Onye nduzi

Onye nduzi ubi bụ akwụkwọ e mere iji nyere onye na-agụ ya aka ịmata Anụ ọhịa (flora ma ọ bụ fauna ma ọ bụ funga) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike (dịka nkume na mineral). na-emekarị ya ka a kpọbata ya na "ọhịa" ma ọ ubi mpaghara ebe ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị iji nyere aka mee ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị yiri ya. A na-emekarị ndị nduzi iji nyere ndị ọrụ aka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti anụmanụ na osisi ndị nwere ike ịdị ka ha n'ọdịdị mana ha enweghị njikọ chiri anya.

Onye nduzi

genre
obere ụdị nke	tertiary source, guide book
kọwara na URL	https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_f.aspx#fieldguide

Ọ ga-agụnyekarị nkọwa nke ihe ndị kpuchiri, tinyere ihe osise ma ọ bụ foto na ndepụta. Akwụkwọ njirimara mpaghara ndị siri ike na nke sayensị, gụnyere ndị e bu n'uche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ga-agụnye igodo njirimara iji nyere aka na njirimara, mana nduzi mpaghara ọha na eze na-enwekarị nduzi foto a na-enyocha nke ezinụlọ, agba, ọdịdị, ebe ma ọ bụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ haziri.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mmasị a ma ama n'ịchọpụta ihe na okike nwere ike ịbụ nke kachasị ike na nduzi nnụnụ na osisi. Ikekwe akwụkwọ nduzi mbụ a ma ama maka osisi na United States bụ 1893 How to Know the Wildflowers nke "Mrs. William Starr Dana" (Frances Theodora Parsons). N'afọ 1890, Florence Merriam bipụtara Birds Through an Opera-Glass, na-akọwa ụdị 70 a na-ahụkarị. ^[1]'ilekwasị anya na nnụnụ dị ndụ a hụrụ n'ọhịa, a na-ewere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nke mbụ na ọdịnala nke oge a, ihe osise nnụnụ. N'afọ 1902, ugbu a ọ na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Florence Merriam Bailey (ebe ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ Vernon Bailey), o bipụtara Handbook of Birds of the Western United States. N'ụzọ dị iche, e mere Handbook dị ka ihe zuru oke maka ụlọ nyocha kama ịbụ akwụkwọ a na-ebugharị ebugharị maka ubi ahụ. ^[2] haziri ya site na usoro taxonomic ma nwee nkọwa doro anya nke nha ụdị, nkesa, nri, na omume akwukwo.

Site ^[3]'oge a ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, Chester A. Reed na ndị ọzọ webatara ihe ndị nduzi n'ọhịa dị ka ịgbanwe nha akwụkwọ ahụ iji daba n'akpa uwe, gụnyere efere agba, na ịmepụta ndị nduzi na mbipụta ejiji nke kpuchiri isiokwu ndị dị ka ogige na okooko osisi, mushrooms, ụmụ ahụhụ, na nkịta.

N'afọ 1934, Roger Tory Peterson, na-eji ezigbo nkà ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, gbanwere ụzọ ndị nduzi mpaghara nke oge a si bịaruo njirimara. Iji efere na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ihe osise nke ụdị ndị yiri ya - na akara na-egosi ọdịiche - ndị mmadụ nwere ike iji nduzi nnụnụ ya n'ọhịa iji tụnyere ụdị ngwa ngwa iji mee ka njirimara dị mfe. A na-eji usoro a, "Peterson Identification System", mee ihe n'ọtụtụ Peterson's Field Guides site na egwu anụmanụ ruo na mkpokoro mmiri ma ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ nabatara ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. ^{[citation needed]}

Taa, onye nduzi ọ bụla nwere ebe nke ya, ihe ọ na-elekwasị anya na nhazi. Ndị Mba-ebipụta akwụkwọ dịka Croom Helm, tinyere òtù dịka Audubon Society, RSPB, Field Studies Council, National Geographic, HarperCollins, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ niile na-emepụta nduzi dị mma.

Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya

O siri ike ịkọwapụta otu esi eji ndị nduzi eme ihe, n'ihi na nke a dịgasị iche site n'otu nduzi gaa na nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dabere na otu onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ si bụrụ ọkachamara.

Maka iji ọha na eze eme ihe n'ozuzu ya, ọrụ bụ isi nke onye nduzi bụ inyere onye na-agụ ya aka ịmata nnụnụ, osisi, nkume, urukurubụba ma ọ bụ ihe okike ọzọ ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọkwa aha a ma ama. Iji mezuo nke a, ụfọdụ ndị nduzi na-eji mkpịsị ugodi dị mfe na usoro ndị ọzọ: a na-agbakarị onye na-agụ ya ka ọ nyochaa ihe osise na-achọ ihe egwuregwu, ma jiri nhọrọ ndị yiri ya tụnyere site na iji ozi gbasara ọdịiche ha. A na-emekarị akwụkwọ nduzi iji buru ụzọ duru ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ gaa na ngalaba kwesịrị ekwesị nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ebe nhọrọ anaghị adị ukwuu.

Akwụkwọ nduzi maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ewebata echiche nke igodo njirimara. N^[4] nduzi ubi osisi dị ka Newcomb's Wildflower Guide (nke na-ejedebe na okooko ọhịa nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ North America) na-enwekarị igodo dị mkpirikpi nke na-enyere aka belata ọchụchọ ahụ. Ndị nduzi ụmụ ahụhụ na-ejikarị njirimara na Order ma ọ bụ Family karịa ụdị nke ọ bụla, n'ihi ọdịiche ha.

Ọtụtụ taxa na-egosi mgbanwe ma ọ na-esikarị ike ijide ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide site na iji obere foto. Ihe osise site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe ma ọ bụ nhazi foto na-enyere aka n'ịkwado ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ dị mkpa maka njirimara a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Peterson webatara echiche nke ahịrị iji gosipụta isi ihe ndị a. Ọ bụ nwunye ya, Virginia Marie Peterson, dere akụkụ a n'okwu mmalite nke otu n'ime ndị nduzi ya: ^[5][lower-alpha 1] Ndị nduzi n'ọhịa na-enyere aka n'imeziwanye ọnọdụ ihe ọmụma nke ụdị dị iche iche. Site ^[6]'ime ka ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka dị maka ndị na-amụrụ ihe, ha na-amụba nchịkọta ozi site n'aka ndị na-amụ ihe site na mpaghara ala sara mbara ma na-amụka nkwurịta okwu nke nchọpụta ndị a na ndị ọkachamara.

Ihe edeturu

Templeeti:Notelist

Edensibia

↑ Barrow (1998). A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 156–157. ISBN 9780691044026.
↑ Kofalk (1989). No Woman Tenderfoot: Florence Merriam Bailey, Pioneer Naturalist. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 103–104. ISBN 0-89096-378-9.
↑ Dunlap (2011). In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 43–44. ISBN 9780199734597.
↑ Newcomb (1977). Newcomb's Wildflower Guide. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-60442-0.
↑ Peterson (1989). A Field Guide to the Birds: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, xi.
↑ Pearson, D. L. (2006). "How do published field guides influence interactions between amateurs and professionals in entomology?". American Entomologist 52 (4): 246–252. DOI:10.1093/ae/52.4.246.

Njikọ mpụga

Field Guides sitere na Encyclopedia of Life.

[1] Barrow (1998). A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 156–157. ISBN 9780691044026.

[2] Kofalk (1989). No Woman Tenderfoot: Florence Merriam Bailey, Pioneer Naturalist. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 103–104. ISBN 0-89096-378-9.

[3] Dunlap (2011). In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 43–44. ISBN 9780199734597.

[Newcomb-4] Newcomb (1977). Newcomb's Wildflower Guide. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-60442-0.

[5] Peterson (1989). A Field Guide to the Birds: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, xi.

[6] Pearson, D. L. (2006). "How do published field guides influence interactions between amateurs and professionals in entomology?". American Entomologist 52 (4): 246–252. DOI:10.1093/ae/52.4.246.

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