Wikipedia

Osisi mmanya na-egbu egbu

guzoro osisi ndị a chụpụrụ n'usoro kwụ ọtọ ha

 

Oké ọhịa mmanya na-egbu na Siberia nke na-agbaze site na permafrost. Foto NASA

Osisi ndị a naaṅụbiga mmanya ókè, osisi ndị naagbadata, ma ọ bụ oké ọhịa a naegbu egbu, bụ osisi ndị a na'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ naatụgharị site na nhazi ha.[1][2]

Nke a na-emekarị nọhịa taiga nke dị nebe ugwu nke black spruce (Picea mariana) nke naenweghị isi ma ọ bụ ice wedges agbaze, naeme ka osisi gbadaa n'akụkụ dị iche iche.[3][4][5]

Osisi ndị a naatụgharị atụgharị nwekwara ike ibute site na oyi, na mmepe palsa, hummocks, ala naasọ asọ, ugwu ndị naarụ ọrụ noké ọhịa, mbuze ala, ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] N'ime osisi spruce ndị hà nhata nke na-etolite na permafrost naarụ ọrụ mgbe ọkụ gasịrị, ịtụgharị naamalite mgbe osisi ahụ dị afọ 50 ruo 100, naatụ aro na elu elu site na aggradation ọhụrụ permafrest nwekwara ike ịmepụta ọhịa mmanya.[3]

Mmiri kpụkọrọ akpụkọ

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Permafrost, nke bụ ala (ma ọ bụ nkume) nke naanọ n'okpuru 0 °C ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ abụọ nusoro, na-emepụta matrix siri ike nime ala nke nwere ike ịgbasa ruo omimi nke ọtụtụ narị mita.[13][14] Permafrost naegbochi osisi ịzụlite usoro mgbọrọgwụ miri emi; dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi ojii nke gbanwere ala permafrost enweghị mgbọrọgwụ dị mkpa.[15] Nebe okpomọkụ permafrost dị nso nebe mmiri naagbaze, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke ahịhịa nelu site na ọkụ, idei mmiri, iwu, ma ọ dị ka mgbukpọ ọhịa, nwere ike ịgbaze n'elu permafrest, na-emepụta thermokarst, aha sayensị maka ọdịda ala nke naakpata site na ịgbaze permafrust.[16][12] Thermokarst naemebi ala mgbọrọgwụ naadịghị omimi nke osisi ndị a, naeme ka ha daa ma ọ bụ daa.[5] Ọdọ mmiri Thermokarst nwere okirikiri osisi ndị naaṅụ mmanya gbara ya gburugburu, nke naeme ka ihe ndị a dị mfe ịmata.[17]

Osisi ndị aṅụbigara mmanya ókè nwere ike ịnwụ n'ikpeazụ site na mbugharị ha, na iceọgaranya permafrost, a gaebibi gburugburu ebe obibi niile a naaṅụ mmanya site na ịgbaze.[18][19] Osisi ndị a na-akpọ Tilted ndị naadịghị ada nwere ike ịgbake site na iji gravitropism iji maliteghachi uto kwụ ọtọ, si otú a naewere ọdịdị gbagọrọ agbagọ.[20] Enwere ike ịmụ osisi mmeghachi omume nke usoro a mepụtara site na iji dendrochronology site na iji mgbanaka uto kwa afọ iji chọpụta mgbe osisi ahụ naagbadata.[19][21]

Mmekọrịta ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Osisi ndị a naaṅụbiga mmanya ókè abụghị ihe ọhụrụ ihe akaebe dendrochronological nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na ọ dịkarịa ala na narị afọ nke 19.[12] Ebe ndịda nke permafrost subarctic ruru nókè dị elu noge Little Ice Age nke narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17, ma na-ebelata kemgbe ahụ.[22][23][24]

Permafrost naadịkarị nọnọdụ naadịghị mma na ihu igwe, ọtụtụ nime permafrost fọdụrụ naanọ nọnọdụ dị mma.[18][25] Otú ọ dị, ọnụego nke ịgbaze anọwo naabawanye, a naatụkwa anya na ọtụtụ nime permafrost fọdụrụ na-agbaze na narị afọ nke 21.[26][27][28][29][30]

Al Gore kwuru na osisi ndị a na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè sitere na ịgbaze permafrost na Alaska dị ka ihe akaebe nke okpomọkụ ụwa, dịka akụkụ nke ngosi ya na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri 2006 An Inconvenient Truth . Okpomọkụ yiri nke a naeduga na nchara na Siberia dị nso na njikọta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ, ihe omume ikuku nke a maara dị ka oscillation Arctic, na nzaghachi dị mma nke abụọ ahụ kpatara mgbe ice naagbaze naekpughe ala na oké osimiri nke naamị, kama igosipụta, radieshon anyanwụ.[31][32]

Hụkwa

dezie

 

  • Oké ọhịa Gbagọrọ agbagọ
  • Ọhịa Naagba Egwú
  • Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa
  • Mgbasa osisi
  1. ↑ Stevens. "Dead Trees and Shriveling Glaciers as Alaska Melts", The New York Times, 1998-08-18. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. “Here and there, roadside utility poles destabilized by the melting tilt at crazy angles. So do trees, creating a phenomenon known as drunken forest.”
  2. ↑ de Villiers (2001). Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource. Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-12744-3. “…caused what the locals call "drunken forests," the trees tilting and leaning…” 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kokelj (2003). "Tilt of Spruce Trees near Ice Wedges, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada", in Phillips: Permafrost—Proc. 8th Int Conf. Permafrost. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 567–570. ISBN 978-90-5809-582-4. “This observation suggests that aggradational ice development associated with post-fire active-layer thinning causes the overlying ground to heave … forests with tilted trees were underlain by permafrost of high ice content and forests with straight trees were underlain by ice-poor permafrost.”  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kokelj" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Ranson (2007-08-01). Science Blog - Expedition to Siberia. Siberia Blog. NASA Earth Observatory. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. “Permafrost that has not melted provides a solid foundation that holds trees upright. When permafrost melts, as it has here, the layer of loose soil deepens and trees lose their foundations, tipping over at odd angles.”
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Crum (1988). A Focus on Peatlands and Peat Mosses (Great Lakes Environment). University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-06378-9. “drunken forest A stand of black spruce in subarctic regions of discontinuous permafrost … where the ice core melts causing trees to lean or fall”  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "isbn0-472-06378-2" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Pielou (1991). After the Ice Age: the return of life to glaciated North America. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66812-3. “The occasional groups of stunted trees that do manage to establish themselves often form a "drunken forest"; their trunks lean in all directions because frost-heaving takes place and the rising mounds of freezing soil tilt the trees growing on them.” 
  7. ↑ Scott (1993). "Influences of wind and snow on northern tree-line environments at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada". Arctic 46 (4): 316–323. DOI:10.14430/arctic1359. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. 
  8. ↑ Zoltai (1975). "Tree Ring Record of Soil Movements on Permafrost". Arctic and Alpine Research 7 (4): 331–340. DOI:10.2307/1550177. 
  9. ↑ "Drunken Forest" in Colorado. Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Photo showing tilted trees in the "drunken forest". The trees grow atop the Slumgullion earthflow, which is four miles long and 2000 feet wide, near Lake City, CO.”
  10. ↑ Wicander (2004). Physical Geology : Exploring the Earth (with PhysicalGeologyNow and InfoTrac). Pacific Grove: Brooks Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-39987-0. “Slow mass movements advance at an imperceptible mate and are usually detectable only by the effects of their movement, such as tilted trees and power poles…” 
  11. ↑ van Everdingen (2005). "drunken forest", Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms. Boulder, Colorado: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.. “Active, forested rock glaciers may also exhibit this phenomenon due to differential movements.” 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Rozell (1995-09-21). Formerly Frosty Footing Causes Drunken Forests, Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Melting permafrost is the most common cause of the drunken forest.… Landslides and earthquakes also can create drunken forests,…” Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "GI" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Permafrost Landscapes. Denali National Park and Preserve. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2007-01-12. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Permafrost is soil or rock that remains below 0°C for at least two consecutive years.… Spruce trees leaning in different directions (known as “drunken forest”) can be a clue to frost heaving or melting of permafrost beneath.”
  14. ↑ Scoggins (2004). Discovering Denali: A Complete Reference Guide to Denali National Park and Mount McKinley, Alaska. iUniverse Star, 64–65. ISBN 978-0-595-29737-5. “…the soil is freed and sinks into spaces left by the retreating liquid. Thus, the ground often slumps beneath the trees, causing them to lean drunkenly.” 
  15. ↑ Pitcher (2007). Moon Alaska (Moon Handbooks). Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56691-929-6. “As an adaptation to the permafrost, these spruce trees have evolved a root system that spreads horizontally across the surface soil; there's no tap root to speak of.” 
  16. ↑ Fitzpatrick (1997). "I. Arctic soils and permafrost", in Marquiss: Ecology of Arctic Environments: 13th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Symposia of the British Ecological Society. Cambridge, England, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83998-3. “It can form naturally by a change in an environmental factor such as an increase in temperature, or the death of the vegetation following a fire or flooding. Often in the forested tundra, thermokarst is induced by humans due to deforestation.” 
  17. ↑ Sater (1969). The Arctic Basin. Arctic Institute of North America. “A thermokarst lake often has a distinctive border of "drunken trees", and may thus be identified readily.” 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Vitt (2000). "The changing landscape of Canada's western boreal forest: the current dynamics of permafrost". Can. J. For. Res. 30 (2): 283–287. DOI:10.1139/cjfr-30-2-283. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Vitt2000" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Osterkamp (2000). "Observations of Thermokarst and Its Impact on Boreal Forests in Alaska, USA". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32 (3): 303–315. DOI:10.2307/1552529. 
  20. ↑ Alman. Drunken Trees - OISE-UTS - ENCORE (wiki). Canadian biodiversity concerns. University of Toronto Schools. Archived from the original on 2007-12-25. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Some drunken trees recover by using gravitropism to re-orient themselves upwards; others simply topple sideways and die.”
  21. ↑ Dendrochronology - the study of tree rings. Activities. GLOBE Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. “Trees on the edge of a patch of degrading permafrost … will all exhibit reaction wood starting as soon as the event happens or in the following spring, if the tilting happened in the winter.”
  22. ↑ Perkins (2007-03-10). Not-So-Perma Frost. Science News. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “When the centuries-long cold spell called the Little Ice Age ended about 150 years ago, glaciers and permafrost reached their maximum extent of the past few millennia.”
  23. ↑ Halsey (1995). "Disequilibrium response of permafrost in boreal continental western Canada to climate change". Climatic Change 30 (1): 57–73. DOI:10.1007/BF01093225. 
  24. ↑ Jorgenson (2001). "Permafrost Degradation and Ecological Changes Associated with a Warming Climate in Central Alaska". Climatic Change 48 (4): 551–579. DOI:10.1023/A:1005667424292. 
  25. ↑ Permafrost - Permafrost and Climate Change. Geological Survey of Canada. Natural Resources Canada (2006-06-15). Archived from the original on 2007-12-25. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. “…permafrost … is in disequilibrium with the present climate and has been slowly disappearing in response to climate warming since the Little Ice Age.… Much of the area of discontinuous permafrost is already in disequilibrium with the current climate and is still responding to changes of the last century.”
  26. ↑ Climate Change And Permafrost Thaw Alter Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Northern Wetlands. TerraDaily (2007-08-12). Retrieved on 2007-12-19. “But rising atmospheric temperatures are accelerating rates of permafrost thaw in northern regions, says MSU researcher Merritt Turetsky”
  27. ↑ Payette (2004). "Accelerated thawing of subarctic peatland permafrost over the last 50 years". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (18): L18208. DOI:10.1029/2004GL020358. 
  28. ↑ "Earth's permafrost starts to squelch", BBC News, 2004-12-29. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. “Boreholes in Svalbard, Norway, for example, indicate that ground temperatures rose 0.4C over the past decade, four times faster than they did in the previous century, according to Charles Harris, a geologist at the University of Cardiff, UK, and a coordinator of Permafrost and Climate in Europe (Pace), which is contributing data to the GTNP.”
  29. ↑ Camill (2005). "Permafrost Thaw Accelerates in Boreal Peatlands During Late-20th Century Climate Warming". Climatic Change 68 (1): 135–152. DOI:10.1007/s10584-005-4785-y. 
  30. ↑ Lawrence (2005). "A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century". Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (24): L244010. DOI:10.1029/2005GL025080. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. 
  31. ↑ "Siberia's rapid thaw causes alarm", BBC News, 2005-08-11. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. “The warming is believed to be due to a combination of man-made climate change, a cyclical atmospheric phenomenon known as the Arctic oscillation and feedbacks caused by melting ice”
  32. ↑ Pearce (2005-08-11). Climate warning as Siberia melts. New Scientist. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. “Western Siberia has warmed faster than almost anywhere else on the planet, with an increase in average temperatures of some 3°C in the last 40 years.… Similar warming has also been taking place in Alaska:…”
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