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Osisi Pine nke Albany

   

Albany Pine Bush Preserve
Pines in the preserve
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Map showing the location of Albany Pine Bush Preserve
Map showing the location of Albany Pine Bush Preserve
Ebe Albany Pine Bushin dị na steeti New York dị na United States



Map showing the location of Albany Pine Bush Preserve
Map showing the location of Albany Pine Bush Preserve
Albany Pine Bush (United States)
Ebe Albany, Capital District, New York, United States
Njikọ 42°43′6′′N 73°51′52′′W / 42.71833°N 73.86444°W / 42. 71833; -73.86444.
Mpaghara 5 sq mi (13 km2)
Elu ugwu 320 ft (98 m)
E guzobere ya 1988[1]
Aha ya Ọdịdị nke ala na osisi oak



Onye na-arụ ọrụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke New York State
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kọmitii Nchekwa Osisi Pine nke Albany

Albany Pine Bush, nke a na-akpọ Pine Bush, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime 20 pine barrens n'ime ụwa.[2] Ọ dị n'etiti New York's Capital District n'ime obodo Albany na Schenectady, n'etiti obodo Albany ne Schenectody.[3][4] E guzobere Albany Pine Bush ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga, na-esote mmiri nke Glacial Lake Albany.[5]

Albany Pine Bush bụ naanị akụkụ nke ahịhịa pine nke kpuchiri ihe karịrị square kilomita 40 (100 km2),  bụ “otu n'ime ihe atụ kacha mma fọdụrụ na gburugburu pine pine barrens gburugburu ụwa." Ka ọ na-erule 2008 ọ gụnyere ngwugwu niile nke Albany Pine Bush Preserve (ihe okike steeti na-echekwa ihe ruru 3,200 acres (1,300 ha)), akụrụngwa na-ejikọ ngwugwu ndị a echedoro, yana ụfọdụ mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu na-emetụta nchekwa ahụ. Ihe nchekwa 135-acre (55 ha) Woodlawn na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu dị na Schenectady County bụ mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Pine Bush, nke ejiri akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ kewapụrụ na mpaghara ala site na nchekwa Albany Pine Bush na Albany County.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị bi na Europe weere ya dị ka ihe tọgbọrọ n'efu na ihe dị ize ndụ ịgafe, a na-ahụ Pine Bush dị ka ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme، ọdịbendị, na gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara Capital District na Hudson Valley nke New York. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke Karner blue butterfly, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke onye edemede Vladimir Nabokov chọpụtara na 1944 site na iji ụdị ụdị sitere na Pine Bush. N'afọ 2014, National Park Service họpụtara Albany Pine Bush dị ka National Natural Landmark.[6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Mgbukpọ ndị Europe

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Ihe a maara dị ka King's Highway bụ usoro ụzọ ụkwụ nke ndị Mohawk ejirila mee ihe site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndagwurugwu site na Pine Bush iji soro agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-azụ ahịa na njikọ nke osimiri Hudson na Mohawk. Ebe a mechara bụrụ ebe Dutch Fort Orange dị. Mgbe e guzobesịrị Schenectady, e ji aha ahụ mee ihe maka ihe ghọrọ ụzọ dị mkpa n'etiti ebe obibi abụọ ahụ mana, ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, emeghị ka ọ dị mma karịa ụzọ ụkwụ.[7] N'oge agha site na 1699 ruo 1707, ndị bi na Albany na-anakọta nkụ site na Pine Bush maka nnukwu ndị agha mara ụlọikwuu na Fort Frederick.[8]

Ndị Dutch nyere patent na 1661 n'okpuru aha Schenectady na mmezi na mgbada na Osimiri Mohawk n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Pine Bush na ihe dị ka kilomita 20 site na Fort Orange. Nye ndị bi na Fort Orange, mmezi na Osimiri Mohawk nke Arent van Curler malitere bụ "karịa ala pine", ya mere aha Schenectady (n'asụsụ dị iche iche) jikọtara ya na obodo nta dị na saịtị ahụ. Na 1664, ndị Dutch nyefere ógbè ha nile nke New Netherland, gụnyere Albany na Schenectady, nye ndị Bekee.

 
Map nke King's Highway site na Albany (n'okpuru aka nri) site na Pine Bush ruo Schenectady (n'elu aka ekpe) na 1767.

N'ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga, ụmụ amaala America kwagara na mpaghara Pine Bush. Mgbe ndị Europe rutere na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ìgwè abụọ bi na mpaghara dị nso: mba Mohawk nke Haudenosaunee n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Mohawk, na Mohican n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'akụkụ Osimiri Hudson. Ndị Dutch na ndị obodo abụọ ahụ si na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ha dị na Fort Orange (Albany nke oge a), nke e guzobere na 1624. Maka ụmụ amaala Pine Bush bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke nkụ na anụ anụ iji zụọ ahịa na ndị Dutch. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1640, ndị obodo ahụ nwere nsogbu ịchọta anụmanụ zuru oke na Pine Bush iji gboo mkpa ndị Europe na-eto eto. Ndị Mohawk na-ezo aka na mmezi na Fort Orange dị ka skahnéhtati, nke pụtara "karịa ala pine," na-ezo aka na nnukwu mpaghara Pine Bush n'etiti osimiri Hudson na Mohawk.

N'afọ 1710, ndị Germany si Palatine kwaga n'ógbè Albany. Iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka njem ha, e zigara ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'ogige ọrụ na Pine Bush iji nweta osisi pine maka pitch na rosin maka iwu ụgbọ mmiri ndị England.[8] Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbịarambịa a kpọrọ Helderberg Escarpment ma biri na Schoharie County. Ndị ọzọ, karịsịa site na ogige ọrụ na Dutchess County n'akụkụ Osimiri Hudson, biri n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndagwurugwu ahụ na 1723, gafere Little Falls na Burnetsfield Patent.[9]

N'oge agha France na India, ndị agha Britain mere ka ụzọ ahụ dịkwuo mma maka ndị agha ya. Mgbe agha ahụ gachara, ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa na-akwaga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Ndagwurugwu Mohawk jiri ya mee ihe. N'ime njedebe narị afọ nke 18, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na-amalite ịkụnye Pine Bush n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ King, ebe mmepe malitere ịbanye na Pine Bush na Albany na Schenectady n'akụkụ ebe ndị ahụ malitere itolite. Ụzọ awara awara na Pine Bush bụ ọzara dị oke egwu ma dị oke egwu ọbụlagodi na njedebe nke agha ahụ gasịrị. Malite na 1765, ndị agha na-atụgharị n'otu n'otu na-ebuga ndị njem n'ógbè ahụ iji chebe ha pụọ n'aka ndị omeiwu, ndị ohi, ndị na-ebufe mmadụ, na ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ. N'oge Agha Mgbanwe nke America, Bush bụ ebe obibi nke ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nke British Crown. N'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị e guzobere na 1760 na-enye ndị njem Pine Bush nri bụ Truax Tavern nke Isaac Truax nwere, onye sitere na French Huguenots na onye na-ahụ maka Tory; o kwuru na ya abụghị "Tory, kama ọ bụ nwoke maka Eze". A na-ekesara asịrị nke ọtụtụ igbu mmadụ/ohi a na-eme n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.[8]

Njem ghọrọ ihe dị mfe na 1793 mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị, mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè malitere iburu ndị njem n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ na site na Pine Bush maka cents atọ kwa mile.[8]

Narị afọ nke 19

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Narị afọ nke 19 hụrụ nnukwu nkwalite n'ụdị njem maka iji ụzọ ndị ka mma na-aga n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na-agafe na pine Bush. Malite na 1799 Great Western Turnpike (Ụzọ US nke taa 20) na Albany-Schenectady Turnpike (Ụzọ New York 5) ka ewuru site na Pine Bush. Western Turnpike jikọtara Albany ọdịda anyanwụ n'ofe steeti ahụ na American Midwest, ebe Albany-Schenectady Turnpike nọchiri ụzọ Eze Highway na Schenectady. Enyere Mohawk na Hudson Railroad na 1826 iji belata oge njem n'etiti Schenectady na Albany site na Erie Canal; ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko mbụ na steeti New York, na nke anọ na United States. Na Julaị 2, 1830, DeWitt Clinton dọtara ụgbọ oloko ndị njem mbụ na United States, na-aga n'okporo ụzọ dị kilomita iri na isii (kilomita 26) n'etiti etiti Pine Bush.[10][11]

Ka oge na-aga, ntụgharị na okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko meghere akụkụ nke Pine Bush maka mmezi, ịkọ ugbo, na ịkọ nkọ ala. Otu n'ime ndị mbụ bi na ya bụ Theophillus Roessle, onye nwere nnukwu ugbo na manor n'ebe bụ ugbu a hamlet nke Roessleville, dị nnọọ na mpụga Albany n'ime obodo Colonie. O kwuru na ala aja nke Pine Bush bụ "ala kacha mma maka mkpụrụ osisi n'ụwa." N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a kpụrụ akụkụ nke Pine Bush na 1858 n'ime atụmatụ 860 dị ka akụkụ nke ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka "Great Land Swindle" ma ree ya ndị na-azụ ahịa na mpụga mpaghara ahụ. Mgbe ha bịara ileba anya n’ala ha, ha chere na ndị amụ abaghị uru maka ọrụ ugbo; ha gbalịrị ịweghachite ego ha site n’iresị ndị ọzọ na-atụghị anya ya ala ahụ.[8]

Dị ka ọ dị n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, a nọgidere na-eji Pine Bush eme ihe maka ihe ndị sitere n'okike ya, na mmiri na-aghọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka mmepe.[8] Patroon Creek, nke dị n'ebe iyi atọ na-agbakọta n'etiti Pine Bush n'akụkụ ókèala ugwu nke Albany, ka e gbochiri na 1850 iji mepụta Rensselaer Lake waterworks.[8]

N'afọ 1871, akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Albany n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ de Magazine Street, nke nwere ọtụtụ Pine Bush a na-emepebeghị emepe, sonyeere obodo Guilderland dị nso mgbe obodo Watervliet jụrụ ya.[12][13][14]

E nyere akụkụ nke ókèala a na Albany na 1910 wee guzobe ókèala ya ugbu a.[15] Echiche na-akọwa etu e si ele ya anya n'oge ahụ dị n'iwu na-enyere aka (Isi nke 375 nke Iwu New York, 1910), nke kọwara Pine Bush dị ka "ịbụ ókèala dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala dị ugbu a nke obodo ahụ na nke bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ihe mkpofu na ala a na-ebighị ebi, nke a na-ejighị n'aka onye nwe ya. "[16] Iwu a nyere Albany ikike ịhazi ókèala ọhụrụ ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ma nweta ala maka usoro ogige ntụrụndụ iji jikọta ihe onwunwe Rensselaer Lake na ókèala obodo ochie.[16]

Narị afọ nke 20

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Dị ka akụkụ nke Nnukwu Mbufe nke ndị Africa America si n'ime ime obodo South gaa n'obodo mmepụta ihe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, Reverend Louis W. Parson na nwunye ya kwagara na 1927 site na Mississippi gaa Albany, ebe o guzobere Chọọchị Mbụ nke Chineke na Kraịst. Na njem anọ ọ gara Mississippi, Parson gbara ndị enyi na ezinụlọ ume ịkwaga Albany ma sonye na ụka, nke ọtụtụ ndị mere n'afọ ndị 1930 na 1940. Reverend chere na omume nke South End nke Albany, ebe ha biri na mbụ, adịghị mma maka ndụ okpukpe. Ọ malitere obodo na Pine Bush n'okporo ụzọ Rapp, zụrụ ụlọ abụọ dị 14 acres (5.7 hectare) na-emepebeghị emepe na 1930 na 1933. Ọ bụ ihe atụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke obodo na-agagharị agagharị nke na-adị ndụ site na Nnukwu Migration. A na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ a dị warara taa dị ka Rapp Road Community Historic District, edepụtara na steeti na National Register of Historic Places.[17]

N'afọ 1912, obodo Albany nyere iwu ka onye a ma ama na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Arnold W. Brunner na onye na-ese ihe n'ala Charles Downing Lay mee nyocha maka ịchọ mma nke obodo ahụ; e bipụtara ya dị ka Studies for Albany.[18][19] Brunner na Lay tụrụ aro iji ihe onwunwe mmiri Rensselaer Lake dị ka isi nke ogige ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ dị 1,000-acre (400 hectare), nke kacsị mma ịhapụ ọtụtụ n'ime ala na ọnọdụ okike ha; "[m]n eziokwu na ihe na-adịghị eme ya ka mma. "[20] Obodo ahụ enwetaghị ala ọzọ maka ogige ntụrụndụ ebe a, a na-erekwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ihe onwunwe mmiri mbụ ma melite ya na narị afọ sochirinụ.[21]

N'afọ 1950, e wuru New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) site na Pine Bush, na-emebi ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi.[22] Ọganihu ọzọ mere na 1950s na 60s site na iwu W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus na SUNY Albany uptown campus.[23] Na narị afọ nke 21, Pine Bush fọdụrụnụ na-anọchite anya naanị ihe dị ka 10% nke ala a na-emepebeghị emepe nke dị tupu 1950.[24]

N'afọ ndị 1960, onye isi obodo Erastus Corning nke abụọ gara n'ihu na Washington Avenue Extension, okporo ụzọ awara awara nke kewara ụzọ anọ na-agbasa Washington Avenue n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Fuller Road site na Pine Bush ruo New Karner Road (NY Route 155). Nke a meghere obi Pine Bush na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ maka mmepe ma kọwaa ya dị ka "mma gafere n'obi Pine Bush". N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Neil Hellman, onye na-agba ịnyịnya na onye isi mmepe n'obodo ahụ, tụrụ aro nnukwu "obodo n'ime obodo" na 390 acres (160 hectare) nke ga-enwe ụlọ obibi, ụlọ ahịa, ogige ntụrụndụ, otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ abụọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na ndị uwe ojii. Onye isi obodo Corning mere atụmatụ na n'etiti mmadụ 10,000 na 15,000 ga-ebi ebe ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị agbata obi lụrụ ọgụ ma mesịa merie atụmatụ a.

Onye isi obodo Corning nyere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Don Rittner onyinye $ 500 na 1972 iji gwuo Truax Tavern n'okporo ụzọ Eze. Rittner gbaghaara nkwenkwe akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara ọkaibe na nhazi nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ. Ọ chọtara ọtụtụ ọkpụkpụ n'okpuru ala ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ, nke nwere ike ịkwado asịrị na igbu ọchụ mere na ụlọ oriri na ọfụma ahụ.[8] N'ihi ọrụ a, a họpụtara Rittner dị ka onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie mbụ nke obodo Albany, ikekwe onye mbụ n'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ na mba ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na Mayor Corning kwadoro ịzụta kachasị ukwuu nke ala Pine Bush dị ka ebe nchekwa obodo, ọ kwadokwara itinye ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa Albany na Pine Bush, iwu Washington Avenue Extension, na inye ikike ọtụtụ mmepe nke mere n'ime afọ 42 ọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ka onye isi obodo. Ihe ndị a niile nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi na Bush. N'afọ 1967, e rere akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri / Pine Bush nke Albany n'obodo Colonie dị na Central Avenue nye ndị mmepe wuru Northway Mall. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, obodo ahụ kwagara ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ya na Pine Bush.[25] The Dunes, otu ụlọ obibi ezinụlọ n'etiti Pine Bush na Washington Avenue Extension, e wuru n'etiti afọ 1970.[26]

N'ịzaghachi mmepe ndị a, ụmụ amaala na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ọdịnihu nke ebe obibi ahụ guzobere Save the Pine Bush na 1978. Nzukọ ahụ tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe maka ọtụtụ iri afọ sochirinụ iji kwụsị mmepe ndị ọzọ n'ọzara.[27] Òtù ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe megidere iwu ụlọ ahịa Crossgates n'obodo Guilderland. Nke mbụ a tụrụ aro na 1978, a rụchara ya na 1984, wee gbasaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 1.5 nde square feet na 1994, na-aghọ ụlọ ahịa nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na New York.[28] Mmegide zuru oke nke mpaghara bilitere megide atụmatụ na ngwụcha afọ 1990 iji ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ụlọ ahịa ahụ ọzọ na ihe karịrị nde square feet abụọ ọzọ nke ohere mkpọsa, tinyere họtel dị okpukpu iri na abụọ, na ihe omume ndị dị ka bowling, ice skating, obere golf na bọọlụ; emesịrị kwụsị ọrụ ahụ na 1999.[29]

N'afọ 1985, iwu iji guzobe ebe nchekwa nke steeti iji chebe ala Pine Bush emeghị ya na kọmitii. Onye omeiwu Robert Connor (D) -New City chepụtara iwu ahụ n'afọ sochirinụ. Otu n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ahụ megidere iwu ahụ bụ onye isi obodo Albany Thomas Whalen nke Atọ, onye ya na onye omebe iwu Connors sere okwu n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi. Connors kwuru, "ọ bụrụ na onye isi obodo ekwe ka mbibi ikpeazụ nke Pine Bush, obodo Albany ga-abụ mkpọmkpọ ebe ihe ochie oge ochie tupu a dochie osisi pine. " Onye omebe iwu Arnold Proskin (R) -Colonie, onye mpaghara ya gụnyere akụkụ nke nchekwa a tụrụ aro ya, megidere ya n'ihi na iwu ahụ na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ steeti ọzọ (dị ka Adirondack Park Agency) nke ga-ewepụ ikike n'aka ndị obodo na mmepe ha.[30]

Ndị omeiwu guzobere Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission na 1988. Ndị otu ya nwere ndị nnọchi anya Ngalaba Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke New York State, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, The Nature Conservancy, obodo Colonie na Guilderland, na obodo Albany, Albany County; na ụmụ amaala anọ nke gọvanọ họpụtara.[2] N'afọ 2001, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Federal Credit Union (SEFCU) nyere alaka ụlọ akụ ha na New Karner Road na steeti ahụ, na-esote nchọpụta nke nsogbu dị n'okpuru aha ahụ. A gbanwere alaka ụlọ akụ ahụ maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center.[3]

Ebe ọ dị kemgbe 1969 na Pine Bush, a gbasaa ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Albany ọtụtụ ugboro, nke kachasị ọhụrụ site na 15 acres (6.1 hectare) na 2010. As of 2010, a na-atụ anya na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ga-enwe afọ asaa fọdụrụnụ. Ụgwọ ndị ọzọ na-akwụ site na ikike na azụmaahịa na-eme ka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwee ike ịmepụta $ 4-5 nde kwa afọ na mmefu ego nke Albany; a na-enye ndị bi n'obodo ahụ nchịkọta mkpofu n'efu.[31] Obodo ahụ kpebisiri ike itinye $ 18 nde iji weghachite ebe obibi Pine Bush iji nweta nkwado maka mmụba nke afọ 2010.[32]

N'afọ 1969, mgbe Albany meghere ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, obodo Schenectady wepụrụ naanị mpaghara Pine Bush dị ka Woodlawn Preserve, na-ahọpụta 135-acre (55 hectare) dị ka ebe nchekwa ọhịa ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị mmepe abịakwutewo obodo ahụ na aro maka mmepe.[33] N'afọ 2009, Schenectady County rụrụ ọrụ iji chebe dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ 24 acres (9.7 hectare) n'obodo Niskayuna dị nso; nke a bụ akụkụ nke Woodlawn Pine Barrens-Wetlands Complex nke dị n'ókè nke Woodlawn Preserve. Obodo ahụ nyere obodo ahụ ihe onwunwe a. Omume a gbakwunyere atụmatụ ndị buru ibu iji jikọta ihe mgbagwoju anya na Pine Bush Preserve buru ibu na Albany County[34]

Ebe Nchọpụta nke Albany Pine Bush

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The Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center bụ ebe okike dị na Albany, New York nwere ihe ngosi na ihe omume gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Albany Pine bush Preserve, ọdịdị ala na ọdịbendị. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye mmemme ọha na eze dị ka mmemme nkuzi maka ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ, njem ndị a na-eduzi, nkuzi na mmemme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị, nke ndị ọrụ Pine Bush na-edu. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị ọrụ Pine Bush Discovery Center na-eduzi ihe omume dị ka mmemme mwepụ nke ụdị ndị na-awakpo iji nye ndị obodo ohere isonye n'ịnọgide na-elekọta Pine Bush. Pine Bush Discovery Center na-agbakwa ụmụ amaala ume site na ịme mmemme dịka nchịkọta ndanda, ebe ndị sonyere nwere ike ịnakọta ma mata ndanda, na-enye data maka ndị ọrụ Pine Bush iji nyochaa mbọ nchekwa ha. Ọ na-ebi n'alaka ụlọ akụ SEFCU na New Karner Road.

Ọdịdị ala

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Pine Bush dị n'ime mpaghara Hudson Valley nke Appalachian Valley na Ridge Province na steeti New York, ma nwee akụkụ nke obodo Albany na obodo Colonie na Guilderland n'ime Albany County, yana akụkụ nke Schenectady County n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Pine Bush na-agụnye ọ bụghị naanị ala ahịhịa pine, kamakwa ala ahịhi nke ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, na ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu nwere ụfọdụ ala mmiri. Pine Bush dị n'elu site na 260 feet (79 m) ruo 360 feet (110 ) n'elu oke osimiri.[35]

Ọdịdị ala

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Ala dị na Albany Pine Bush na-egosipụta nnukwu horizon O n'elu ájá elu

N'okpuru Albany Pine Bush bụ nkume dị n'okpuru nke nwere shale na siltstone, nke e debere 450 nde afọ gara aga n'oge Middle Ordovician. A na-ekpuchi nkume ahụ site na glaciolacustrine deposits nke mejupụtara ájá elu ala nke ala kpọrọ nkụ.[35]

Ka glaciers nke Wisconsin glaciation malitere ịlaghachi azụ site na mpaghara Ndagwurugwu Hudson, ọdọ mmiri glacial a maara taa dị ka Lake Albany gbasaa gafee n'etiti na n'elu Ndagwurịta okwu Hudson na nnukwu delta guzobere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Albany ebe onye bu ụzọ nke Osimiri Mohawk na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[35][8] N'akụkụ osimiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, a na-etinye ájá ọdọ mmiri n'etiti obodo ndị dị ugbu a nke Hudson na Glens Falls; nke a ghọrọ ala ájá nke Hudson Valley.[35] N'ịbụ nke e wepụrụ n'ibu nke ice, ala ahụ malitere ịlaghachi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ wee laghachi azụ site na ịba n'ime Osimiri Hudson. Ifufe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kpụọ ájá ndị dị n'ógbè Delta n'ime ájá. Osisi ndị ahụ mechara chịa ala ahụ ma mee ka ala ahụ kwụsie ike.[35][8] Pine Bush na mbụ bi na 40 square miles (100 km2), ma ọ bụ 60,000 acres, n'oge ahụ ọ bụ nnukwu ala pine na North America.[35] 

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Flora

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Ọdịdị ala Pine Bush

Ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ebe ndị a na-echebe nke Albany Pine Bush (42%, ma ọ bụ 952 acres (385 hectare)) bụ ugbu a ahịhịa osisi oak, yana 680 acres (280 hectare) nke ebe ndị nwere nsogbu na uto osisi na-awakpo. Dị ka ebe a nọ ugbu a n'okpuru nchebe, enwere ike iweghachi ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-enweghị osisi pine, ọkachasị site na iji ọkụ ọkụ a na-achịkwa. Osisi pine fọdụrụnụ bụ pitch pine (Pinus rigida), osisi dị elu nke nwere osisi oak bear na obere osisi chestnut oak (Quercus ilicifolia na Quercus prinoides), na obere osisi nke nwere obere blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium na Vaccinium pallidum), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), na sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina). N'etiti ebe ndị a na-eme ka osisi oak dị larịị bụ obere ala ahịhịa jupụtara na ahịhịhịa, gụnyere nnukwu bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), obere bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), yana obere osisi dị ka osisi willows (Salix humilis na Salix tristis). Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi gụnyere osisi clover (Lespedeza capitata), ewu-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), na lupine ọhịa (Lupinus perennis).[35]

N'ihi ogologo oge nke igbochi ọkụ okike, ọtụtụ n'ime Pine Bush aghọwo ọhịa osisi siri ike nke ugwu ma ọ bụ ndịda. Oké ọhịa ndị a, nke ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-achịkwa, na-ewe ihe dịka 500 acres (200 hectare) nke Albany Pine Bush Preserve. Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe ndịda bụ igurube ojii (Robinia pseudoacacia), nke dị iche, na black cherry (Prunus serotina); na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke osisi oak (Quercus) na maples (Acer), na osisi dị iche, nke na-awakpo eluigwe (Ailanthus altissima). Osisi ndị ọzọ (Rubus occidentalis) na brambles ndị ọzọ (Mbu.Ọpụpụ ọzọ N'ụzọ dị iche, oké ọhịa ndị siri ike nke ugwu jupụtara na aspen (Populus), black cherry, red maple (Acer rubrum), white pine (Pinus strobus), gray birch (Betula populifolia), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), na oaks.[35]

 
Pitch pines na Pine Bush na-esote ọkụ a na-achịkwa iji mee ka ọ gbasaa[36] 

Ravines n'ime Pine Bush nwere oke ọhịa nke osisi pine-n'ebe ugwu na osisi oak-pine nke Appalachian. Osisi pine-hardwood jupụtara na ụdị osisi ndị dị ka pine na-acha ọcha na birch na-acha odo odo (Betula alleghaniensis), agwakọta ya na maple na-acha ọbara ọbara, ahịhịa ahịhịrị nke witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), na ahịhịhịa dị iche iche nke nwere ahịhịka, mosses, na lichens. Oké ọhịa oak-pine nke Appalachian nwere osisi okpokoro nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa ụdị oak, ọkachasị oak ojii, oak ọcha, na oak na-acha ọbara ọbara (Quercus velutina, Quercus alba, na Quercus rubra); a na-agwakọta ha na pitch pine na ụfọdụ pine ọcha, na obere osisi nke ahịhịa ahịhịrị jupụtara na heath shrubs, nke na-abụkarị blueberries na black huckleberry. Marshes na wetlands na-apụta n'akụkụ nsọtụ ugwu nke Pine Bush na n'akụkụ ala nke ndagwurugwu. E depụtara ihe dị ka 35 acres (14 hectare) nke ọdọ mmiri oge okpomọkụ, ndị a bụ ọdọ mmiri mmiri na-enye mmiri n'okpuru ala nke ahịhịa, ahịhịhịa na obere osisi jupụtara.[35]

Pine Bush bụ ebe obibi nke bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena), ụdị nchegbu gọọmentị etiti, yana flatsedge nwere mgbọrọgwụ na-acha ọbara ọbara (Cyperus erythrorhizos), Houghton's umbrella-sedge (Cyperis houghtonii), na Schweinitz's flatsedges (Cyperum schweinitzii). Bog bluegrass na-apụta na ala nke ndagwurugwu na Pine Bush ma bụrụ naanị ebe dị na mmiri New York Bight ebe osisi a pụtara. Bayard's malaxis (Malaxis bayardii) bụ orchid a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-apụta na Pine Bush.[35]

 
Karner blue, urukurubụba nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke sitere na Pine Bush, nke mbụ Vladimir Nabokov chọpụtara na 1944

Albany Pine Bush bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị Lepidoptera (urukurubụba na nla), gụnyere ihe karịrị 40 Noctuidae weere dị ka ndị ọkachamara pine barrens. Ụdị a kacha mara amara na mpaghara ahụ bụ Karner blue (Plebejus melissa samuelis), nke a chọtara na 1940 ma kpọọ ya onye edemede na onye lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. Nru ububa nọ ugbu a na Ndepụta ụdịdị ụdịdị egwu egwu. Ozugbo a chọtara ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu n'ime oghere ahịhịa nke ahịhịa pine, ọ dị ụkọ taa ma hụ ya na saịtị ole na ole. Mgbalị iweghachite urukurubụba na-elekwasị anya n'ihe oriri na ihe ọkụkụ na-elekọta maka larvae ya - lupine na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke chọrọ ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe nile iji nọgide na-enwe ebe obibi ya. Nru ububa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe na mpaghara gụnyere onye na-agba uzuzu uzuzu (Atrytonopsis hianna), elfin Henry (Incisalia henrici), elfin oyi (Incisalia irus), na ntutu isi Edward (Satyrium edwardsii). Nla buru ibu nke ime obodo (Hemileuca maia) bụ anụmanụ nwere nchegbu pụrụiche edepụtara steeti; na nla nla ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe gụnyere catopyrrha sara mbara (Catopyrrha coloraria), ọtụtụ nla noctuid (Apharetra purpurea, Chaetaglaea cerata, Chytonix sensilis, Macrochilo bivittata, na Zanclognatha martha), nla na-atụ nnụnụ (Cerma cora), na (It geometrid moth). ). A hụrụ nla mgbịrịgba Albarufan na pine Bush na 1983, a na-eche na ọ ga-apụ n'anya.

Osisi Pine bụkwa ebe obibi nke 30 n'ime ụdị 44 nke amphibians na anụ ufe bụ ụmụ amaala Albany County. A naghị ahụ ụdị asaa n'ime ụdị ndị a ruo n'ebe ugwu na steeti New York. Atọ ụdị salamander, na Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonium), blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale), na ahụrụ salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), bụ ala-depụtara pụrụ iche anụmanụ nchegbu. Ụdị nduru abụọ, nduru ahụ ahụrụ anya (Clemmys guttata) na mbe nkụ (Clemmys insculpta), bụkwa anụmanụ na-enwe nchegbu pụrụ iche. Edepụtara ya dị ka mpaghara Nnụnụ dị mkpa n'ọkwa steeti. Ihe dị ka ụdị nnụnụ 45 na-amụ na Albany Pine Bush (dị ka 1985 New York State Breeding Bird Atlas) ma bụrụkwa ụdị a na-ahụkarị maka mpaghara ahụ. Achọtala ihe dị ka ụdị 32 nke obere anụ mamma na n'akụkụ osisi pine..[35]

Hụkwa

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  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Albany, New York
  • Ndepụta nke National Natural Landmarks na New York
  • Ndepụta nke osisi pine
Ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-enweghị osisi pine
  • Long Island Central Pine Barrens
  • Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
  • Ala Dị Larịị nke Rom

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ "Albany Pine Bush BCA Management Guidance Summary". NYSDEC. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Albany Pine Bush. Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Discover the Albany Pine Bush.... Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved on 2010-07-18.
  4. ↑ Draft Management Plan/Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission (2010-03-19). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  5. ↑ Origins of the Albany Pine Bush. Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-07. Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
  6. ↑ National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service) (en). www.nps.gov. Retrieved on 2019-04-15. “"Year designated: 2014"”
  7. ↑ King's Highway. Colonial Albany Social History Project. New York State Museum (2010-06-01). Archived from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved on 2010-07-18.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Natural Cultural History. Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission (2005). Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved on 2010-07-17.
  9. ↑ Rittner (2010-02-22). Close Thacher Park? Don't Even Think About It!. Times Union. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved on 2010-07-18.
  10. ↑ Stockade History. The Stockade Association of Schenectady, New York, Inc.. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved on 2010-10-16.
  11. ↑ Rittner. American Railroading Began Here.
  12. ↑ Howell (1886). Bi-Centennial History of Albany: History of the County of Albany from 1609–1886; Volume 1. W.W. Munsell and Company. Retrieved on 2010-02-24. 
  13. ↑ (1870) Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Ninety-Third Session of the Legislature, Begun January Fourth, and Ended April Twenty-Sixth, 1870, in the City of Albany.. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Company. Retrieved on 2010-02-24. 
  14. ↑ (1871) Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Ninety-Fourth Session of the Legislature, Begun January Third, and Ended April Twenty-first 1871, in the City of Albany.. Albany, New York: The Argus Company. Retrieved on 2010-02-24. 
  15. ↑ Appendix. Albany County, New York. Archived from the original on 2008-08-23. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 (1910) Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred and Thirty-Third Session of the Legislature, Begun January Fifth, 1910, and Ended May Twenty-Seventh, 1910, in the City of Albany, Not Including Chapters 140, 480, 481.. J.B. Lyon Company/State of New York. 
  17. ↑ Lemak (April 2000). National Register of Historic Places Registration: Rapp Road Community Historic District (Java). Archived from the original on 2011-12-09. Retrieved on 2009-04-19.
  18. ↑ State University Plaza. SUNY. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  19. ↑ "Albany to be Transformed Into a 'City Beautiful'", The New York Times, 1914-06-21. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  20. ↑ Brunner (1914). Studies for Albany. Bartlett-Orr Press, 30–31. “clinton square albany.” 
  21. ↑ "Northway Mall Plans Progress", Troy Record, 1969-03-05, p. 19.
  22. ↑ Ingraham. "Link in Thruway Opened by Dewey: 57-Mile Trunk Stretch Ties Buffalo and Rochester", The New York Times, 1954-08-27. Retrieved on 2010-11-01.
  23. ↑ Phase I Archaeological Survey Harriman State Office Campus. The Louis Berger Group, Inc.. The Chazen Companies (September 2008). Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved on 2010-07-06.
  24. ↑ Mittelbach. "Chasing Nabokov's Elusive and Endangered True Love", The New York Times, 2000-07-14. Retrieved on 2010-11-01.
  25. ↑ Williams (1993). "Application of Electromagnetic Logging to Contamination Investigations in Glacial San-and-Gravel Aquifers". Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 13 (3): 130–131. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00082.x. 
  26. ↑ Lisi. "Neighborhoods: The Dunes, Albany", Times Union, 2010-01-17, p. G3. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  27. ↑ Nearing. "Nature Preservers: For 30 years, Save the Pine Bush has fought for ancient barrens", Times Union, 2008-03-30, p. G1. Retrieved on 2010-10-20.
  28. ↑ Woodruff. "Loved, Hated and Thriving", Times Union, 2009-03-22, p. E1. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  29. ↑ Kennedy. "Game Never Ends for Rival Malls", Times Union, 2006-05-26, p. E1. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  30. ↑ Roth. "Pine Barrens Struggle Continues", Times Union, 1986-07-13, p. B5. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  31. ↑ Carleo-Evangelist. "Albany Backs Landfill Growth", Times Union, 2010-05-18, p. B1. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  32. ↑ Carleo-Evangelist. "Council Debates Future of Landfill", Times Union, 2010-04-13, p. B7. Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  33. ↑ Goodwin. "Plan to Use 'Forever Wild' Land Draws Fire", Times Union, Hearst Corporation, 2003-07-15, p. B8. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
  34. ↑ "Schenectady County eNews", Schenectady County, New York, July 2009, p. 3. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed: Albany Pine Bush, Complex #30. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Southern New England – New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program. US Fish and Wildlife Service Conservation Library. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved on 2010-07-17.
  36. ↑ Ricketts (1999). Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-722-0. Retrieved on 2010-10-20. 

Akwụkwọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:Albany, New YorkTempleeti:Capital DistrictTempleeti:Protected areas of New York

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osisi_Pine_nke_Albany&oldid=118010