Oge elekere nke mbara igwe

Oge elekere nke mbara igwe, elekere, ma ọ bụ orloj bụ elekere nwere usoro pụrụ iche na dials iji gosipụta ozi gbasara mbara igwe, dị ka ọnọdụ nke Anyanwụ, Ọnwa, Ìgwè kpakpando zodiacal, na mgbe ụfọdụ nnukwu mbara ala.

Ihu elekere mbara igwe nke Prague, na Old Town SquareObodo Ochie

astrarium nke onye Italy na-enyocha mbara igwe na onye dọkịta Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio mere gosipụtara awa, kalenda kwa afọ, na ngagharị nke mbara ala, Anyanwụ na Ọnwa.
Nrụzigharị nke oge a na Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, Ịtali; ọ dị ihe dị ka mita atọ n'ịdị elu.

A na eji okwu ahụ eme ihe iji zoo aka na elekere ọ bụla nke na egosi, na mgbakwunye na oge nke ụbọchị, ozi gbasara mbara igwe. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ọnọdụ nke Anyanwụ na Ọnwa n'eluigwe, afọ na usoro ọnwa, ọnọdụ nke Aanyanwụ na akara zodiac dị ugbu a, oge sidereal, na data ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ọnwa maka igosi eclipses), ma ọ bụ map kpakpando na agbagharị agbagharị. E kwesịghị ịgbagwoju okwu ahụ anya na onye na achịkwa mbara igwe, elekere dị elu ma ọ bụghị ya, elekere pendulum nkịtị nke a na eji na ụlọ nyocha.

Oge elekere ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na anọchite anya Usoro anyanwụ site na iji ihe nlereanya geocentric. A na ejikarị diski ma ọ bụ okirikiri na anọchite anya ụwa, nke dị n'etiti usoro anyanwụ, akara n'etiti etiti nke akara ahụ. A na anọchite anya anyanwụ site na okirikiri ọla edo (dị ka ọ pụtara na mbụ na Usoro Antikythera, laa azụ na narị afọ nke abụọ BC), gosipụtara na ọ na agba gburugburu ụwa otu ugboro n'ụbọchị gburugburu awa iri abụọ na anọ. Echiche a kwekọrọ na ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị na echiche ụwa nke Europe tupu oge Copernican.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

 

Onye na elekọta ụlọ na onye na ahụ maka akwụkwọ Louis nke Gruuthuse n'ihu elekere mbara igwe. Henri Suso, elekere nke Sapience, 1470-1480

Usoro Antikythera bụ kọmputa analog kachasị ochie a maara na onye bu ụzọ na elekere mbara igwe. Ndokwa mgbagwoju anya nke ọtụtụ gears na gear trains nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dịka ịchọpụta ọnọdụ nke anyanwụ, ọnwa na mbara ala, ịkọ ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na eme na mbara igwe na ịchọpụta ụbọchị nke Egwuregwu Olimpik. Nnyocha 2011 na 2012 mere ka otu ndị ọkachamara na eme nchọpụta kwuo na elekere mbara igwe nke Europe sitere na teknụzụ nke usoro Antikythera.

Na narị afọ nke iri na otu, onye China na ahụ maka elekere, onye injinia na ahụ Maka igwe, na onye na ahụ banyere mbara igwe Su Song mepụtara elekere igwe nke mmiri na eduzi maka ụlọ elu elekere ya nke Kaifeng City. A maara Su Song maka itinye usoro mgbapụ na nke mbụ a maara na enweghị njedebe na enyefe ike maka ụlọ elu elekere ya na armillary sphere iji rụọ ọrụ. Ndị Alakụba na enyocha mbara igwe na ndị injinia nke oge a rụkwara ọtụtụ elekere dị iche iche ziri ezi maka iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nyocha ha, dị ka elekere astrolabic nke Ibn al-Shatir na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na anọ.

A ghọtachaghị mmepe mbụ nke elekere igwe na Europe, mana enwere nkwekọrịta zuru oke na site na 1300-1330 enwere elekere igwe (nke arọ na enye ike karịa mmiri na iji mgbapụ) nke e bu n'uche maka ebumnuche abụọ: maka mgbaàmà na ọkwa (dịka oge nke ọrụ na ihe omume ọha na eze), na maka ịkpụzi usoro anyanwụ. Nke ikpeazụ bụ mmepe a na apụghị izere ezere n'ihi na ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na ndị na'agụ kpakpando jiri astrolabe mee ihe, ọ bụkwa ihe dị otú o kwesịrị itinye elekere elekere na plate na agbagharị iji mepụta ihe nlereanya na arụ ọrụ nke usoro anyanwụ. Onye America na akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lynn White Jr. nke Mahadum Princeton dere, sị:

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  Christiaan van der Klaauw[nl]Planetarium 2000
  
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  Ulysse Nardin__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụAstrolabium Galileo Galilei
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  Ihe Omume Obodo
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  Ihe ịrịba ọnwa ama nke nwa amaala

Oge elekere mbara igwe nke onye England na eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na onye ụkọchukwu Richard nke Wallingford mepụtara na St Albans n'oge 1330s, na nke onye dọkịta na onye na enyocha mbara igwe nke oge ochie nke Ịtali Giovanni Dondi dell"Orologio mepụtara na Padua n'etiti 1348 na 1364 bụ ọrụ nka nke ụdị ha. Ha adịghịzi adị, mana nkọwa zuru ezu nke imewe na owuwu ha ka dị, a rụpụtakwara ya n'oge a. oge elekere Wallingford nwere ike igosi anyanwụ, ọnwa (afọ, oge, na node), kpakpando na mbara ala, ma nwee, na mgbakwunye, wiil nke ihu ọma na ihe na egosi ọnọdụ nke eriri mmiri na London Bridge. Oge elekere Dondi bụ ihe owuwu nwere ihu asaa nwere akụkụ 107 na agagharị agagharị, na egosi ọnọdụ anyanwụ, ọnwa, na mbara ala ise, yana ụbọchị oriri okpukpe.

Ma elekere ndị a, na ndị ọzọ dị ka ha, nwere ike ịbụ ndị na ezighị ezi karịa ka ndị na emepụta ha ga achọ. O nwere ike ịbụ na a gbakọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ gear nke ọma, mana mmepụta ha karịrị ikike igwe nke oge ahụ, ha anaghị arụkwa ọrụ n'ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. , n'adịghị ka ọrụ ụkwụ dị mgbagwoju anya, usoro idebe oge n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ elekere ndị a niile ruo na narị afọ nke iri na isii bụ ụzọ dị mfe na follet escapement, nke nwere njehie nke ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara awa n'ụbọchị.

E wuru elekere ndị na enyocha mbara igwe dị ka ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ mara. Ihe ịma aka nke iwu ihe ndị a magburu onwe ha pụtara na ndị na eme elekere ga anọgide na emepụta ha, iji gosipụta nkà na ụzụ ha na akụ na ụba ndị na akwado ha. Ozi nkà ihe ọmụma nke eluigwe na ala a haziri ahazi, nke kwekọrọ n'echiche Gothic nke ụwa, na enyere aka ịkọwa ewu ewu ha.

Mmasị na arịwanye elu na nkà mmụta mbara igwe n'oge narị afọ nke iri na asatọ mere ka mmasị na elekere mbara igwe, obere maka ozi nkà ihe ọmụma, maka ozi ziri ezi nke mbara igwe nke elekere ndị na achịkwa pendulum nwere ike igosi.

Nkọwa zuru oke

bụ ezie na elekere nke ọ bụla dị iche, ha nwere ihe ụfọdụ yiri ya.

Oge nke ụbọchị

Otu esi akọwa dial analog nke awa 24.

Ihe ngosi stereographic sitere na North Pole.

Ọtụtụ elekere ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe nwere elekere iri abụọ na anọ na-agba gburugburu ọnụ ọnụ, nke a na ede nọmba site na I ruo XII wee si na I ruo na XII ọzọ. A na egosi oge dị ugbu a site na bọọlụ ọla edo ma ọ bụ foto nke anyanwụ na njedebe nke ihe ngosi. Oge ehihie dị n'ógbè ahụ na abụkarị n'elu akara, na etiti abalị na ala. A naghị eji aka nkeji eme ihe.

Ihe ngosi anyanwụ ma ọ bụ aka na enye ihe ngosi nke ma Azimut na ịdị elu nke anyanwụ. Maka azimuth (na ebu site n'ebe ugwu), elu nke akara ahụ na egosi South, na isi VI abụọ nke akara East na West. Maka ịdị elu, elu bụ zenith na isi abụọ VI na VI na akọwa horizon. (Nke a bụ maka elekere ndị na enyocha mbara igwe e mere maka iji ya mee ihe na mpaghara ugwu.) Nkọwa a ziri ezi na equinoxes, n'ezie.

Na foto nke elekere Prague nke egosiri n'elu isiokwu ahụ, oge nke aka anyanwụ gosipụtara bụ ihe dịka 9am (IX na nọmba ndị Rom), ma ọ bụ ihe dịka awa nke 13 (oge Italian na nọmba Arabic).

A na anọchite anya afọ ahụ site na akara iri na abụọ nke zodiac, nke a haziri ma ọ bụ dị ka okirikiri dị n'ime elekere iri abụọ na anọ, ma ọ bụ dọrọ ya na obere okirikiri, nke bụ ngosipụta nke ecliptic, ụzọ anyanwụ na mbara ala gafere igwe, na mbara igwe nke ụwa.

A na atụle ụgbọ elu ecliptic n'ihu elekere ahụ, ma, n'ihi akụkụ ntụgharị nke ụwa na agbadata na mbara igwe ya, a na ewepụ ya n'etiti ma yie ka ọ gbagọrọ agbagọ. Ebe a na atụle Ihe ngosi stereographic bụ North pole; na astrolabes South pole bụ ihe a na ahụkarị.

Ihe ngosi ecliptic na eme otu ntụgharị zuru oke n'ime awa 23 na nkeji 56 (ụbọchị sidereal), ya mere ọ ga eji nwayọọ nwayọọ pụọ na oge na aka awa, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na aga n'ihu n'afọ.

Iji chọta ụbọchị, chọta ebe aka awa ma ọ bụ diski anyanwụ na agafe akara ecliptic: nke a na egosi akara kpakpando dị ugbu a, ebe anyanwụ dị ugbu a na ecliptic. Ebe nkwonkwo ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na agagharị gburugburu akara ecliptic n'ime afọ, ka Anyanwụ na esi n'otu akara kpakpando gaa na nke ọzọ.

Na eserese na egosi ihu elekere dị n'aka nri, diski anyanwụ agafeela n'ime Aries (mpi ebule), ebe ọ hapụrụ Pisces. Ya mere, ụbọchị ahụ bụ ngwụcha Machị ma ọ bụ mmalite Eprel.

Ọ bụrụ na akara zodiac na agba gburugburu n'ime aka awa, ma ọ bụ mgbaaka a na agbagharị iji kwekọọ na aka awa, ọ bụ aka ọzọ, na agba ọsọ otu ugboro n'afọ, nke na ezo aka na akara zodia nke Anyanwụ ugbu a.

Ọnwa

Mgbaaka ma ọ bụ mgbaaka na egosi nọmba 1 ruo 29 ma ọ bụ 30 na egosi afọ ọnwa: ọnwa ọhụrụ bụ 0, waxes na ejupụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị 15, wee belata ruo 29 maọbụ 30. A na egosi oge ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ site na ụwa na agbagharị ma ọ bụ hemisphere ojii, ma ọ bụ windo nke na ekpughe akụkụ nke ọdịdị ojii na agba gburugburu n'okpuru.

Akụkụ ya

Ndị na agụ kpakpando tinyere ihe dị mkpa n'otú e si hazie anyanwụ, ọnwa, na mbara ala ma dozie ha n'eluigwe. Ọ bụrụ na mbara ala ụfọdụ pụtara n'akụkụ triangle, hexagon, ma ọ bụ square, ma ọ bụrụ na ha na emegide ma ọ bụ na esote ibe ha, a na eji akụkụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji chọpụta ihe omume ahụ pụtara. Na elekere ụfọdụ ị nwere ike ịhụ akụkụ ndị a na ahụkarị - triangle, square, na hexagon - nke e sere n'ime diski etiti, na akara ọ bụla nke akara maka akụkụ ahụ, ị nwekwara ike ịhụ ihe ịrịba ama maka njikọ na mmegide. Na astrolabe, enwere ike ịhazi akụkụ dị iche iche na mbara ala ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, na elekere, diski nwere akụkụ ahụ enweghị ike ịtụgharị na uche, yabụ ha na egosipụtakarị naanị akụkụ nke Anyanwụ ma ọ bụ Ọnwa.

Na Torre dell'Orologio, elekere Brescia dị n'ebe ugwu Ịtali, triangle, square, na kpakpando dị n'etiti akara ngosi ahụ na egosi akụkụ ndị a (nke atọ, nke anọ, na nke isii) nke (ma eleghị anya) ọnwa.

Aka "Dragon": amụma chi jiri n'ehihie na n'akụkụ ọnwa

Ọnwa anaghị anọ n'otu mbara ala ahụ dị ka ụwa na agba anyanwụ gburugburu mana ọ na agafe ya n'ebe abụọ. Ọnwa na agafe ụgbọ elu ecliptic ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa, otu ugboro mgbe ọ na arịgo n'elu ụgbọelu ahụ, na ọzọ ụbọchị 15 ma ọ bụ karịa mgbe ọ na'okpuru ecliptic. Ebe abụọ a bụ ebe ndị na arịgo na ndị na agbadata ọnwa. Ikpuchi anyanwụ na ọnwa ga eme naanị mgbe ọnwa dị nso n'otu n'ime nodes ndị a n'ihi na n'oge ndị ọzọ ọnwa dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịhụ chi jiri n'ehihie n'ụwa.

Ụfọdụ elekere ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na edekọ ọnọdụ nke ọnwa na ogologo pointer nke na agafe dial, na ogologo ya gbatịrị n'akụkụ abụọ nke dial iji gosipụta ebe abụọ dị iche na anyanwụ ma ọ bụ lunar dial. Aka a na akpọ "dragọn" na eme otu ntụgharị zuru oke gburugburu akara ecliptic ọ bụla afọ iri na itoolu.  A na Agha ya mma mgbe ụfọdụ na onyinyo nke agwọ ma ọ bụ ezé (Grik: drakon) na ọnụ ya na ọdụ ya na emetụ aka n'èzí, nke a na akpọ Latin: "caput draconam" na Latin: "cauda draconam' ọbụlagodi na a hapụrụ dragọn ahụ (ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na aha yiri nke ngalaba abụọ nke ìgwè kpakpando Serpens).

N'oge Oge chi jiri n'ehihie n'afọ abụọ, akara anyanwụ na adaba ma ọ bụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọdụ dragọn. Mgbe aka dragọn na ọnwa zuru ezu kwekọrọ, ọnwa dị n'otu mbara ala ahụ dị ka Ụwa na Anyanwụ, ya mere enwere ezigbo ohere na a ga ahụ chi jiri n'ehihie n'otu akụkụ nke Ụwa. Mgbe ọnwa ọhụrụ na aka dragọn ahụ jikọtara, enwere ohere dị mma na chi jiri n'ehihie nwere ike ịhụ n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa.

Injin Cosmic nke Su Song

Ebe ngosi nka sayensị (London) nwere ihe nlereanya nke 'Cosmic Engine', nke Su Song, onye China polymath, mepụtara ma wuo na China na 1092. Nnukwu ụlọ elu elekere hydromechanical a dị ihe dị ka mita iri n'ịdị elu (ihe dị ka ụkwụ 30) ma gosipụta mgbapụ elekere ma jiri wiil na agbagharị ma ọ bụ mmiri na ada na mmiri mercury, nke na-ajụ oyi na okpomọkụ dị ala karịa mmiri, na enye ohere ịrụ ọrụ elekere n'oge ihu igwe oyi. E nwere ihe yiri elekere Su Song nke zuru oke na Republic of China (Taiwan) 's National Museum of Natural Science, obodo Taichung. Ihe oyiyi zuru oke, nke na arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ihe dịka mita 12 (39 ụkwụ) n'ịdị elu, e wuru ya site na nkọwa mbụ nke Su Song na eserese igwe.

Astrarium nke Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio

Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio">Astrarium nke Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio bụ elekere dị mgbagwoju anya nke kpakpando rụrụ n'etiti 1348 na 1364 na Padova, Ịtali, site n'aka dọkịta na onye na eme elekere Giovanni Dondi della'Orologío. Astrarium nwere ihu asaa na 107 na agagharị agagharị; ọ gosipụtara ọnọdụ nke anyanwụ, ọnwa na mbara ala ise a maara mgbe ahụ, yana ụbọchị oriri okpukpe. Astrarium ahụ dị ihe dị ka mita 1 n'ịdị elu, ma nwee akụkụ asaa nke ọla ma ọ bụ ígwè na adabere na ụkwụ 7 dị ka mkpịsị ụkwụ. Akụkụ dị n'okpuru nyere akara awa 24 na nnukwu ịgbà kalenda, na egosi ememe ndị a na eme na chọọchị, ememe ndị na agagharị agagharị, na ọnọdụ na zodiac nke ọnwa na arịgo. Akụkụ dị n'elu nwere dials 7, nke ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka sentimita 30 n'obosara, na egosi data ọnọdụ maka Primum Mobile, Venus, Mercury, ọnwa, Saturn, Jupiter, na Mars.  N'elu akara awa iri abụọ na anọ bụ akara nke Primum Mobile, nke a na akpọ ya n'ihi na ọ na emegharị mmegharị nke kpakpando na mmegharị nke anyanwụ kwa afọ na ndabere nke kpakpadas. Nke ọ bụla n'ime 'planetary' dials jiri elekere dị mgbagwoju anya mepụta ihe nlereanya ziri ezi nke mmegharị mbara ala. Ndị a kwekọrịtara nke ọma ma na echiche Ptolemaic ma na nchọpụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akara Dondi maka Mercury na eji ọtụtụ ụkwụ dị n'etiti, gụnyere: wiil nwere ezé 146, na wiil nwere ezere 63 n'ime (na eche ihu n'ime) nke nwere ezé ezé 20.

Oge elekere dị n'ime

Oge elekere Rasmus Sørnes

Oge elekere Rasmus Sørnes.

O doro anya na ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ya e wuru, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ngụkọta nke elekere anọ nke mbara igwe nke onye Norway Rasmus Sørnes (1893-1967), mepụtara ma mee, a na akọwa ya site na mgbagwoju ya dị elu nke dị n'ime mkpuchi nke nwere nha dị ala nke 0.70 x 0.60 x 2.10 m. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ebe anyanwụ na ọnwa na ọnwa na agbanyeghi oge ecliporian, oge okirikiri ụwa, oge okpomọkụ, oge okike okirikiri okirikiri, oge okpokoro anyanwụ, oge okpuru ala, oge okorobịa okirikiri nke okirikiri 800 A na eji ọla kọpa na ọla edo kpuchie ụkwụ niile. A na etinye ọlaọcha na dials. Oge elekere ahụ nwere pendulum electromechanical.

Sørnes mekwara ngwá ọrụ ndị dị mkpa ma dabere ọrụ ya na nchọpụta nke ya. Ebe egosiri ya na Time Museum na Rockford, Illinois (ebe ọ bụ na emechiri ya), na Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, e rere elekere ahụ na 2002 ma amabeghị ebe ọ dị ugbu a. A na egosipụta elekere Rasmus Sørnes Astronomical Clock No. 3, ihe bu ụzọ na elekere Chicago, ngwaọrụ ya, ikike ikike, eserese, onyokomita, na ihe ndị ọzọ na Borgarsyssel Museum na Sarpsborg, Norway.

Oge elekere tebụl

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Edmund Scientific n'etiti ndị na-ere ahịa ndị ọzọ na enye elekere Tellurium, ikekwe elekere igwe nke mbụ a ga ere n'ìgwè.

Na Japan, Tanaka Hisashige mere elekere afọ Myriad na 1851.

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  Oge elekere na wughachiri n'Ụlọ Blackheads (Riga)__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ

Ihe nche

N'oge na adịbeghị anya, onye na eme elekere n'onwe ya bụ Christiaan van der Klaauw [nl] mepụtara astrolabe aka, "Astrolabium" na mgbakwunye na "Planetarium 2000", "Eclipse 2001" na "Real Moon". Ulysse Nardin na erekwa ọtụtụ elekere aka, " Astrolabium," "Planetorium", na "Tellurium J. Kepler".

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  Obí Eze Ukwu, Valletta

Ihe atụ site na mba

Austria

• Innsbruck Oge elekere mbara igwe dị na gable nke 17-19 Maria-Theresien-Strasse bụ nke narị afọ nke 20 nke elekere mbara ala nke Ulm Rathaus .
• Peuerbach ụlọ nzukọ obodo Peuerbach nwere elekere astrolabe, nke buru ibu nke astrolabe mbụ nke Georg von Peuerbach nke 1457. [1]

Belgium

• Bern Zytglogge bụ elekere kpakpando a ma ama na narị afọ iri na ise nke dị n'ụlọ elu nke oge ochie.
• Otu elekere nke narị afọ nke iri na isii nke na egosi zodiac na ụbọchị nke izu na mgbanaka dị n'ime elekere elekere iri na abụọ, na bọl nke ọnwa n'elu:
  • Bremgarten elekere nke Spittelturm [de], nke etinyere na 1558.
  • Diessenhofen Oge elekere nke Siegelturm, nke etinyere na 1546.
  • Mellingen. elekere nke Zeitturm [de], nke etinyere na 1554.
  • nke]" data-linkid="675" href="./Schaffhausen" id="mwA-k" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen: Oge elekere nke Joachim Habrecht [de] na gable nke Fronwagturm, nke arụnyere na 1564, nwere aka ise, gụnyere ihe ngosi nke ọnọdụ anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac, na aka dragọn na egosi akara ọnwa.
• Sion: Oge elekere nke Sion dị n'ụlọ nzukọ obodo ahụ sitere na 1667-68. rụnyere usoro ya ugbu a na 1902. [1]
• Ịgba chaa chaa -ignore="true" id="mwA_c" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; "> [nke] elekere mbara igwe a, nke Lorenz Liechti [de] na Joachim Habrecht [de] tinyere na 1545 iji dochie anya nke mbụ nke 1452, na egosi ọnọdụ nke anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac.
• Winterthur A rụnyere elekere kpakpando a na 1529. A kwaturu ụlọ ahụ o nwere n'afọ 1870. Oge elekere ahụ ihe ngosi ugbu a na Museum Lindengut . [1]
• Zug: A rụnyere elekere mbara igwe nke Zytturm na 1574. Kalenda ya na egosi zodiac, oge ọnwa, ụbọchị izu na okirikiri afọ.

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  Arnemuidenelekere na-egosi mmiri dị elu na nke dị ala (hoog na va)
  
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  Eise Eisinga Planetarium dị naFraneker

Croatia

• Dubrovnik Ụlọ Elu Dubrovnik Bell nke e wuru na 1444 nwere elekere kemgbe e kere ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ihi mmebi ala ọma jijiji, a gbanwere ụlọ elu ahụ na elekere ahụ na 1929. Bọl ọnwa na-agbagharị na egosi oge ọnwa.

• 
  Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Oslo

Czech Republic

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  Gdańsk
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  Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Wrocław

• Prague Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Prague na Old Town Hall bụ otu n'ime elekere ndị a ma ama na mbara igwe. E wuchara akụkụ etiti ya na 1410, a gbakwunyere kalenda kalenda na 1490. A rụzigharịrị elekere ahụ mgbe e mebiri ya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1979. N'otu awa, Ọnwụ na akụ oge, ndịozi iri na abụọ na apụta n'ọnụ ụzọ n'elu elekere.
• Olomouc Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Olomouc na Town Hall bụ ihe atụ a na adịghị ahụkebe nke elekere mbara ala nke heliocentric. N'ịbụ nke akụkọ ifo dere na 1422, mana nke mbụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na 1517, a na emezigharị elekere ahụ ihe dịka otu ugboro na narị afọ ọ bụla; na 1898 a gbanwere astrolabe na ihe nlereanya heliocentric nke usoro anyanwụ. N'ịbụ nke ndị agha Germany na alaghachi azụ mebiri nke ukwuu na 1945, a rụgharịrị elekere ahụ n'ụdị nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na 1955, n'okpuru ọchịchị Kọmunist. A na eji ndị na eme egwuregwu, ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ndị ọzọ nọ n'òtù ndị na enweghị ọrụ dochie ndị okpukpe na ndị eze.
• Litomyšl Ụlọ elu nke Old Town Hall nwere elekere mbara igwe nke art nouveau, nke arụnyere na 1907.
• Ọ bụ onye amụma. A rụnyere elekere mbara igwe n'ụlọ elu nke New Town Hall na 1910.
• Kryštofovo Údolí. Oge elekere mbara igwe Kryštofovo Údolí bụ elekere mbara ala nke oge a (nke emere na 2008), nke e wuru n'ime ụlọ ọrụ eletrik.
• Hojsova Stráž E meghere elekere na enyocha mbara igwe n'ọhịa Bohemian n'afọ 2017. nwere akara ngosi na egosi oge awa 24, ụbọchị na zodiac, na oge ọnwa, na akara ngosi map kpakpando na aka dragọn, ma na egosi mgbe anyanwụ na-apụta na ọdịda anyanwụ.
• Třebíč Na Třebíč Astronomical Observatory, elekere nke oge a nke na egosi oge n'obodo ukwu ụwa, oge ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ, ụbọchị na zodiac, na usoro mbara ala.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Temple Hops and Beer , a museum and amusement complex dedicated to beer, nwere a astronomical elekere onyonyo on zodiac indication on illustrated the annual process of beer production.

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  Stará Bystrica

Denmark

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  Oge elekere nke mbara igwe
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  Oge elekere chọọchị Nottebäck
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  Oge elekere chọọchịRinkaby

France

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  Zytglogge, Bern
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  Ịgba Ọsọ Ndụ
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  Siegelturm, Diessenhofen
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  Fronwagturm, Schaffhausen
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  Zytturm, Zug
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  Zaịọn

• Auxerre Oge elekere nke narị afọ nke iri na ise na Tour de l'Horloge nwere aka anyanwụ nke awa iri abụọ na anọ na aka ọnwa nke na emechi mgbanwe n'Ụbọchị ọnwa nke awa iri anọ na anọ na nkeji iri ise, ma na egosi oge ọnwa na bọl ọnwa na agbagharị.
• Ọmarịcha osisi Oge elekere nke Beauvais na Cathedral Beauvais, nke Auguste-Lucien Vérité wuru n'afọ 1865-1868, nwere akara ngosi 52 nke na egosi oge ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọdịda anyanwụ, ọwụwa ọnwa, ọdịda ọnwa, usoro ọnwa, solstices, ọnọdụ mbara ala, oge dị ugbu a n'obodo 18 gburugburu ụwa, na oge ebili mmiri. 68 automata ya na eme mkpebi Ikpe Ikpeazụ n'otu awa.
• Ịnọ ọnụ Ọ bụ Auguste-Lucien Vérité wuru elekere mbara igwe Besançon na Katidral Besançon (1860). Ihe ngosi 70 ya na enye ihe ngosi 122.
• Bourges A rụnyere elekere mbara igwe nke Bourges na Katidral Bourges na 1424. Ọ na egosi zodiac, na oge ọnwa na afọ.
• Chartres Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Chartres na Katidral Chartres bụ elekere astrolabe, nke etinyere na 1528. A rụzigharịrị ya, usoro eletrik dochie ya, na 2009.
• Haguenau Ihu ụlọ ngosi Alsacien na egosipụta elekere mbara igwe, nke oge a nke elekere Ulm Rathaus.
• Lyon E wuru elekere mbara igwe nke Lyon na Katidral Lyon na 1661, na anọchi anya nke mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. Ọ nwere akara astrolabe na akara kalenda.
• Munster Chọọchị nke Saint-Léger nwere elekere nke okike, nke arụnyere na 2008. Ọ na egosi oge, ụbọchị izu, ọnwa na zodiac, na oge ọnwa.
• Ploërmel Ploërmel astronomical clock, nke e wuru 1850-1855, nwere elekere astronomical nwere dials 10 na orrery.
• Rouen Gros Horloge nwere mmegharị e wuru na 1389, ya na akara agbakwunyere na 1529. Ọ na egosi oge ọnwa na gburugburu na agbagharị n'elu akara ahụ, na ụbọchị izu na oghere dị na ala nke akara ahụ.
• Saint-Omer Saint-Omer astronomical clock na Saint-Omers Cathedral bụ astrolabe clock nke 1558.
• Strasbourg Oge elekere nke Strasbourg bụ elekere nke atọ dị na Katidral Strasbourg, na esote ndị bu ya ụzọ na narị afọ nke iri na anọ na nke iri na isii. N'ịbụ nke Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué wuru site na 1838 ruo 1843, ọ na egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ mbara igwe na kalenda (gụnyere ihe a na eche na ọ bụ igwe mbụ zuru oke nke computus dị mkpa iji gbakọọ Ista) na ọtụtụ akpaaka.
• Versailles Oge elekere mbara igwe Passemant dị n'obí eze Versailles dị nso na Paris bụ elekere mbara ala rococo nke na anọdụ n'elu ala marble. O were afọ iri na abụọ maka onye na eme elekere na onye injinia iwu ma nye ya Louis nke Iri na Ise na 1754.

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  Oge elekere nke Wells Cathedral
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  Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Exeter Katidral
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  Ottery St Mary elekere mbara igwe
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  Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Hampton Court
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  York Minster elekere mbara igwe
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  Bracken House, elekere kpakpando nke London, na okirikiri ya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosiIhe ịrịba ama nke Zodiac.

Georgia

• Batumi Ihu ụlọ National Bank nke na Europe Square nwere elekere mbara igwe dabere na elekere dị na Mantua, nke na egosi ọnọdụ anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac, na oge ọnwa.

Germany

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  Ụlọ elu Zimmerna Lier, BelgiumỊgha ụgha, Belgium
• 
  Oge elekereSint-Truiden

• Otu ìgwè elekere mbara igwe nke dị n'ime nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ, nke iri na ise na nke iri na isii na chọọchị nke obodo Hanseatic League dị n'ebe ugwu Germany, nke a maara dị ka elekere Hanseatic (ìgwè ahụ gụnyekwara elekere na Gdańsk, ugbu a na Poland).
  • Bad Doberan Na Doberan Minster, Nikolaus Lilienfeld tinyere elekere astrolabe na 1390. Naanị akara ahụ dị ndụ, nke dị ugbu a n'elu ọnụ ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ.
  • Lübeck Oge elekere nke St. Mary's Church, nke e wuru na 1561-1566, mebiri na bọmbụ Lübeck na 1942. Oge elekere dị ugbu a bụ nke Paul Behrens dochiri, nke arụnyere na 1967.
  • Münster Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Münster nke 1540 na Katidral Münster, nke e ji akara zodiac e ji aka mee chọọ mma, nke naachọpụta ngagharị nke mbara ala, na-akpọ ụda glockenspiel n'ehihie ọ bụla.
  • Rostock Rostock astronomical clock na St. Mary's Church nke sitere na 1472, nke Hans Düringer wuru. Oge nwere oge kwa ụbọchị, zodiac, ọnwa, na ọnwa. Site na nchekwa data eletrọniki a raara nye elekere a edere nke ọma.
  • Akara. St. Mary's Church [de], elekere mbara igwe nke afọ 1580, nke e wughachiri na 1856 (ma onye na-eme elekere mebiri ya), ma weghachite ya na 1977. [1]
  • Stralsund. Oge elekere mbara igwe dị na St. Nicholas' Church bụ elekere astrolabe nke Nikolaus Lilienfeld tinyere na 1394. Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na isii.
  • Tangermünde Na St. Stephan, Tangermünde , elekere mbara igwe nke 2023 nke Volker Schulz na Thomas Leu rụrụ.
  • Wismar elekere mbara igwe nke narị afọ nke iri na ise na St. Mary's Church [de] mebiri site na bọmbụ na 1945.
• Otu elekere nke narị afọ nke iri na isii n'ihu ụlọ nzukọ obodo dị n'ebe ndịda Germany, nke nwere akara awa iri na abụọ, akara ọnwa, na akara kalenda na-egosi ọnọdụ anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac, na aka dragọn:
  • Esslingen bụ Neckar Clock of Esslingen Old Town Hall [de], nke e wuru na 1581-1586.
  • Heilbronn nke]-ignore="true" id="mwAmU" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; "> [nke] cx-link" data-linkid="476" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)"},"lt":{"wt":"Kunstuhr"},"2":{"wt":"de"},"3":{"wt":"Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Kunstuhr_(Heilbronn)?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwAmQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Kunstuhr [de] nke Heilbronn Town Hall [de] ya na Isaac Habrecht, nke arụnyere na 1579-1580.
  • Tübingen elekere nke Tübingen Town Hall [de], nke etinyere na 1510.
  • Ulm. elekere mbara igwe nke narị afọ nke iri na isii nke Ulm Town Hall [de] nwere usoro astrolabe nke awa iri abụọ na anọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwughachi zodiac dị ka mgbanaka na-agbagharị agbagharị nke ihe osise ọlaedo, na mgbanaka dị n'èzí nke dial bụ mgbanaka isi awa iri na abụọ.
• Cologne Cologne Planetarium [de], elekere mbara igwe nke oge a nke na-egosi awa n'oge nkịtị na oge sidereal, oge ọnwa, ọnọdụ anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac, na ntụgharị nke ụwa dịka ihe nlereanya geocentric si dị.
• Esslingen bụ Neckar 'isi ụlọ ọrụ Festo, Prọfesọ Hans Scheurenbrand ewuola Harmonices Mundi (nke aha ya sitere n'akwụkwọ Kepler nke otu aha ahụ), nke nwere elekere mbara igwe, elekere oge ụwa, na 74 bell glockenspiel. [1]
• Görlitz Görlitz Town Hall [-ignore="true" id="mwAoM" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; "> [nke]] na Church of St Peter na St Paul [de] nwere elekere narị afọ nke iri na isii nke na-egosi oge ọnwa.
• Munich Old Town Hall na Deutsches Museum nwere elekere nke na-egosi oge ọnwa na bọọlụ na-agbagharị, na zodiac na mgbanaka a na-akwụsi ike n'ime elekere iri na abụọ.
• Schramberg Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo nwere elekere mbara igwe arụnyere 1913. [1] Ihe ngosi ya yiri elekere nke Ulm (ma e wezụga na mgbanaka elekere dị n'èzí bụ awa iri abụọ na anọ), na mgbanaka astrolabe nke a na-emegharị dị ka mgbanaka zodiac ọla edo.
• Stuttgart elekere nke oge a n'ụlọ elu nke Stuttgart Town Hall [de] na-egosi oge ọnwa na ụbọchị izu.
• Ikpuru. Ụlọ elu elekere Worms Town Hall [] nwere kalenda nke oge a nke na-egosi ọnwa, ọnọdụ anyanwụ na ọnwa na zodiac, oge ọnwa, ma nwee aka dragọn.

• 
  Dubrovnik

Hungary

• Budapest: A contemporary astronomical clock with automata, at the Clock Museum.

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  Oge elekere ụwa nke Jens Olsen, Copenhagen

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  Ụlọ elekere, AuxerreÀkwà
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  Oge elekere na-enyocha mbara igwena Katidral BourgesKatidral Bourges
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  elekere naChartres Katidral
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  Oge elekere nke LyonnaKatidral Lyon
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  Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Strasbourg naKatidral Strasbourg
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  Oge elekere nke BeauvaisnaKatidral Beauvais

• Arezzo. The clock of the Templeeti:Interlanguage link, installed in 1552, shows the moon phase and age.
• Bassano del Grappa. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication on the Palazzo del Municipio, first installed in 1430, reconstructed by Bartolomeo Ferracina in 1747.
• Brescia. Astronomical clock dated Templeeti:Circa in the Torre dell'Orologio.
• Clusone. Fanzago's astronomical clock at the Templeeti:Interlanguage link, built by Pietro Fanzago in 1583.
• Cremona. The 16th-century astronomical clock of the Torrazzo, the bell tower of Cremona Cathedral, is the largest medieval clock in Europe.
• Macerata. An astronomical clock installed in the Templeeti:Interlanguage link, a modern replica of the original clock of 1571, which shows the orbits of the planets.
• Mantua. Astronomical clock was installed in 1473 in the Torre dell'Orologio of the Palazzo della Ragione.
• Merano. Clock tower at the entrance to Merano town cemetery, installed in 1908 by Philipp Hörz of Ulm, with a calendar dial showing the month, zodiac, and moon phase.
• Messina. The Messina astronomical clock in the tower of Messina Cathedral. Multi-dial clock equipped with complex automata. Constructed between 1930 and 1933 by the Ungerer Company of Strasbourg. It is one of the largest astronomical clocks in the world.
• Padua. 15th-century astronomical clock in the Torre dell'Orologio.
• Rimini. The clock tower on Piazza Tre Martiri has a calendar dial installed in 1750 showing the date, zodiac, and moon phase and age.
• Soncino. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication in the town hall. The terracotta zodiac dial dates from 1977.
• Trapani. Astronomical clock of 1596 in the Porta Oscura, with a dial for the hours and the zodiac, and a lunar dial.
• Venice. St Mark's Clock, in the clocktower on St Mark's Square, was built and installed by Gian Paulo and Gian Carlo Rainieri, father and son, between 1496 and 1499.

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  Chọọchị St. Nicholas, Stralsund
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  Chọọchị St. Mary, Rostock
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  Katidral Münster
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  Chọọchị St. Mary, Lübeck
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  Ulm
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  Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Deutsches, Munich

Latvia

• Astorga: Ihu dị n'ime elekere nke Astorga Cathedral nwere akara awa 24 nke na oge ọnwa na ụbọchị.

• 
  Budapest

• Valletta elekere nke Obí Eze Ukwu, nke arụnyere na 1745, na egosi oge, ụbọchị, ọnwa, na oge ọnwa, ma nwee mgbịrịgba nke ndị jacquemarts anọ kụrụ.
• Malta nwere ọtụtụ elekere ụka nke na egosi ihe ngosi kalenda na dials dị iche iche, gụnyere nke St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta; St Paul's Cathedral, Mdina; Rotunda nke Mosta; na Church of St Bartholomew, Għargħur .

• 
  Cremona
• 
  Mantua
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  Brescia
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  Padua
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  Venice
• 
  Messina

• Arnemuiden Oge elekere chọọchị nke narị afọ nke iri na isii na Arnemuiden na egosi oge ọnwa na oge oke mmiri.
• Franeker Eise Eisinga Planetarium, nke e wuru na 1774-1781, bụ elekere elekere na nke mbara igwe nke na egosi mmegharị nke usoro anyanwụ.

Norway

• Oslo Oge elekere nke narị afọ nke 20 na Oslo City Hall.

• Gdańsk Na Chọọchị St. Mary, e nwere elekere mbara igwe Gdańsk nke sitere na 1464 ruo 1470, nke Hans Düringer nke Toruń wuru. E wughachiri ya mgbe afọ 1945 gasịrị.
• Wrocław Oge elekere nke narị afọ nke iri na isii na egosi oge ọnwa na Wrocław Town Hall.

• Stará Bystrica: E wuru elekere na enyocha mbara igwe n'ụdị nke Our Lady of Sorrows n'ọma ahịa obodo na 2009. Akụkụ mbara igwe nke elekere ahụ nwere astrolabe na egosipụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị na agụ kpakpando, ọnọdụ nke Anyanwụ na Ọnwa, na usoro ọnwa. Ihe oyiyi ya na akpaaka ya na egosi ndị Slovakian akụkọ ihe mere eme na okpukpe. na achịkwa elekere ahụ site na kọmputa site na iji akara DCF77.

Spain

• Riga: Oge elekere dị n'ihu ụlọ Blackheads na egosi oge, ụbọchị, ọnwa, ụbọchị izu, na oge ọnwa.

• Lund: elekere mbara igwe Lund na Katidral Lund na Sweden, (Horologium mirabile Lundense) mere n'ihe dị ka 1425, ma eleghị anya site n'aka onye na eme elekere Nicolaus Lilienveld na Rostock. Mgbe echekwara ya kemgbe 1837, e weghachiri ya ma weghachite ya na 1923. Naanị akụkụ dị n'elu, nke mbara igwe bụ nke mbụ, ebe ụfọdụ n'ime akụkụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ nke oge ochie nwere ike ịhụ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Katidral. Mgbe ọ na akpọ, mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ Na Dulci Jubilo site na obere organ na chọọchị ahụ, ebe ihe oyiyi osisi asaa, na-anọchite anya ndị majị atọ na ndị na ejere ha ozi, na-agafe.
• Fjelie : Emil Ahrent, onye ụkọchukwu obodo ahụ, wuru ma nye Fjelie Church elekere na 1946.
• Nottebäck : K.L. Lundén, onye ụkọchukwu obodo ahụ, tinyere elekere na enyocha mbara igwe na Nottebäck Church na 1954.
• Rinkaby: A rụnyere elekere mbara igwe na Rinkaby Church n'afọ ndị 1950. A na eji elekere oge ochie eme ya, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik n'ógbè ahụ mere ya.

Switzerland

• Ịgha ụgha. Ụlọ elu Zimmer nwere elekere mbara igwe nke Louis Zimmer tinyere na 1930. Na mkpịsị aka iri na abụọ gbara elekere etiti gburugburu, ọ na enye ihe ngosi gụnyere oge gburugburu ụwa, ụbọchị, oge ọnwa, na nhazi oge oge, ma gụnye elekere mmiri.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Oge elekere mbara igwe Senzeilles bụ nke Lucien Charloteaux ji aka ya gụrụ n'etiti afọ 1896 na 1912. Oge elekere ụlọ nke dị n'ime igbe osisi, ọ na enye ihe ngosi gụnyere oge anyanwụ, nke etiti na nke sidereal gburugburu ụwa, ọnọdụ nke ìgwè kpakpando na mbara ala, na ọdịdị nke Halley's Comet.
• Sint-Truiden Oge elekere mbara igwe nke Kamiel Festraets [nl] rụrụ n'etiti 1937 na 1942 dị ugbu a na Festraets Museum.

United Kingdom

• A group of four famous astronomical clocks in the West Country, dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, all of which show the 24-hour time and the moon phase:
  • Exeter. The Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock (Templeeti:Circa)
  • Ottery St Mary. The Ottery St Mary astronomical clock (15th century)
  • Wells. The Wells Cathedral clock (1386–1392)
  • Wimborne Minster. The Wimborne Minster astronomical clock (14th century)
• Durham. Prior Castell's Clock in Durham Cathedral, installed between 1494 and 1519.
• Hampton Court Palace. The Hampton Court astronomical clock (1540) is on the interior façade of the Main Gatehouse. It is a fine early example of a pre-Copernican astronomical clock.
• Leicester. The Leicester University astronomical clock (1989) is on the Rattray Lecture Theatre opposite the Physics department.
• London. The astrological clock of Bracken House was installed in 1959, and depicts the Signs of the Zodiac.
• Snowshill. The Nychthemeron Clock, installed in the garden of Snowshill Manor in Gloucestershire.
• St Albans. A modern clock dating from 1995, built from notes by Richard of Wallingford held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. On display in St Albans Cathedral.
• York. The York Minster astronomical clock, an astronomical clock installed in 1955 as a memorial to airmen killed in World War II, shows the positions of the sun and stars from the perspective of a pilot flying over York. It was damaged by fire in 1984, and is not currently working.

Hụkwa

• Astrolabe
• Astrarium
• Oge Oge Ogologo Ugbu a, nke a na-akpọkwa elekere 10,000 afọOge elekere 10,000
• Ụdị usoro anyanwụ
• Torquetum

Ihe odide

• Needham (1986). Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering, Science and Civilization in China. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 
• North (2005). God's Clockmaker, Richard of Wallingford and the invention of time. Hambledon and London. 
• Borgarsyssel Museum, Sarpsborg, mbipụta Norwegian nke afọ 2003, na mbipụta Bekee nke afọ 2008 (nke dị na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie).Sørnes (2008). The Clockmaker Rasmus Sørnes. 
• King (1978). Geared to the Stars: the evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks. University of Toronto Press. 

Njikọ mpụga

• Nchọgharị maka Rasmus Sørnes elekere nke anọ
• Oge Ndị Na-enyocha Ihe Ndị Dị na Ụzọ Mmiri nke Prague
• Oge elekere nke oge a, nke dị n'ịntanetị
• Les Cadrans Solaires (Sundials), na-egosikwa elekere mbara igwe nke Europe (n'asụsụ French)
• MoonlightClock.com - Oge elekere ndị e ji aka mee
• Oge elekere mbara igwe