Sudanian savanna

Savanna Sudan ma ọ bụ mpaghara Sudan bụ eriri sara mbara nke savanna nke na-aga n'ebe e mere na fim ndị agha mpaghara Afrịka, site na ugwo Etiopia dị n'ihu ese mbụ n'Oké Atlantik n'ebe ahụ ike. ikpe. Ọ na-anya mpaghara bioregion etiti dị n'ime oke akụ nke savanna biome nke mpaghara Afrotropical . Sahel acacia savanna, eriri nke ntụgharị, dị n'ebe ugwu, na-eme mpaghara n'etiti savanna Sudan na phytochorion Desert Sahara . N'ebe ndị Sudan, ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ-savanna mosaic na-emepe mpaghara mpaghara n'etiti savanna Sudan na kara Guineo-Congolian nke dị nso na equator.

Etymology

Aha Sudan sitere from Arabic بلاد السودان</link> , na-ezo aka na Africa ndịda Sahel.

Mpaghara physiographic

Savanna Sudan bụ otu n'ime mpaghara physiographic atọ dị iche iche nke ngalaba Massive Africa buru ibu. Physiography na-ekewa mpaghara a ụzọ dị iche iche physiographic ngalaba, Niger Basin, Lake Chad Basin, na Middle Nile Basin . ^[1]

Ecoregions

The World Wide Fund for Nature na-ekewa mpaghara savanna nke Sudan ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara abụọ, nke Mandara Plateau kewapụrụ:

Savanna East Sudanian dị na East na Central Africa gbagoro n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ ala Etiopia ruo ugwu Mandara . ^[1]
Savanna ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan nke dị na West Africa na-esi n'ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria gaa Gambia West Coast . ^[2]

Geography

mgbasa a na-ese ala dị iche iche osimiri nke White Nile, Chad na Niger . Ọ na- dheeraad 5,000 km (3,100 mi) n'otu egwu ọtụtụ kilomita n' ókè n'ofe Africa. Ọ na-esi na Atlantic Ocean na Senegal, site na ndịda Mali (nke a mara dị ka French Sudan mgbe ọ bụ French ), Burkina Faso, Southern Niger, Northern Ghana, Northern Nigeria, Southern Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan na South Sudan ugwu ndị Etiopia .

Ihu igwe

Nkezi ụka kwa afọ na-esi na 23 to 29 Celsius C (73 ruo 84 °F) . Nkezi ozizi n'ime ụnwa oyi kacha dị elu mpaghara 20 Celsius C (68 °F) na mpaghara 30 Celsius C (86 °F) n'ime ụnwa kacha mma. Okpomọkụ kwa ụbọchị na-agbanwe site na 10–15 Celsius C (50–59 °F) . Ọdụ mmiri mmiri na-ebute mmiri ozuzo site na equator. Mmiri mmiri kwa awụ sitere na 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 na) n’ebe ugwu ruo 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 na) n’ebe ndịda. N'oge oge oyi nke ọkọchị ( Köppen Aw ), ifufe Harmattan nke dị n'ebe ugwu mmalite mmalite na-ebute ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na akọrọ site na Sahara.

Osisi

Ahịhịa savanna nke Sudan na Burkina Faso

Savanna Sudan nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa nke Andropogon gayanus, Pama Reserve, Burkina Faso .

A na-eji savanna Sudan mara site na ekiri n'otu nke osisi na osisi. Ụdị osisi na-achị ọchịchị na- ọchịchị nke Comretaceae na Caesalpinioideae ; ụdị Acacia mkpa. Ụdị akwụkwọ ndị na-akpakarị bụ Andropogoneae, na-eji genera Andropogon na Hyparrhenia, na ala na-emighị emi nakwa Loudetia na Aristida . A na-eji ọtụtụ mpaghara savanna Sudan eme ihe n'ụdị mgbasa, ebe osisi bara uru, dị ka shea, baobab, osisi igurube na ndị ọzọ na- 5 igbutu, ebe a na-akọ sorghum, ọka, millet ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ n'okpuru. ^[3]

Anụ anụmanụ

Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ buru ibu sitere na savanna Sudan, ndị elephant star Africa ( Loxodonta africana ), giraffe ugwu ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), giant eland ( Taurotragus derbianus derbianus ), roan antelope ( Hippotragus equinus ), African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer brachyceros ), ( Panthera leo ), agụ owuru ( Panthera pardus ) cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ), na ngwa ngwa Africa ( Lycaon pictus ). Ụmụ anụmanụ buru ibu ugbu a nwere oke oke na ọnụọgụ.

Iji ala

^[4]Ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji savanna Sudan. A na-azụkarị ehi, mana n'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-echekwa ndị na ewu. Ihe kpatara ndị a na-akọ bụ sorghum na millet bụ ndị dabara na oke mmiri ozuzo. N'ihi oke ụkọ mmiri mmiri na-arrị elu 1970s, ọ dị ndị na-azụ anụ ezi mkpa ọkụ na ndị eji ebe ịta nri ma soro ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na-enwe nsogbu.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

ka ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ihe mere eme nke oge a si kwuo, nke mpaghara niile dị n'Africa, tusaale Sudan "bụ nke ahụla mgbasa ogologo nke ọrụ ugbo, nke ndị na-eji ogologo oge, na usoro-eguzo anya anya." Ọ bụkwa mpaghara mbụ "ndịda Sahara ebe ndị Africa gbanyere ọrịa wee merụọ" ^[5]

Etiti oge gboo

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ochie bụ nchekwa nke ndị njem . [1] Ndị isi ala mmalite Sudan bụ Darfur, Bagirmi, Sennar na Wadai . Na etiti Sudan, ndị Ukwu Kanem–Bornu na ndị isi ndị Hausa . N'ebe mmalite bụ Wagadou, Manden, Songhay na Mossi . Ka e hụ, ndị Fula gbasaruru ebe sara mbara. [2] [3] N'oge dị ndị Europe, French Sudan na Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ka e kere na mpaghara ndị na-emezi steeti Mali na Sudan na South Sudan n'otu n'otu.

Azụmahịa ohu

Ná ciyar na afɔ iri mbụ, e ji ọtụtụ ndị Sudan mee ihe dị ka "ụzuoku nke ndị ohu maka ụwa Mediterenian" n'ahịa ohu ndị Sahara . Site na mbata nke Portuguese na ndị awụ nke iri na ise, "a na-eduzi ndị mmadụ na ahia ohu nke Atlantic," na-agbakọta ihe ezinụlọ otu puku awụ maka Sahara na ndị awụ anọ maka ahia Atlantic. N'ihi ya, ịgba ohu kpụziri ụlọ ọrụ na usoro nke Sudan. Ndị Portuguese mbụ rutere Senegambia wee mee na ịgba ohu "guzobere nke ọma" na mpaghara ahụ, na-eji "na-azụ ụlọ ikpe nke ndị eze dị n'ụdị osimiri dịka e ji ya mee ihe na-eji ukwu nke ime ime. " N'etiti usoro ejide, ịgba ohu, na "ịbanye n'ime obodo ọhụrụ, ohu ahụ ikike ikike ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ." N'ihi ya, nke ndị a na-agba ohu "sitere n'òtù ụlọ ọrụ, na-adabere na ndị ikwu." ^[6]

Oge a

N'ime oge nke European colonization, French Sudan e kere na mpaghara nke ga-abụ Mali na Anglo-Egypt Sudan e hiwere na ihe ga-abụ ugbu Sudanese na South Sudanese steeti.

Hụkwa

Neolithic Subpluvial - Green Sahara oge ochie
Sub-Saharan Africa
Ndị Juu nke Bilad el-Sudan

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 East Sudanian savanna. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved on 1 November 2016."East Sudanian savanna". Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WWFeast" defined multiple times with different content
↑ West Sudanian savanna. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved on 1 November 2016.
↑ Alain Atangana (2013). Tropical Agroforestry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-7723-1.
↑ Jayalaxshmi Mistry (2014). World Savannas: Ecology and Human Use. Routledge, 124–127. ISBN 978-1-317-88013-4.
↑ Klein, Martin A. (1998).
↑ Klein 1998, p. 1-2.

[WWFeast-1] 1.0 ^1.1 East Sudanian savanna. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved on 1 November 2016."East Sudanian savanna". Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WWFeast" defined multiple times with different content

[2] West Sudanian savanna. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved on 1 November 2016.

[3] Alain Atangana (2013). Tropical Agroforestry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-7723-1.

[Jayalaxshmi-4] Jayalaxshmi Mistry (2014). World Savannas: Ecology and Human Use. Routledge, 124–127. ISBN 978-1-317-88013-4.

[5] Klein, Martin A. (1998).

[6] Klein 1998, p. 1-2.

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