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Oké ifufe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị

Oké ifufe geomagnetic, nke a makwaara dị ka oké ifufe magnetik, bụ ọgba aghara na-adịru nwa oge nke magnetosphere Ụwa nke ikuku ifufe na-ama jijiji na/ma ọ bụ ígwé ojii nke oghere magnetik na-emekọrịta ihe na mbara ala magnet.

Ihe ngosi nke onye na-ese ihe nke ikuku anyanwụ na-emekọrịta ihe na magnetosphere nke ụwa. Ọdịdị anaghị atụle.

Ọgba aghara nke na-ebute oké ifufe magnetik nwere ike ịbụ ikuku coronal mass ejection (CME) ma ọ bụ (nke na-adịchaghị njọ) mpaghara mmekọrịta na-agbanwe agbanwe (CIR), iyi ikuku anyanwụ na-agba ọsọ na-esite na oghere coronal. Ugboro oke ifufe geomagnetic na-abawanye ma na-ebelata site na okirikiri anyanwụspot. N'oge oke anyanwụ, oke ifufe geomagnetic na-emekarị, nke CME na-ebute ihe ka ukwuu.

Mmụba nke ikuku ikuku nke anyanwụ na-akpakọba magnetosphere na mbụ. Ebe ndọta ikuku nke anyanwụ na-emekọrịta ihe na mpaghara ndọta ụwa ma na-ebufe ike na-abawanye n'ime magnetosphere. Mmekọrịta abụọ a na-ebute mmụba nke mmegharị plasma site na magnetosphere (nke ọkụ eletrik na-abawanye n'ime magnetosphere) na mmụba nke ọkụ eletrik na magnetosphere na ionosphere. N'ime oge isi nke oke ifufe geomagnetic, ọkụ eletrik dị na magnetosphere na-emepụta ike ndọta nke na-ewepụ oke n'etiti magnetosphere na ifufe anyanwụ.

Ọtụtụ ihe omume ihu igwe na-ejikọta ya na ma ọ bụ kpatara oke ifufe geomagnetic. Ndị a na-agụnye mmemme ike anyanwụ (SEP), ikuku geomagnetically induced (GIC), oké ifufe ionospheric na ọgba aghara ya na-akpata redio na radar scintillation, nkwụsị nke igodo site na kompas magnetik na ihe ngosi auroral na latitudes dị ala karịa nke nkịtị.

Oké ifufe geomagnetic kasị ukwuu edekọrọ, ihe omume Carrington na Septemba 1859, wedara akụkụ nke netwọkụ telifon US mebere nso nso a, na-amalite ọkụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 1989, oké ifufe geomagnetic mere ka ala nwee ike kpata ike nkesa ọkụ eletrik n'ime ọtụtụ Quebec wee kpatara aurorae ruo ndịda Texas.  

Nkọwa

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A na-akọwa oké ifufe geomagnetic site na mgbanwe na Dst[1] (mgbagwoju anya - oge oké ifufe).[2] Nchịkọta Dst na-eme atụmatụ mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke akụkụ dị larịị nke ala magnetik nke ụwa na magnetik equator dabere na nha sitere na ọdụ magnetometer ole na ole. A na-agbakọ Dst otu ugboro n'otu awa ma kọọ ya n'oge dị nso.[3] N'oge dị jụụ, Dst dị n'etiti +20 na -20 nano-Tesla (nT).

Oké ifufe geomagnetic nwere usoro atọ: mmalite, isi na mgbake. E ji Dst mara usoro nke mbụ (ma ọ bụ SYM-H nke dị otu nkeji) na-abawanye site na 20 ruo 50 nT n'ime iri nkeji iri. A na-akpọkwa akụkụ nke mbụ dị ka mmalite mmalite mberede (SSC). Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị oke ifufe geomagnetic niile nwere usoro izizi na ọ bụghị mmụba mberede na Dst ma ọ bụ SYM-H na-esochi oke ifufe geomagnetic. Akọwapụtara akụkụ bụ isi nke oke ifufe geomagnetic site na Dst na-agbada ruo ihe na-erughị −50 nT. Nhọrọ nke -50 nT iji kọwapụta oke ifufe bụ ihe aka ike. Ọnụ ego kacha nta n'oge oké ifufe ga-adị n'etiti -50 na ihe dịka -600 nT. Ogologo oge nke isi usoro bụ awa 2-8. Oge mgbake bụ mgbe Dst gbanwere site na uru kacha nta ya na uru oge dị jụụ. Usoro mgbake nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ ka awa 8 ma ọ bụ ogologo ụbọchị asaa.

 
Aurora borealis

A na-ekewa oke nke oké ifufe geomagnetic dị ka nke dị nro (−50 nT > nke kacha nta nke Dst > −100 nT), nke siri ike (−100 nT > Dst > -250 nT) ma ọ bụ nnukwu oké ifufe (nke kacha nta nke dst < -250 nt).[4]

Ịtụle ike

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A na-akọ ike nke oké ifufe na-efe efe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere:

  • Ndepụta K
  • Ndepụta A
  • G-scale nke U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ji mee ihe, nke na-atụle oké ifufe ahụ site na G1 ruo G5 (ya bụ. G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 n'usoro), ebe G1 bụ nkewa nke oké ifufe na-adịghị ike (nke kwekọrọ na uru Kp nke 5), na G5 bụ nke kachasị ike (nke dakọtara na uru KP nke 9).[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche ahụ

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Na 1931, Sydney Chapman na Vincenzo C.A. Ferraro dere otu isiokwu, bụ A New Theory of Magnetic Storms, nke chọrọ ịkọwa ihe merenụ. Ha rụrụ ụka na mgbe ọ bụla anyanwụ na-ewepụta ọkụ anyanwụ, ọ na-ewepụtakwa igwe ojii plasma, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka mkpochapụ coronal mass ejection. Ha kwuputara na plasma a na-aga n'ike n'ike nke na ọ rutere n'ụwa n'ime ụbọchị 113, n'agbanyeghị na anyị maara ugbu a njem a na-ewe 1 ruo ụbọchị ise. Ha dere na ígwé ojii ahụ na-akpakọba oghere ndọta ụwa wee si otú ahụ na-amụba ubi a n'elu ụwa. Chapman na Ferraro ọrụ dọtara na nke, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Kristian Birkeland, onye ji na nso nso-achọpụtara cathode ray tubes na-egosi na ụzarị e deflected kwupụta okporo osisi nke a magnetik sphere. O chepụtara na ihe omume yiri nke ahụ bụ maka auroras, na-akọwa ihe kpatara ha na-ejikarị na mpaghara pola.

Ebe ndị mmadụ na-eme

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  Nleba anya sayensi izizi banyere mmetụta nke oke mmiri geomagnetic mere na mmalite narị afọ nke 19: site na Mee 1806 ruo June 1807, Alexander von Humboldt dekọtara ihe ndọta kompas na Berlin. Na 21 Disemba 1806, ọ chọpụtara na kompas ya aghọwo ihe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'oge mmemme auroral na-egbuke egbuke.

Na Septemba 1–2, 1859, oke ifufe geomagnetic kacha dekọrọ mere. Site n'August 28 ruo Septemba 2, 1859, a hụrụ ọtụtụ ebe anwụ na anwụ na anwụ na anwụ, nke nwere ọkụ kachasị na Septemba 1. A na-akpọ nke a dị ka oke mmiri ozuzo nke anyanwụ nke 1859 ma ọ bụ ihe omume Carrington. Enwere ike iche na e sitere na Sun webatara nnukwu ọrịa coronal mass ejection (CME) wee rute ụwa n'ime awa iri na asatọ - njem na-ewekarị ụbọchị atọ ruo anọ. 1600 nT belatara oghere ahụ kwụ ọtọ dịka Colaba Observatory dekọrọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na Dst gaara adị ihe dịka -1760 nT. Waya telegraph na United States na Europe nwetara mmụba nke voltaji (emf), n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọbụna na-ebuga ndị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph ihe egwu na ịgbanye ọkụ. A hụrụ Aurorae ruo ndịda dị ka Hawaii, Mexico, Cuba na Italy—ihe omume ndị a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara pola. Ihe mkpuchi ice na-egosi na ihe omume nke ike yiri nke ahụ na-alaghachi na nkezi ọnụego ihe dịka otu ugboro n'ime afọ 500.

Kemgbe 1859, oké ifufe na-adịchaghị njọ emeela, ọkachasị aurora nke November 17, 1882 na oké ifufe geomagnetic nke May 1921, ma na-agbasa ozi telegraph na mmalite ọkụ, na 1960, mgbe a kọrọ banyere mgbagwoju anya redio.[6]

 
GOES-7 na-enyocha ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mbara igwe n'oge oké ifufe Geomagnetic nke Machị 1989, onye nyocha neutron nke Moscow dekọrọ ịgafe nke CME dị ka ọdịda na ọkwa a maara dị ka mbelata Forbush.[7]

Ná mmalite August 1972, a usoro nke flares na anyanwụ oké ifufe ọnụ na a njali elu e mere atụmatụ na gburugburu X20 na-emepụta ọsọ ọsọ CME n'ụzọ mgbe e dekọrọ na oké geomagnetic na proton oké ifufe nke na-akpaghasị terrestrial eletriki na nkwukọrịta netwọk, yana Satellites (opekata mpe otu mere. na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide), ma gbawaa n'otu ntabi anya ọtụtụ ogbunigwe mmiri magnetik nke US Navy na North Vietnam.

Oké ifufe nke March 1989 mere ka grid ike Hydro-Québec daa na sekọnd dị ka ihe nchebe ngwá ọrụ na-adaba n'usoro.[8] Nde mmadụ isii enweghị ọkụ eletrik ruo awa itoolu. Oké ifufe ahụ mere ka auroras ruo n'ebe ndịda dị ka Texas na Florida. Oké ifufe ahụ kpatara ihe omume a bụ n'ihi oke coronal nke a chụpụrụ n'Anyanwụ na Machị 9, 1989.[9] Dst kacha nta bụ -589 nT.

Na Julaị 14, 2000, ọkụ klaasị X5 gbawara (nke a maara dị ka emume ụbọchị Bastille) wee malite otu coronal mass ozugbo na Ụwa. Nnukwu oke ifufe geomagnetic mere na Julaị 15–17; opekempe nke ndeksi Dst bụ -301 nT. N'agbanyeghị ike oke mmiri ozuzo ahụ, enweghị ikesa ikesa ọkụ ka akọpụtaghị. Voyager 1 na Voyager 2 mere emume ụbọchị Bastille, ya mere ọ bụ nke kacha dị anya na Sistemụ Anyanwụ ka ahụrụla oke mmiri ozuzo.

Nnukwu ọkụ iri na asaa gbawara n'Anyanwụ n'etiti 19 Ọktoba na 5 Nọvemba 2003, gụnyere ikekwe ọkụ kachasị ike a tụrụ na ihe mmetụta GOES XRS - nnukwu ọkụ X28, nke kpatara oke ọkụ redio, na 4 Nọvember.[10] A na-ejikọta ọkụ ndị a na ihe omume CME nke kpatara oké ifufe atọ na-eme ka ala dị n'etiti 29 Ọktoba na 2 Nọvemba, n'oge nke a malitere oké ifufe nke abụọ na nke atọ tupu oge oké ifufe gara aga gbakee kpamkpam. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha nta nke Dst bụ -151, -353 na -383 nT. Oké ifufe ọzọ n'usoro a mere na 4-5 Nọvemba na opekata mpe Dst nke -69 nT. Oké ifufe geomagnetic ikpeazụ adịghị ike karịa oké ifufe ndị bu ya ụzọ, n'ihi na mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ na Anyanwụ agbagharịla karịa meridian ebe akụkụ etiti CME kere n'oge ihe omume flare gafere n'akụkụ ụwa. A maara usoro ahụ dum dị ka Halloween Solar Storm.[11] Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) nke Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) na-arụ ọrụ na-anọghị n'ịntanetị ruo ihe dịka awa 30 n'ihi oké ifufe ahụ.[12] Satellite ADEOS-2 nke Japan mebiri nke ukwuu ma kwụsị ọrụ nke ọtụtụ satellites ndị ọzọ n'ihi oké ifufe ahụ.[13]

Mmekọrịta ya na usoro mbara ala

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Magnetosphere na gburugburu ebe obibi dị nso n'ụwa.

Ifufe anyanwụ na-eburukwa ya ebe ndọta anyanwụ. Mpaghara a ga-enwe ma North ma ọ bụ South nghazi. Ọ bụrụ na ifufe anyanwụ nwere ike ịgbawa, nkwekọrịta na ịgbasa magnetosphere, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na anyanwụ na-ewe a n'ebe ndịda polarization, geomagnetic oké ifufe nwere ike ịtụ anya. Mpaghara ndịda na-ebute njikọ ndọta nke magnetopause nke ehihie, na-etinye ngwa ngwa magnetik na ike ahụ n'ime magnetosphere ụwa.

N'oge oké ifufe geomagnetic, ionosphere's F2 layer na-aghọ ihe na-adịghị akwụsi ike, iberibe, ma nwedịrị ike ịpụ. N'ebe ugwu na mpaghara ndịda nke ụwa, a na-ahụ auroras.

Ngwá Ọrụ

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Magnetometers na-enyocha mpaghara auroral yana mpaghara equatorial. A na-eji ụdị radar abụọ, coherent scatter na incoherent scatter, iji nyochaa ionosphere auroral. Site n'ịgba mgbaàmà na ionospheric irregularities, nke na-agagharị na akara mpaghara, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọpụta mmegharị ha ma kwuo magnetospheric convection.

Ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe gụnyere:

  • Magnetometers, na-abụkarị ụdị ọnụ ụzọ flux. Ndị a na-adịkarị na njedebe nke mmụba, iji gbochie ha pụọ na mgbochi magnetik site na ụgbọ mbara igwe na usoro eletrik ya.[14]
  • A na-eji ihe mmetụta eletrik na njedebe nke mmụba na-emegide iji tụọ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ebe dị iche iche, iji nweta mpaghara eletrik metụtara convection. Usoro a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na plasma dị elu na ala Earth orbit; n'ebe dị anya site na Earth long booms dị mkpa, iji zere mgbochi nke ike eletrik.
  • Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri redio site n'ala nwere ike ịwụli elu ebili mmiri redio nke ugboro dịgasị iche na ionosphere, ma site n'ịlaghachi oge ha na-ekpebi njirimara njupụta electron - ruo n'ókè ya, gafere nke ebili mmiri radio anaghịzi alaghachi. Ndị na-enyocha redio na ala ụwa na-agba gburugburu n'ụgbọelu Canada Alouette 1 (1962) na Alouette 2 (1965), na-ebugharị ebili mmiri redio n'ụwa ma na-ahụ njirimara njupụta electron nke "top ionosphere". A nwalere ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-ada ụda redio na ionosphere (dịka na IMAGE).
  • Ndị na-achọpụta ihe na-agụnye Geiger counter, dị ka e ji mee ihe maka nchọpụta mbụ nke Van Allen radiation belt. Ndị na-achọpụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke bịara mgbe e mesịrị, ma mgbe e mesịrị "channeltron" electron multipliers hụrụ ojiji dị ukwuu. Iji nweta ụgwọ na ihe mejupụtara ya, yana ike, a na-eji ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke mass spectrograph. Maka ike ruru ihe dị ka 50 keV (nke mejupụtara ka ukwuu na plasma magnetospheric) a na-eji spectrometers oge-of-flight (dịka "top-hat" imewe) eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Kọmputa emewo ka o kwe omume ikpokọta ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ihe ndọta dịpụrụ adịpụ wee wepụta nkezi usoro nke ikuku eletrik na nkezi nzaghachi maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbara ala. Ha na-emekwa ihe ngosi nke magnetosphere zuru ụwa ọnụ na nzaghachi ya, site na idozi nha nhata nke magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) na grid ọnụọgụ. A ghaghị ịgbakwunye ihe ndọtị kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpuchie magnetosphere dị n'ime, ebe ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe ndọtị magnetik na ionospheric conduction. Na mpaghara pola, jikọtara ya na ikuku anyanwụ, nnukwu ionospheric anomalies nwere ike ịdezi nke ọma, ọbụlagodi n'oge oke oke oke mmiri geomagnetic. Na obere akpịrịkpa (tụnyere ogo nke latitude / longitude) nsonaazụ ya siri ike ịkọwa, yana ụfọdụ echiche gbasara oke-amanye amanye ejighị n'aka dị mkpa.

Mmetụta nke oké ifufe na-eme ka ala dị n'okpuru ala

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Mgbanwe nke usoro eletrik

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A tụwo aro na oké ifufe geomagnetic n'ogo nke oké ifufe anyanwụ nke 1859 taa ga-akpata ọtụtụ ijeri ma ọ bụ ọbụna puku atọ nke dollar nke mmebi nke satellites, grid ike na nkwukọrịta redio, ma nwee ike ịkpata nkwụsị ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ nke a na-agaghị edozi maka izu, ọnwa, ma ọ bụ ọbụnakwa afọ.[12] Ọkụ ọkụ eletrik dị otú ahụ na mberede nwere ike imerụ mmepụta nri.[15]

Isi grid eletrik

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Mgbe oghere magnetik na-agagharị na nso nke onye ndu dị ka waya, a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ na onye ndu. Nke a na-eme n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'oge oké ifufe geomagnetic (otu usoro ahụ metụtakwara akara ekwentị na telegraph tupu fiber optics, lee n'elu) na eriri nnyefe niile dị ogologo. Ogologo eriri nnyefe (ọtụtụ kilomita n'ogologo) na-enwe mmebi site na mmetụta a. N'ụzọ doro anya, nke a na-agụnye ndị ọrụ na China, North America, na Australia, ọkachasị na voltaji dị elu nke oge a, akara mgbochi dị ala. Grid Europe na-agụnye usoro nnyefe dị mkpirikpi, nke na-adịchaghị emebi.[16][17]

Igwe (nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpọmkwem) nke a na-ebute n'ahịrị ndị a site na oké ifufe geomagnetic na-emerụ ngwá ọrụ nnyefe eletrik, ọkachasị ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe - na-akpata isi saturation, na-egbochi arụmọrụ ha (yana ịsụ ngọngọ dị iche iche), ma na-eme ka coils na cores na-ekpo ọkụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, okpomọkụ a nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ bibie ha, ọbụlagodi na-akpata mmeghachi omume nke nwere ike imebiga transformer ókè.[18] A na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na grid site na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-ekewapụ ha site na currents na grid, na-eme ka ha ghara inwe ike imebi n'ihi ọkụ eletrik na-emebi emebi. Otú ọ dị, transformer nke a na-etinye n'okpuru nke a ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka ibu na-adịghị mma na generator, na-akpata usoro na-adịghị njọ na stator ma si otú a na-ekpo ọkụ rotor.

Dị ka nnyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ Metatech si kwuo, oké ifufe nwere ike iji tụnyere nke 1921 ga-ebibi ihe karịrị ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe 300 ma hapụ ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 130 na-enweghị ike na United States, na-efu ọtụtụ puku ijeri dollar.[19] A na-arụrịta ụka banyere oke nkwụsịtụ ahụ, na ụfọdụ akaebe nke ndị omeiwu na-egosi nkwụsịtụ na-enweghị njedebe ruo mgbe enwere ike dochie ma ọ bụ rụzie ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Amụma ndị a na-emegide akụkọ North American Electric Reliability Corporation nke kwubiri na oké ifufe geomagnetic ga-akpata ọgba aghara grid nwa oge mana enweghị mbibi zuru oke nke transformer dị elu. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ọdịda grid nke Quebec a kpọtụrụ aha n'ọtụtụ ebe abụghị site na transformer na-ekpobiga ọkụ ókè kama site na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge nke relays asaa.[20]

E wezụga na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emetụta mmetụta nke oké ifufe geomagnetic, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na oké ifufe na-emetụtakwa ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-enye ọrụ ịntanetị nwere ike ịdaba n'oge oké ifufe geomagnetic (ma ọ bụ nọrọ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ogologo oge mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị). Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịnwe ngwá ọrụ chọrọ njikọ ịntanetị na-arụ ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ, yabụ n'oge onye na-enye ọrụ ịntanetị dara, ọkụ eletrik nwekwara ike ọ gaghị ekesa.[21]

Site n'inweta ịdọ aka ná ntị na ịdọ aka na ntị (dịka site na Space Weather Prediction Center; site na Satellite Space Weather dị ka SOHO ma ọ bụ ACE), ụlọ ọrụ ike nwere ike ibelata mmebi nke ngwá ọrụ nnyefe ike, site na iwepụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ site na ime ka ọkụ kwụsị nwa oge. Nzọụkwụ mgbochi dịkwa, gụnyere igbochi ntinye nke GICs n'ime grid site na njikọ na-anọpụ iche na ala.[16]

Nkwurịta okwu

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Usoro nkwukọrịta dị elu (3-30 MHz) na-eji ionosphere iji gosipụta akara redio n'ebe dị anya. Ionospheric storms nwere ike imetụta nkwurịta okwu redio na latitudes niile. A na-amịkọrọ ụfọdụ ugboro ma na-egosipụta ndị ọzọ, na-eduga na mgbaàmà na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa na ụzọ mgbasa na-atụghị anya ya. Ọrụ anyanwụ anaghị emetụta ụlọ ọrụ redio TV na azụmahịa, mana ala na ikuku, ụgbọ mmiri na ụsọ mmiri, mgbasa ozi mkpirikpi na redio amateur (karịsịa bands n'okpuru 30 MHz) na-agbakarị. Ndị ọrụ redio na-eji bands HF na-adabere na ịdọ aka ná ntị anyanwụ na geomagnetic iji mee ka usoro nkwurịta okwu ha na-aga n'ihu ma na-agba ọsọ.

Nchọpụta ndị agha ma ọ bụ usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge na-arụ ọrụ na oke oge na-emetụtakwa ọrụ anyanwụ. Radar na-agafe horizon na-eme ka akara na-apụ na ionosphere iji nyochaa mwepụta nke ụgbọelu na mgbọ ogbunigwe site n'ebe dị anya. N'oge oké ifufe geomagnetic, usoro a nwere ike igbochi ya nke ukwuu site na redio clutter. Ọzọkwa ụfọdụ usoro nchọpụta n'okpuru mmiri na-eji akara magnetik nke ụgbọ mmiri dị ka otu ntinye na atụmatụ ịchọta ha. Oké ifufe geomagnetic nwere ike ikpuchi ma gbagọọ akara ndị a.

Federal Aviation Administration na-enweta ịdọ aka ná ntị nke mgbawa redio anyanwụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịmata nsogbu nkwurịta okwu ma zere mmezi na-enweghị isi. Mgbe ụgbọelu na ụlọ ọrụ ala jikọtara ya na Anyanwụ, oke mkpọtụ nwere ike ime na redio na-achịkwa ikuku. [citation needed] Nke a nwekwara ike ime na nkwukọrịta satellite UHF na SHF, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ụwa, satellite na Anyanju dị n'usoro. Iji gbochie mmezi na-enweghị isi na usoro nkwukọrịta satellite n'ụgbọelu AirSatOne na-enye nri dị ndụ maka ihe omume geophysical site na NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center. na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ilele ihe a hụrụ na amụma nke oké ifufe mbara igwe.[22] Geophysical Alerts dị mkpa maka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu na ndị ọrụ mmezi iji chọpụta ma ọrụ ọ bụla na-abịanụ ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere ma ọ bụ ga-enwe mmetụta na nkwukọrịta satellite, igodo GPS na HF Communications.

Oké ifufe geomagnetic metụtara eriri telegraph n'oge gara aga. Telegraphs jiri otu waya ogologo maka akara data, na-agbatị ọtụtụ kilomita, na-eji ala dị ka waya nloghachi ma na-enye ike DC site na batrị; nke a mere ka ha (ya na akara ike a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru) nwee ike ịbụ ndị mgbanwe nke mgbanaka ahụ kpatara. Voltage / ọkụ eletrik nke oké ifufe geomagnetic kpatara nwere ike belata mgbaàmà ahụ, mgbe ewepụrụ ya na batrị polarity, ma ọ bụ na mgbaàmà siri ike na nke na-abụghị eziokwu mgbe agbakwunyere ya; ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ mụtara iwepụ batrị ahụ ma dabere na ọkụ eletrik a na-akpali dị ka isi iyi ike ha. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ọkụ eletrik a na-akpata dị elu nke ukwuu na coils n'akụkụ na-anata ọkụ na-ere, ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwetara mkpọtụ eletrik. Oké ifufe na-emetụtakwa eriri ekwentị dị ogologo, gụnyere eriri dị n'okpuru mmiri ọ gwụla ma ha bụ fiber optic.[23]

Mmebi nke satellites nkwukọrịta nwere ike imebi ekwentị, telivishọn, redio na njikọ Ịntanetị na-abụghị nke ụwa.[24] National Academy of Sciences kọrọ na 2008 banyere ihe omume ndị nwere ike imebi n'ọtụtụ ebe na 2012-2013 anyanwụ kachasị elu.[25] Oké ifufe anyanwụ nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nkwụsịtụ Ịntanetị n'ụwa niile ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Nnyocha na-akọwa usoro na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibelata - dị ka netwọk netwọk ndị ọrụ na-enye ike, ngwa ndị ọgbọ na ndị ọgbọ na usoro ọhụrụ - ma nyochaa ike nke akụrụngwa Ịntanetị ugbu a.[26][27][28]

Usoro ụgbọ mmiri

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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), na usoro igodo ndị ọzọ dị ka LORAN na OMEGA na-adịghịzi adị na-emetụta nke ọma mgbe ọrụ anyanwụ na-emebi mgbasa ozi mgbaàmà ha. Usoro OMEGA nwere transmitters asatọ dị n'ụwa niile. Ụgbọelu na ụgbọ mmiri na-eji akara ngosi dị ala site na transmitters ndị a iji chọpụta ọnọdụ ha. N'oge ihe omume anyanwụ na oké ifufe geomagnetic, usoro ahụ nyere ndị na-eme njem ozi na-ezighị ezi site na ọtụtụ kilomita. Ọ bụrụ na a dọrọ ndị na-eme njem aka na ntị na ihe omume proton ma ọ bụ oké ifufe geomagnetic na-aga n'ihu, ha gaara agbanwe na usoro ndabere.

A na-emetụta mgbaàmà GNSS mgbe ọrụ anyanwụ na-akpata mgbanwe mberede na njupụta nke ionosphere, na-eme ka mgbaàmà satellite na-enwu gbaa (dị ka kpakpando na-egbuke egbuke). A na-amụ scintillation nke mgbaàmà satellite n'oge nsogbu ionospheric na HAARP n'oge nnwale mgbanwe ionospherical. A mụọla ya na Jicamarca Radio Observatory.

Otu teknụzụ eji ekwe ka ndị na-anabata GPS gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ mgbaàmà mgbagwoju anya bụ Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Otú ọ dị, a na-adabere na RAIM na echiche na ọtụtụ n'ime ìgwè kpakpando GPS na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ya mere ọ bara uru nke ukwuu mgbe ìgwè kpakpant dum na-emetụta mmetụta ụwa dịka oké ifufe geomagnetic. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na RAIM achọpụta na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe efu n'ọnọdụ ndị a, ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike inye mgbaàmà bara uru, nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.

Mmebi nke ngwaike satellite

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Oké ifufe nke geomagnetic na mmụba nke ultraviolet nke anyanwụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu ikuku nke ụwa, na-eme ka ọ gbasaa. Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-arị elu, na njupụta na orbit nke satellites ruo ihe dị ka 1,000 km (600 mi) na-abawanye ukwuu. Nke a na-ebute mmụba, na-eme ka satellites belata ma gbanwee orbit ntakịrị. Satellite ndị na-agba gburugburu ala nke a na-adịghị akwalite ugboro ugboro na mbara igwe dị elu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ daa ma mesịa gbaa ọkụ. Mbibi nke Skylab na 1979 bụ ihe atụ nke ụgbọ mbara igwe na-abanyeghachi na ikuku ụwa n'oge n'ihi ọrụ anyanwụ dị elu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya.[29] N'oge nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nke Machị 1989, anọ n'ime satellites ụgbọ mmiri nke US ga-ewepụ n'ọrụ ruo otu izu, US Space Command ga-etinye ihe ọhụrụ na-agba gburugburu maka ihe karịrị 1000 metụtara, na Satellite Solar Maximum Mission dara na Disemba n'otu afọ ahụ.[30]

Nsogbu nke satellites na-adabere na ọnọdụ ha. South Atlantic Anomaly bụ ebe dị ize ndụ maka satellite gafere, n'ihi oghere geomagnetic na-adịghị ike na ala ala.[31]

Paịpụ

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Igwe magnetik na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịmepụta ike eletrik na-akpata na paịpụ. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọtụtụ nsogbu maka ndị injinia pipeline. Mita na-agafe na paịpụ nwere ike izipu ozi na-ezighi ezi na ọnụego corrosion nke paịpụ ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye nke ukwuu.[32][33]

Ihe ize ndụ nke radiation nye ụmụ mmadụ

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Ikuku nke ụwa na magnetosphere na-enye nchebe zuru oke n'ala, mana ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe nwere ike igbu egbu. Ịbanye nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị elu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ nwere ike ịkpata mmebi chromosome, ọrịa kansa na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ. Ọgwụ buru ibu nwere ike igbu mmadụ ozugbo. Protons nke anyanwụ nwere ike karịrị 30 MeV dị ize ndụ karịsịa.[34]

Ihe omume proton anyanwụ nwekwara ike ịmepụta radiation dị elu n'ụgbọelu na-efe n'ebe dị elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ize ndụ ndị a dị obere, enwere ike ikpughe ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu ugboro ugboro, na nlekota nke ihe omume proton anyanwụ site na ikpughe satellite na-enye ohere ka a nyochaa ma nyochaa ya, ma mechaa gbanwee ụzọ ụgbọ elu na ịdị elu iji belata ọgwụ a na-amị.[35][36][37]

Mmụba nke ala, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe omume ala ma ọ bụ GLEs, na-eme mgbe ihe omume nke anyanwụ nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere ike zuru ezu iji nwee mmetụta na ala, nke achọpụtala dị ka mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neutrons a tụrụ na ala. E gosipụtara na ihe omume ndị a nwere mmetụta na radiation dosage, mana ha anaghị eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa kansa dịkwuo elu.[38]

Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ

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E nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ sayensị na-ese okwu banyere njikọ dị n'etiti oké ifufe na ahụike mmadụ. Nke a malitere na akwụkwọ ndị Russia, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ mechara mụọ isiokwu ahụ. Echiche maka ihe kpatara ya gụnyere itinye aka na cryptochrome, melatonin, pineal gland, na circadian rhythm.[39]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na oké ifufe anyanwụ na-eme ka whales nọrọ n'ụsọ osimiri n'onwe ha.[40][41] Ụfọdụ ekwuola na ụmụ anụmanụ na-agagharị agagharị nke na-eji magnetoreception eme njem, dị ka nnụnụ na aṅụ, nwekwara ike imetụta.[42]

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir/dst2/onDstindex.html Sugiura, M., and T. Kamei, Equatorial Dst index 1957–1986, IAGA Bulletin, 40, edited by A. Berthelier and M. Menville, ISGI Publ. Off., Saint. Maur-des-Fosses, France, 1991.
  2. ↑ Gonzalez, W. D., J. A. Joselyn, Y. Kamide, H. W. Kroehl, G. Rostoker, B. T. Tsurutani, and V. M. Vasyliunas (1994), What is a Geomagnetic Storm?, J. Geophys. Res., 99(A4), 5771–5792.
  3. ↑ http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto
  4. ↑ Cander (1998-01-01). "Forecasting ionospheric structure during the great geomagnetic storms" (in en). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 103 (A1): 391–398. DOI:10.1029/97JA02418. ISSN 2156-2202. 
  5. ↑ NOAA Space Weather Scales. Retrieved on 31 May 2021.
  6. ↑ "Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar Superstorm". Sci. Am.. 
  7. ↑ Extreme Space Weather Events. National Geophysical Data Center.
  8. ↑ "Scientists probe northern lights from all angles", CBC, 22 October 2005.
  9. ↑ (March 1997) "Geomagnetic Storms Can Threaten Electric Power Grid". Earth in Space 9 (7): 9–11. 
  10. ↑ Thomson (2004). "Ionosphere gives size of greatest solar flare". Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (6). DOI:10.1029/2003GL019345. 
  11. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved on 2011-05-17. Halloween Space Weather Storms of 2003, NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR SEC-88, Space Environment Center, Boulder, Colorado, June 2004
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12507.html Severe Space Weather Events - Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts – Workshop Report, National Research Council of the National Academies, The National Academies Press, Washington, D. C., 2008
  13. ↑ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/25/46891645.pdf 'Geomagnetic Storms' CENTRA Technology, Inc. report (14 January 2011) prepared for the Office of Risk Management and Analysis, United States Department of Homeland Security
  14. ↑ Snare. A History of Vector Magnetometry in Space. University of California. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
  15. ↑ Lassen (2013). "Is livestock production prepared for an electrically paralysed world?". J Sci Food Agric 93 (1): 2–4. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.5939. PMID 23111940. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "A Perfect Storm of Planetary Proportions", IEEE Spectrum, February 2012. Retrieved on 2012-02-13.
  17. ↑ Natuurwetenschap & Techniek Magazine, June 2009
  18. ↑ NASA - Severe Space Weather--Social and Economic Impacts (24 January 2009). Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved on 27 June 2023.
  19. ↑ Severe Space Weather Events: Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts : a Workshop Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academies, 2008 Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Pages 78, 105, & 106.
  20. ↑ Effects of Geomagnetic Disturbances on the Bulk Power System. North American Electric Reliability Corporation, February 2012. Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved on 2013-01-19.
  21. ↑ Kijk magazine 6/2017, mentioned by Marcel Spit of Adviescentrum Bescherming Vitale Infrastructuur]
  22. ↑ AirSatOne’s Live Feed
  23. ↑ image.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 11 September 2005.
  24. ↑ "Solar Storms Could Be Earth's Next Katrina", NPR.org. Retrieved on 2010-03-04.
  25. ↑ (2008) Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: Workshop Report. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. DOI:10.17226/12507. ISBN 978-0-309-12769-1. 
  26. ↑ "Computer scientist warns global internet is not prepared for a large solar storm", techxplore.com. Retrieved on 22 September 2021. (in en)
  27. ↑ "A Bad Solar Storm Could Cause an 'Internet Apocalypse'", Wired. Retrieved on 22 September 2021.
  28. ↑ Jyothi (9 August 2021). "Solar superstorms: planning for an internet apocalypse". Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference: 692–704. DOI:10.1145/3452296.3472916. 
  29. ↑ Benson (1983). Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. SP-4208. OCLC 8114293. 
  30. ↑ "Effects of the March 1989 Solar Activity", by Allen, Frank, Sauer, Reiff, in Eos, November 14, 1989 p. 1488
  31. ↑ Broad. "'Dip' on Earth is Big Trouble in Space", The New York Times, 5 June 1990. Retrieved on 31 December 2009.
  32. ↑ Gummow (2002). "GIC effects on pipeline corrosion and corrosion control systems". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64 (16). DOI:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00125-6. 
  33. ↑ Osella (1998). "Currents induced by geomagnetic storms on buried pipelines as a cause of corrosion". Journal of Applied Geophysics 38 (3). DOI:10.1016/S0926-9851(97)00019-0. 
  34. ↑ Council (2000). Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06885-7. 
  35. ↑ CORDIS | European Commission. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved on 27 June 2023.
  36. ↑ Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008
  37. ↑ Phillips (25 October 2013). The Effects of Space Weather on Aviation. Science News. NASA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved on 19 August 2023.
  38. ↑ British Government: Space Weather and radiation guidance, Public Health England. Retrieved on 6 January 2022.
  39. ↑ James Close (Jun 7, 2012). "Are stress responses to geomagnetic storms mediated by the cryptochrome compass system?". Proc Biol Sci 279 (1736): 2081–2090. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.0324. PMID 22418257. 
  40. ↑ Scientist studies whether solar storms cause animal beachings. ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 27 June 2023.
  41. ↑ McGrath. "Northern lights link to whale strandings", BBC News, 5 September 2017.
  42. ↑ Solar Storms May Ignite South-Reaching Auroras Wednesday. US News & World Report (6 September 2017). Retrieved on 27 June 2023.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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