Wikipedia

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Joan Ruth Bader Àtụ:IPAc-enÀtụ:Respell Àtụ:IPAc-en Àtụ:Née Bader ; Maachị 15, 1933 – Septemba 18, 2020) [1] bụ onye ọka iwu America na onye ọka mmụta nke jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe na-ekpe ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kacha Elu nke United States site na 1993 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. [2] Onye isi ala Bill Clinton họpụtara ya ka ọ nochie anya ịla ezumike nka Okịịkpe Byron White, na n'oge ahụ, a na-ele ya anya dị ka onye nrụpụta nkwekọrịta na-agafeghị oke. [3] Ginsburg bụ nwanyị Juu mbụ na nwanyị nke abụọ jere ozi na Ụlọikpe, mgbe Sandra Day O'Connor gasịrị. N'oge ọchịchị ya, Ginsburg dere ọtụtụ echiche na ikpe dịka United States v. Virginia (1996), Olmstead v. LC (1999), Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000), na Obodo Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation nke New York (2005). Ka oge na-aga n'ọkwa ya, Ginsburg natara nlebaa anya maka enweghi mmasị nke gosipụtara echiche nnwere onwe nke iwu . Ana akpọkari ya" RGB na ewụ ewụ ", Àtụ:Efn aha ama ama o mechara nakweere.

A mụrụ Ginsburg, ya e tolite na Brooklyn, New York. Naanị natakịrị oge gafere otu afọ, nani otu nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya, Marilyn, nwụrụ site na oria ndi bekee na akpo maningitis mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. Nne ya nwụrụ obere oge tupu ya gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. [4] O nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor ya na Mahadum Cornell wee lụọ Martin D. Ginsburg, ghọọ nne tupu ya amalite ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na Harvard, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na klas ya. Ginsburg gafere na Ụlọ akwukwọ Iwu Columbia, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkwonkwo mbụ na klas ya. N'oge mbido 1960 ya na ndi Ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Columbia nrụ koro orụ ngo na usoro mba ụwa, mụtaa Swedish, dekọọ kwa akwụkwọ ya na onye ọkàiwu Swedish Anders Bruzelius ; Ọrụ ya na Swidin nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ya banyere nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Rutgers na Ụlọ aķwụkwọniwu Columbia na-akụzi usoro obodo dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ na ngalaba ya.

Ginsburg nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye nkwụpụta ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na-meri ọtụtụ arụmụka n'ihu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. Ọ kwadoro dịka onye ọka iwu omenaobioma maka American Civil Liberties Union ma bụrụ kwa onye otu ndị isi oche ya na otu n'ime kansụl izugbe n'ime 1970s. Na 1980, Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter họpụtara ya n'Ụlọikpe Mkpesa nke United States maka District nke sekut Columbia, ebe ọ jere ozi ruo mgbe nhọpụta ya na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 1993. N'etiti ezumike nka O'Connor na 2006 na nhọpụta nke Sonia Sotomayor na 2009, ọ bụ naanị nwanyị Okpi ikpe ziri ezi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 1993 N'oge ahụ, Ginsburg bịara nwee ike karịa na mkpesa ya, dị ka ya na Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007).

N'agbanyeghị ọgụ abụọ ọgbara ọrịa kansa na arịrịọ ọha na eze sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta iwu na-emesapụ aka, o kpebiri na ọ gaghị ala ezumike nka na 2013 ma ọ bụ 2014 mgbe Onye isi ala Barack Obama na ndị ochịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-achịkwa nwere ike ịhọpụta ma kwado onye ga-anọchi ya. [5] [6] [7] Ginsburg nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Washington, DC, na Septemba 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ ogụ anọ na asaa, site na nsogbu nke ọrịa ndi bekee na akpo kansa pancreatic metastatic . Oghere nke ọnwụ ya mere ka ejupụtaraÀtụ:Age in days nts ụbọchị ịri ato ịtogholu ka e mesịrị site n'aka Amy Coney Barrett . Ihe si na ya pụta bụ otu n'ime mgbanwe atọ dị mkpa n'aka nri n'ime Ụlọikpe kemgbe 1953, na-esote nhọpụta nke Clarence Thomas ka ọ dochie Thurgood Marshall na 1991 na nhọpụta nke Warren Burger iji dochie Earl Warren na 1969. [8]

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

dezie

Ada ndi Baders Marylin nwụrụ site na meningitis mgbe ọ dị afọ isii.

Celia keere òkè dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ nwa ya nwanyị, na-akpogha ya n'ụlọ agumaakwụkwọ.[9] Celia bụ ezigbo nwa akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mana ọ pụghị ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ nke ya n'ihi na ezinụlọ ya họọrọ iziga nwanne ya nwoke na kọleji. Ruth gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekondrị a na akpọ James Madison, nke usoro iwu ya mechara nyefee ụlọ ikpe iji asọpụrụ ya.

Ruth Bader gara Mahadum Cornell na Ithaca, New York, ebe ọ bụ onye otu Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority.[10]:: 118  Mgbe ọ nọ na Cornell, ọ zutere Martin D. Ginsburg mgbe ọ dị afọ ịrị asaa[11] Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Cornell na nzere Bachelọ bke Arts na gọọmentị na Ọnwa Juunu Ubochi ịrị abụọ na atọ, na afọ 1954. Mgbe ọ nọ na Cornell, Bader gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye edemede Roshian-Amerikan Vladimir Nabokov, o mechara chọpụta na Nabokov nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe ya dị ka onye edemede.[12][13] Ọ bụ onye otu Phi Beta Kappa na nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị kachasị elu n'ime klas ya na-agụcha akwụkwọ. [10] [14] Bader lụrụ Ginsburg otu ọnwa mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Cornell. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Fort Sill, Oklahoma, ebe Martin Ginsburg, onye gụchara akwụkwọ na Reserve Officers' Training Corps, nọ dị ka onye ọrụ United States Army Reserve n'oge Agha Korea. [11][15][14] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, Rut Bader Ginsburg rụrụ ọrụ n'ọfịs nchịkwa nchekwa ọha na Oklahoma, ebe eweturu ya ala n'ọkwa mgbe ọ tụụrụ ime nwa mbụ ya. Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị na 1955.[16]

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1956, Rut Bader Ginsburg debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ìwu Harvard , ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị itoolu na klas nke ihe dị ka ụmụ nwoke narị ise. [17][18] Onye isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Harvard , Erwin Griswold, mgbe ọbula na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu ụmụ nwanyị mgbe niile ka ha rie nri abalị n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya wee jụọ ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu umu nwanyị ndia gụnye kwa Ginsburg, "Gịnị mere ị ji nọrọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na-ewere ọnọdụ nwoke?" Mgbe di ya nwetara ọrụ na obodo New York , otu onye isi ahụ jụrụ arịrịọ Ginsburg ka ọ gụchaa afọ nke atọ ya nweta nzere iwu Harvard na ụlọ akwụkwọ Columbia , [11] ya mere Ginsburg gafere na Columbia wee bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nọrọ na nyochaa iwu abụọ: Iwu Harvard na Iwu Columbia.[19][20][21] N'afọ 1959, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta iwu na Columbia ma kachie maka ọkwa mbụ na klas ya. [9]

  1. ↑ Ruth Bader Ginsburg. National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved on August 11, 2021.
  2. ↑ Ruth Bader Ginsburg. HISTORY. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved on September 21, 2020.
  3. ↑ Richter. "Clinton Picks Moderate Judge Ruth Ginsburg for High Court: Judiciary: President calls the former women's rights activist a healer and consensus builder. Her nomination is expected to win easy Senate approval.", Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1993. Retrieved on February 19, 2016.
  4. ↑ Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Biography & Facts | Britannica (en). Encyclopædia Britannica (September 14, 2023). Retrieved on September 30, 2023.
  5. ↑ Biskupic. "U.S. Justice Ginsburg hits back at liberals who want her to retire", Reuters, August 2014. Retrieved on July 11, 2021.
  6. ↑ Dominu. "The Quiet 2013 Lunch That Could Have Altered Supreme Court History", The New York Times, September 25, 2020. Retrieved on January 27, 2021.
  7. ↑ Prokop (September 24, 2014). Some liberals want Ruth Bader Ginsburg to retire. Here's her response.. Vox. VoxMedia. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved on July 11, 2021.
  8. ↑ Thomson-DeVeaux. "What The Supreme Court's Unusually Big Jump To The Right Might Look Like", The Washington Post, September 22, 2020. Retrieved on September 26, 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The Oyez Project. Chicago-Kent College of Law. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved on August 24, 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Scanlon (1999). Significant contemporary American feminists: a biographical sourcebook. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313301254. OCLC 237329773. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Galanes. "Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Women's Rights", The New York Times, November 14, 2015. Retrieved on November 15, 2015.
  12. ↑ When Vladimir Nabokov Taught Ruth Bader Ginsburg, His Most Famous Student, To Care Deeply About Writing | Open Culture. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved on April 4, 2021.
  13. ↑ How Lolita Author Vladimir Nabokov Helped Ruth Bader Ginsburg Find Her Voice. mentalfloss.com (October 26, 2020). Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved on April 4, 2021.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hensley (2006). The Rehnquist Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy, hardcover, ABC-CLIO Supreme Court Handbooks, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576072002. Retrieved on October 1, 2009. 
  15. ↑ A Conversation with Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Harvard Law School. Harvard Law School (February 7, 2013). Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved on February 22, 2014.
  16. ↑ Margolick. "Trial by Adversity Shapes Jurist's Outlook", The New York Times, June 25, 1993. Retrieved on February 21, 2016.Margolick, David (June 25, 1993).
  17. ↑ Bader Ginsburg (2004). "The Changing Complexion of Harvard Law School". Harvard Women's Law Journal 27. Retrieved on December 9, 2012. 
  18. ↑ Anas. "Ruth Bader Ginsburg at CU-Boulder: Gay marriage likely to come before Supreme Court within a year", Orlando Sentinel, September 20, 2012. Retrieved on December 9, 2012.
  19. ↑ Hope (2003). Pinstripes and Pearls, 1st, New York: A Lisa Drew Book/Scribner, 104–109. ISBN 9781416575252. Retrieved on December 27, 2018. “pinstripes and pearls.” 
  20. ↑ Magill (November 11, 2013). "At the U.S. Supreme Court: A Conversation with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg". Stanford Lawyer Fall 2013 (89). Retrieved on July 8, 2017. 
  21. ↑ De Hart [2018] (2020). Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Life. New York: Vintage Books, 73–77. ISBN 9781984897831. Retrieved on December 20, 2020. 
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