Penny Kissi

Penny Kissi, nke a makwara dị ka kissy ma ọ bụ kisi penny ma ọ bụ nke a maara dị ka guenze, koli, na kilindi, bụ ego ígwè e mere na Sierra Leone nke a na'ọtụtụ na nso nso ebe mmepụta ya n'etiti Gbandi (Bandi), Gola, Kissi, Kpelle, Loma, Mandinka na Mende na ndị obodo ọzọ nke bụ Liberia, Sierra Leone, na Guinea-Cryonak.

Mmalite

Ndị West Afrika si n'ógbè Liberia na Sierra Leone nke oge a ejirila ígwè dị ka ihe ahịa na ụkpụrụ nke uru ruo ogologo oge. Ọrụ ígwè emeela na mpaghara ahụ site na 600 BC ma bụrụ nke dị oke mma. Ọbụna n'oge mmalite nke oge a, ígwè na ígwè nke West Afrika gafere ogo nke ígwè Europe n'ụzọ dị mfe. Otú ọ dị, ụkọ mmanụ dịnụ pụtara na ígwè West Africa dị oke ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ígwè nke obodo Europe.^[1]

Mgbasa ozi

N'ihi azụmahịa na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, ọkachasị mkpụrụ ego Kru kissi gbasara n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke West na Central Africa. Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme adịghị arịba ama iji ego a tupu afọ ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu (c. 1880) na ha nọgidere na-eji dị ka ego ruo mgbe ejiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya ego colonial, ma dị ka mbubreyo dị ka 1940 na Sierra Leone na ọbụna dị ka mbubreyo ka. 1980s na Liberia.

Mmepụta

Otu mkpụrụ ego kissi si na Musée des Confluences na France

Ojiji okpukpe

Ọbụna mgbe a kwụsịrị iji ha mee ihe dị ka ego, a nọgidere na-eji mkpụrụ ego kissi eme ihe na ọha mmadụ nke mpaghara ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka akara nke ịmecha ememe na oha mmadu nke Poro na Sande; dị ka akụ na ụba, yana itinye ya n'ili na ili, ebe ha kwenyere na ha ga-eduzi mkpụrụ obi nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ.^[2] N'oge ụfọdụ, ego ahụ nwetara akụkụ ime mmụọ, ikekwe n'ihi iji ya eme ihe n'ili, n'ihi ya kwa, mgbe otu penny mebiri emebi, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-abaghị uru ruo mgbe Zoe, ma ọ bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe, rụziri ya n'ememe pụrụ iche. Ọ bụ ihe a mere ka a na-akpọ ya "ego nwere mkpụrụ obi".

Hụkwa

Cowry
Katanga Cross, ego yiri nke a na-eji na Central Africa
Manilla (ego)

Edensibịa

↑ Thornton (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800, Second, New York: Cambridge University Press, 44–48.
↑ E Doris Earthy, "The Social Structure of a Gbande Town," Man 36 (1936): 203 (Earthy calls this money "iron bar currency").

Akwụkwọ

- Béavogui, Facinet (2000). "Circulation monétaire en l'Afrique de l'Ouest: Le cas du guinzé (Guinėe, Liberia)," in Yasmine Marzouk, Christian Seignobos, François Sigaut, eds. Outils aratoires en Afrique: innovations, normes et traces. Paris: Karthala, pp. 175–190.
- Bunot, Raoul (1943). "Une monnaie de l'AOF le guinzé," Notes africaines 18: 2-3.
- Germann, Paul (1933) Die Volkesstämme in Norden von Liberia. Leipzig.
- Portières, Roland (1960). "La monnaie de fer dans l'ouest Africa au XX e siècle," Recherches africaines (Études guineénes), NS, 4: 3-13.
- Suret-Canale, Jean (1960). "A propos des guinzé en Guinée," Recherches africaines (Études guinéenes) NS, 2-3: 32-37.

[1] Thornton (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800, Second, New York: Cambridge University Press, 44–48.

[2] E Doris Earthy, "The Social Structure of a Gbande Town," Man 36 (1936): 203 (Earthy calls this money "iron bar currency").

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