ) satịla ịtịla ejiri maka nchacha geodetic.  [1] Usoro SECOR ndị na-ebufe ala atɔ na ebe ndị a ma nke ga-ezi akara na transponder satịla ịtịla na orbit.  Ebe ụgbọ ala nke anọ, n'ebe a na-ama rọrọk, nwere ike jiri akara ndị ahụ dozie ebe ọ nọ.  Emepụtara satịlaịtị SECOR ikpeazụ na 1969.

[10]N'ime izu ụka nke ụbọchị ọrụ na 1973, ihe nke ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ agha iri na abụọ na Pentagon tụlere okike nke sistemu Satellite Navigation Navigation (DNSS) .  Ọ bụ na ikike a ka e ezi njikọ nke GPS.  Mgbe afọ ahụ, a kụrụ mmemme DNSS Navstar.  [1] A na-ewere nkịtị Navstar dị ka mkpọkpọ okwu maka "Sistemụ NAVigation Iji oge na oge" mana ọ dịghị mgbe a na-ewere ya dị ka nke a site na GPS Joint Program Office (TRW nwere ike bụrụ na ọ bụ maka usoro).  igodo ụzọ dị iche nke jiri okwu mkpọ okwu ahụ).  [2] Ebe e ụzọ satịla ịtị n'otu n'otu na aha Navstar (dị ka ọ dị na ndị bu Transit na Time), a na-eji aha zuru oke zuru oke eji eji nke Satellites Navstar, Navstar-GPS .  [3] Emere ihe ngosi satịla ịtịlarị iri " Block I " n'etiti 1978 na 1985 (nke ọzọ bibiri na ị

Achọpụtara ụgbọ nke ionosphere na mgbasa ozi redio na ụlọ ngwaahịa geophysics nke Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, aha mustaqbalka na Air Force Geophysical Research Lab (AFGRL) na 1974. AFGRL ụdị ụdị Klobuchar maka ịgbakọ akwụkwọ ionospheric na ọnọdụ GPS.  [1] Ihe mara mma bụ ọrụ onye na-enyere aka mbara igwe Australia Elizabeth Essex-Cohen nke na AFGRL na 1974. Ọ na-eche echiche mkpụ ụzọ nke ụzọ ebili mmiri redio (mgbe ikuku ) na-agafe ionosphere site na Satellites NavSTAR. [11]

Mgbe ụgbọ elu Korea Air Lines Flight 007, Boeing 747 bu mmadụ 269, ụgbọ elu Soviet interceptor gbagburu mgbe ọ kpafuru n'ime ikuku amachibidoro n'ihi igodo igodo, [1] na mpaghara Sakhalin na Moneron Islands, Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan nyere  ụzọ.  na-eme ka GPS dị n'efu maka iji ndị na-eso ụzọ, ụzọ emepụtara nke ọma, dịka ịkpọ oku.  [2] Emepụtara satịlaịtị Block II nke mbụ na February 14, 1989, [3] na 24th.  Satellite arụ ọrụ na 1994. Ihe omume GPS na-efu n'oge a, na-agụnyeghị ọnụ aha njirimara nke onye ọrụ mana achụ ego nke igba egbe satịlaịtị, ka e mere onyinye na US$5.  Ozi (nke ruru $ 10 na 2022).

Na mbụ, a na-edobe akara ngosi ngosi elu maka iji agha, na akara ngosi dị maka iji ndị na-akpachapụ anya, na ịma mara dị ka nhọrọ nhọrọ .  Nke a ọmụmụ na Mee 1, 2000, ya na Onye isi ala Bill Clinton bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iwu ka nhọrọ nhọrọ iji nye otu izi ezi n'akwụkwọ ozi ndị agha.  Onye nchekwa nchekwa nke United States, William Perry tụpụtara ntọala a, n'ihi uto zuru ebe niile nke ọrụ GPS dị iche iche site na ụlọ ọrụ onwe iji kwalite izi ezi nke ndị ozi.  Ọzọkwa, ndị agha US nọ na- lọ ịlọ iji jụ ọrụ GPS nye ndị nwere ike imegide ha na mpaghara mpaghara.  [1]Ewe ihe nnweta nhọrọ n'ime owuwu GPS agwa na GPS-III.

Gọọmenti United States nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ GPS dịka akụrụngwa mba. Ngalaba Nchebe bụ onye nlekọta nke GPS. Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) lekọtara amụma GPS site na 1996 ruo 2004. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, National Space-based Positioning, Navigation and Time Executive Committee guzobere site na ntuziaka onye isi ala na 2004 iji nye ndụmọdụ na ịhazi ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti gbasara ihe gbasara GPS na usoro ndị metụtara ya. [12] Ọ bụ ndị osote odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka nchekwa na njem na-elekọta kọmitii onye isi. Otu n'ime ya gụnyere ndị ọrụ ọkwa nhata sitere na Ngalaba Steeti, Azụmahịa, na Nchebe Obodo, Ndị Njikota Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ na NASA . Akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ isi nke onyeisi oche na-ekere òkè dị ka ndị na-ekiri na kọmitii ndị isi, na onye isi oche FCC na-ekere òkè dị ka njikọ.

  1. ↑ ((National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing)) (February 22, 2021). What is GPS?. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved on May 5, 2021.
  2. ↑ ((National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing)) (March 3, 2022). GPS Accuracy. GPS.gov. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved on April 12, 2022.
  3. ↑ Butterly. "100 Women: Gladys West - the 'hidden figure' of GPS", BBC News, May 20, 2018. Retrieved on January 17, 2019.
  4. ↑ Helen E. Worth (2009). Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved on March 3, 2013. 
  5. ↑ Catherine Alexandrow (April 2008). The Story of GPS. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013.
  6. ↑ (April 2008) DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap. 
  7. ↑ Howell. Navstar: GPS Satellite Network. SPACE.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved on February 14, 2013.
  8. ↑ Jerry Proc. Omega. Jproc.ca. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved on December 8, 2009.
  9. ↑ Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from the original on November 1, 2002. Retrieved on October 14, 2013.
  10. ↑ Hegarty (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS)". Proceedings of the IEEE 96 (12): 1902–1917. DOI:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090. 
  11. ↑ GPS Signal Science. harveycohen.net. Archived from the original on May 29, 2017.
  12. ↑ Steitz. National Positioning, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board Named. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved on March 22, 2007.
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