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Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ

  

Egbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ (American English), igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ (Commonwealth English), ma ọ bụghị igbu ihere bụ ụdị igbu ọhụrụ nke ndị ezinụlọ ha gburu mmadụ ma ọ bụla n’aka ha, n’ihi nke enwe omenala kwadoro na ogbugbu mmadụ dị otú ahụ bụ. Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-ejikọtakarị na Okpụkpere chi, agbụrụ, ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nhazi ọkwa ọha, ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ na-agụnye igbu ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ nwa agbọghọ site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ nwoke, n'ihi nkwenye nke ndị omempụ ahụ na onye ahụ e meruru ahụ eweta so ihere ma ọ bụ ihere n'aha ezinụlọ, aha ma ọ bụ ugwu. Ekwe yere na ogbugbu mmadụ sitere na omenala agbụrụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na mgbakọ mba ụwa na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ katọrọ, obodo dị iche iche na-akwadokarị ma na-akwado igbu mmadụ n'ihi nsọpụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ebe onye e merụrụ ahụ bụ onye mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị igbu onye a ga-eme ka a na-ebo ndị òtù ezinụlọ ebubo na ha nwere ụjọ, omume rụrụ arụ, ma mesịa bụrụ ndị a na-akparị n'àgwà n'obodo ha. N'ọnọdụ mgbe onye a tara ahụhụ bụ onye ezinaụlọ, ogbugbu ahụ na-esite n'echiche ndị na-eme mpụ ahụ na onye ahụ e gburu egbu ebutela ezinụlọ dum ihere ma ọ bụ ihere, nke nwere ike iduga nchụpụ ọha na eze, site n'imebi ụkpụrụ omume nke obodo. Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere ịnọ na mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ inwe mmekọrịta n'etiti ọha na eze na-abụghị ezinaụlọ nke nwere ike iduga nchụpụ ọha na eze nke ezinụlọ (nsogbu-site-mmekọrịta). Ihe atụ bụ inwe mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye, n’alụghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma ọ bụ mgbe alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị (ọ bụrụ na a gbara alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ), ịjụ ịbanye n’alụmdi na nwunye ahaziri ahazi, ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nkewa, iso ndị si n’ebe dị iche iche na-enwe mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmekọ, ịbụ onye ihe metụtara. mpụ mmekọahụ, iyi uwe, ihe ịchọ mma, na ihe ndị e ji ejikọta mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ, itinye aka ná mmekọrịta n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ mmachibido iwu, na nwoke idina nwoke.

Ọ bụ ezie na ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eme ma bụrụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, n'ọtụtụ obodo, ịgbaso ụkpụrụ omume ọma na-egosi omume dị iche iche maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ịdị ọcha maka ụmụ nwanyị. N'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ, ndị ikom na-eji ebumnuche nsọpụrụ eme ihe dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji gbochie ikike ụmụ nwanyị. A na-eme igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ n'obodo na ebumnuche ịta ahụhụ maka mmebi iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmekọahụ, okpukpe ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ usoro ndị isi. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-eme igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ megide onye ikwu nwanyị a na-ewere na ọ mebiri ezinụlọ ya.[1]

A na-ejikọta igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ na Greater Middle East na mpaghara India, mana ha gbanye kwara mkpọrọ gwụ na ọdịbe dị ndị ọzọ, dị ka Philippines, Northern Caucasus na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mediterenian Europe.[2] [3][4]Ha dịkwa n'ógbè ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata na mba ndị na-enweghị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze nke na-agba ume igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ. [5][6][7][8] A na-ejikọkarị igbu ọchụ na ime obodo na mpaghara agbụrụ, mana ha na-emekwa n'obodo ukwu. [9][10]

Nkọwa

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Mpụ nkwanye ùgwù bụ omume ime ihe ike, nke na-abụkarị igbu ọchụ, nke ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwoke na-eme megide ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwanyị bụ ndị a na-eche na ha wetaara ezinụlọ ahụ ihere. Ezinụlọ ya nwere ike ịlụso nwanyị ọgụ n'ihi ihe dịgasị iche iche gụnyere, ịjụ ịbanye n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi, ịbụ onye a wakporo, ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm - ọbụlagodi site n'aka di na-emegbu - ma ọ bụ ịkwa iko. Nanị nghọta na nwanyị emeela ihe n'ụzọ iji weta "ihe ihere" n'ezinụlọ ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka mwakpo.[11]

Ụmụ nwoke nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ nke nwanyị a na-eche na ha na ha nwere mmekọrịta na-ekwe dịghị ekwesị; ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ ha, nke ikpeazụ na-eji kọ karị na ndị na ụdị onwe.[12]

Ihe ndị e ji mara ya

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Ọtụtụ ndị otu ezinụlọ na-eme atụmatụ igbu ọchụ n'ụzọ nsọpụrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ site na " kansụl ezinụlọ". A na-eji egwu igbu ọchụ eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi chịkwaa omume, ọkachasị gbasara mmekọahụ na alụmdi na nwunye, nke a nwere ike ile anya dị ka ọrụ maka ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ niile ikwado. Ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwere ike iche na a mbanyere ha ime ihe iji chekwaa aha ezinụlọ ahụ n'ime obodo ma zere ihere ma ọ bụ izere izere, ọkachasị hasị n'ime ogbè ndị dị n'otu.[13] Ndị na-eme ya anaghị eche ihere na-adịghị mma ihu n'ime obodo ha, n'ihi na a na-ele omume ha anya dị ka ihe ziri ezi.[14]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ siri ike inweta, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na akọwa pụtara " nsọpụrụ" n'ụzọ na-ezi ghi ezi ma ọ bụ akọwapụtara ya n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ karịa na Nkeji edemede 12 nke UDHR (nke e hotara n'elu) na-enweghị nkọwa doro anya. N'ihi ya, ọ na-esiri ya ike inye ụkpụrụ maka ikpebiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ikpe a nyere bụ ihe atụ nke igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ. N'ihi enweghị nkọwa doro anya nke "nsọpụrụ" na ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ ekwekọ, a na-ekwukarị na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na'egbu egbu na-enwekarị ụmụ nwanyị naanị.[15]

Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, mana a na-akpọ karị ya na Middle East, South Asia na North Africa.[16] [17][18]N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na Southern Europe, na "enwetakarị omume nke igbu ọchị kwu ' nsọpụrụ' n'ime ncheta dị ndụ n'ime mba Mediterenian dị ka Ịtali na Gris," na "Is Ọkpụrụkpụ n'ụwa Mediterranean bụ ụkpụrụ omume, ụzọ ndụ na ụkpụrụ nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-akọwa ndụ, omenala na ụkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Mediterranean. [19][20] Na Corsica, e nwere omenala siri ike nke inọ ọbọdọ, nke chọrọ ka ndị Corsican gbuo onye ọ bụla mebiri nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ ha. N'agbata afọ 1821 na 1852 e gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,300 na Corsica. [21] Esemokwu ezinụlọ nke na-akpata igbu ọchụ na-aga n'ihu na-ewere ọnọdụ na Sardinia na narị afọ nke 21.[22] Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ abụọ ihe zuru ebe niile na mba Mediterenian nke Southern Europe ruo n'oge na-adịghi anya, n'ebe ndị dị Ala Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy na Greece. N'Omenala ndị France, a na-eme ka akụkọ banyere igbu ọchụ dị otú ahụ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma gosi pụta ya n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè n'Akwụkwọ French nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, na "N'akwụkwọ dịka na ndụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a taa ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị omenala ahụhụ nke ukwuu ka àgwà nnụnụ isi ha ghara ikpebiri ali omume nnupụụisi ọzọ".[23]France nwekwara ọdịbendị siri ike nke ịlụ ọgụ iji kwado nsọpụrụ, National Geographic kpọrọ France "isi obodo ịlụ ọgụ nke Europe". [24] Nsọpụrụ bụ isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'Akwụkwọ Spanish oge ochie, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị Spanish ọdịnala; otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede Spanish a ma ama na-ekwu maka echiche nke nsọpụrụ bụ El médico de su honra nke Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi The Point of Honour nke onye edemede Bekee bụ W. Somerset Maugham na-ezo aka na El médico de su honra ma na-atụle ọrụ nsọpụrụ na ọha mmadụ Spanish na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19. Echiche nke nsọpụrụ ka ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịbendị Mediterenian mụrụ nke ọma, ebe ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ndị ahụ nke nsọpụrụ.[25]

Usoro

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Ụzọ igbu ọchụ gụnyere ịtụ nkume, ịma mma, iti ihe, ịgba ọkụ, igbu pụrụ isi, ịkwụ gburugburu, igbu ọchukwu, Mwakpo acid na-egbu egbu, ịgba égbè, na nkụ.[26] Mgbe ụfọdụ, obodo na-egbu mmadụ n'ihu ọha iji dọọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo aka ná ntị banyere ihe nwere ike izụta na itinye aka n'ihe a na-ahụ dị ka omume iwu na-akwado ghi.[1][26]

Ojiji nke ụmụaka dị ka ndị na-eme ya

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Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ezinụlọ na-ahọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbu, ka onye ogbugbu wee nwee ike irite uru site na ndi na-ahụ iwu kachasị mma. A na-arịọkarị ụmụ nwoke na mgbe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ezinụlọ ka ha nyochaa ma nyochaa omume nke ụmụnne ha nwanyị ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ, iji hụ na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị eme ihe ọ bụla iji mebie 'nkwanye ùgwù' na 'aha' nke ezinụlọ ahụ. A na-arịọkarị ụmụ okorobịa ka ha gbuo ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ha ajụ, ha nwere ike inyere agide mmetụta siri ike site n'ezinụlọ na obodo maka ịgighara ụ ọrụ ha. [26] [27]

Omenala

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  Ihe ọmenala ndị na-eduga n'ihu hapụ nsọpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-agụnye ime ihe ike na egwu dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ịnọgide na-achịkwa. A na-ekwu na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ sitere n'etiti ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na ndị na-azụ anụ: ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebu ihe niile bara uru ha ma na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke izuru ha, ha enweghịkwa ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka iwu. N'ihi ya, ịkpali egwu, iji ime ihe ike, na ịzụlite aha maka ịbọ ọbọ ime ihe ike iji chebe ihe onwunwe ka mma karịa omume ndị ọzọ. N'obodo ebe e nwere ọchịchị na-adịghị ike, ndị mmadụ ga-ewu aha ọjọọ.[28]

N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ebe nsọpụrụ bụ ihe dị mkpa, ụmụ nwoke bụ isi iyi, ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta / ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke nsọpụrụ ahụ, ebe naanị mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inwe na nsọpụrụ bụ ibibi ya.[28] Ozugbo a na-ewere nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ dị ka nwanyị mebiri, ọ dị mkpa ịbọ ọbọ ozugbo iji weghachite ya, maka ezinụlọ iji zere ịhapụ ihu na obodo. Dị ka nkwupụta Amnesty International si kwuo:   Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya banyere Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụzọ a na-esi ele ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ndị na-asọpụrụ ùgwù anya na-ewetara ụmụ nwoke ihere na-abụkarị site na omume mmekọahụ ha. N'ezie, e dekọrọ ime ihe ike metụtara ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị kemgbe Rom oge ochie, mgbe pater familias nwere ikike igbu nwa nwanyị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye na-akwa iko. Na Europe oge ochie, iwu ndị Juu nyere iwu ka a tụgbuo nwunye na-akwa iko na onye òtù ọlụlụ ya.[28]

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, prọfesọ anthropology na Rhode Island College, dere na omume, ma ọ bụ ọbụna omume a na-ebo ebubo, nke omume mmekọahụ ọ bụla, na-emebi usoro omume nke ọdịbendị ahụ, na ịwụfu ọbara bụ naanị ụzọ iji wepụ ihere ọ bụla sitere n'omume ahụ ma weghachite nguzozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[29] Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nsọpụrụ na mmekọahụ nwanyị bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ ndị edemede na-ekwu na ọ bụghị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya bụ 'nsogbu', kama mkpebi onwe onye ụmụ nwanyị n"ihe gbasara ya, yana ọmụmụ. Sharif Kanaana, prọfesọ nke Anthropology na Mahadum Birzeit, na-ekwu na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ bụ:


Nighat Taufeeq nke ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Shirkatgah dị na Lahore, Pakistan na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụ njikọ sọ nke na-arụ ọrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị: ndị na-egbu egbu na-anya isi n'ihe ha mere, ndị isi bụrụ na-akwado omume ahụ ma chebe ndị na-agbachitere ndị na-eme ihe ndị na-akpata mmadụ na ndị uwe ojii na-ekpuchi ya. " Ikike ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan na-adabere n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ na omenala ha [30]

Nnyocha ndị Turkey na July 2008 site n'aka otu ndị otu si na Mahadum Dicle banyere igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Anatolia, mpaghara ndị Kurdish nke Turkey, egosiwo na obere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla ọha na eze na-ejikọta na igbu ọchukwu nsọpụrụ. Ọ na-ekwukwa na omume ahụ enweghị njikọ na usoro ọha mmadụ, "e nwekwara ndị na-eme ya bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum. N'ime ndị niile a nyochara, pasent 60 bụ ma ọ bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadul ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ndị gụrụ egwú. "[31]

N'oge a, a na-ejikwa ọnọdụ ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị kọwaa ihe omume nke igbu ọchụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ndị nna ochie bụ ndị nwetara nnwere onwe akụ na ụba site n'ezinụlọ ha na-emegide ọdịbendị ha nke ụmụ nwoke. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na mgbanwe maka ibu ọrụ ka ukwuu maka ụmụ nwanyị na obere maka ndị nna ha nwere ike ime ka ndị òtù ezinụlọ ha nwoke na-eme ihe n'ụzọ mmegbu na mgbe ụfọdụ ime ihe ike iji nwetaghachi ikike.[32]

Fareena Alam, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ndị Alakụba, dere na igbu ọchụ nke na-ebilite na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ dị ka Britain bụ usoro maka ezinụlọ ndị mbịarambịa iji nagide ihe ndị na-eme ka obodo mepụta. Alam na-ekwu na ndị mbịarambịa na-anọ nso na omenala ụlọ na ndị ikwu ha n'ihi na ọ na-enye netwọk nchekwa. O dere na  


Nwanyị na-anwa ịgba alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nkewa na-enweghị nkwenye nke di / ezinụlọ gbasaa nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata igbu ọchụ. N'omenala ebe a na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye na ihe ndị a na-agbanwekarị n'etiti ezinụlọ, a na-elekarị ọchịchọ nwanyị ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm anya dị ka mkparị nye ndị ikom kwurịtara nkwekọrịta ahụ. Site n'ime ka a mara nsogbu alụmdi na nwunye ha n'èzí ezinụlọ, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-ekpughe ezinụlọ ahụ n'ihu ọha.[13]

Ebubo na asịrị banyere onye òtù ezinụlọ

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N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, ebubo megide nwanyị nwere ike imebi aha ezinụlọ ya, na ịkpata igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ: egwu ezinụlọ ahụ na obodo ga-achụpụ ya dị ukwuu. [33] [34][35]   N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, ndị e dinara n'ike na-eche ajọ ime ihe ike ihu, gụnyere igbu ọchụ, site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ ha na ndị ikwu ha. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, a na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ụmụ nwoke dinara n'ike ka ha wetaara ezinụlọ ha 'ihe ihere' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ihie' .[36] Nke a bụ karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ e gburu egbu tụụrụ ime.[37]

Omume nke ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọka ikpe nke Pakistan (karịsịa na ọkwa dị ala nke ndị ọka ikpe ) yiri ka ọ na-akwado omume igbu ọchụ n'aha nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ n'oge gara aga. Ndị uwe ojii, n'ọnọdụ nke igbu ọchụ a kwetara, anaghị eme ihe mgbe niile megide onye na-eme ya. Ọzọkwa, ndị ọkàikpe na Pakistan (karịsịa na ọkwa dị ala nke ndị ọka ikpe [1]), kama ikpe ikpe ikpe na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'uche, o yikwara ka ha na-eme ka enweghị nhata sie ike ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-akwado igbu ụmụ nwanyị a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-adịghị akwụwa aka ọtọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, igbu ọchụ a na-enyo enyo adịghị eru ụlọ ikpe, mana n'okwu ikpe ebe ha na-eme, a naghị ebu onye a na-ebo ebubo igbu ọchukwu ma ọ bụ na-enye ya ikpe dị ala nke afọ atọ ruo anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'ime nnyocha ikpe nke igbu ọchụ 150 maka nsọpụrụ, ndị ọkàikpe na-aga n'ihu jụrụ naanị nkwupụta asatọ na e gburu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ maka nsọpụrụ ahụ. A mara ndị ọzọ ikpe n'ụzọ dị mfe.[38] N'ọtụtụ ikpe na Pakistan, otu n'ime ihe mere ikpe igbu ọchụ anaghị abanye n'ụlọ ikpe, bụ n'ihi na, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị si kwuo, ndị mmanye iwu Pakistani anaghị etinye aka. N'okpuru agbamume nke onye ogbugbu ahụ, ndị uwe ojii na-ekwukarị na ogbugbu a bụ ikpe ụlọ nke na-ekwesịghị itinye aka. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ahụ na-atụ egwu ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ na-ebo ebubo. Otú ọ dị, ndị uwe ojii na-ekwu na ọ dịghị mgbe a na-ewetara ha ikpe ndị a, ma ọ bụ ha abụghị ndị buru ibu iji chụsoo n'ụzọ buru ibu.[39] Enweghị mmasị n'okwu igbu ọchụ n'ime Pakistan bụ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị siri ike na iwu, ndị uwe ojii, na ndị ikpe. Na akụkọ ya, "Pakistan: Honor Killings of Girls and Women", nke e bipụtara na Septemba 1999, Amnesty International katọrọ enweghị mmasị gọọmentị ma kpọọ maka ọrụ gọọmentị n'ichebe ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.[40] Iji kọwaa ya, Amnesty rịọrọ Gọọmentị Pakistan ka o mee 1) usoro iwu, 2) mgbochi, na 3) nchebe. Nke mbụ, usoro iwu na-ezo aka na mgbanwe nke iwu mpụ gọọmentị iji hụ na nchebe iwu hà nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'elu nke ahụ, Amnesty siri ọnwụ na gọọmentị ga-eme ka ndị omempụ merụrụ ahụ nwee ike ịnweta iwu n'aha nsọpụrụ. Mgbe a bịara n'ihe mgbochi, Amnesty kwusiri ike mkpa dị mkpa ịkwalite mmata ọha na eze site na mgbasa ozi, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọkwa ọha. N'ikpeazụ, usoro nchebe gụnyere ijide n'aka na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, ndị ọka iwu, na ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị dị nchebe iji mee ka iwepụ igbu ọchụ dị mma. Ọzọkwa, Amnesty rụrụ ụka maka mmụba nke ọrụ nkwado ndị a na-emegbu dịka ebe mgbaba.

Kremlin-appointed Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have "loose morals" and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings. He did not vilify women alone but added that "If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her, both of them are killed."[41][42]

N'afọ 2007, onye nkwado a ma ama nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Norway kwuru na ọ chọrọ ka ntaramahụhụ maka igbu ọchụ ahụ belata site na afọ 17 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo afọ 15 n'okwu gbasara igbu ọchukwu a na-eme na Norway. Ọ kọwara na ọha na eze Norwegian aghọtaghị ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ na-eme igbu ọchụ, ma ọ bụ ghọta echiche ha, nakwa na ọdịbendị Norwegian "bụ onye ezi omume".[43]

N'afọ 2008, Israr Ullah Zehri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pakistani na Balochistan, gbachitere ogbugbu nsọpụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ise sitere n'ebo Umrani site n'aka onye ikwu nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nke Umrani.[44] Zehri gbachitere ogbugbu ahụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ma gwa ndị omeiwu ibe ya ka ha ghara ime esemokwu banyere ihe merenụ. O kwuru, "Ndị a bụ omenala dị ọtụtụ narị afọ, m ga-anọgide na-agbachitere ha. Naanị ndị na-eme omume rụrụ arụ kwesịrị ịtụ egwu. "[45][46]

Nilofar Bakhtiar, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta na onye ndụmọdụ praịm minista Pakistan na ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, mere mkpọsa megide igbu ọchụ na Pakistan mgbe ọ nọ n'ọchịchị.[47]

  • Tursunoy Saidazimova, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Uzbek na Uzbek SSR na otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-abụ abụ n'elu ikpo okwu na-enweghị ihe mkpuchi ihu. Di ya gburu ya obere oge ka ọrụ ya malitere.
  • Nurkhon Yuldashkhojayeva, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Uzbek mbụ na otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Uzbek mbụ na-agba egwu n'elu ikpo okwu na-enweghị paranja. Nwanne ya nwoke mara ya mma ruo ọnwụ.
  • Tina Isa, nwa agbọghọ America dị afọ iri na isii nke nne na nna ya mara mma ma gbuo ya.
  • Rukhsana Naz, nwanyị British Pakistani dị afọ iri na itoolu na nne nke abụọ si Normanton, Derby, onye ndị ezinụlọ gburu.
  • Surjit Athwal, nwanyị Britain-India dị afọ 27 e gburu na India. Ọ bụ nne di ya na di Surjit gbara ya ume igbu ya.
  • Tulay Goren, nwa akwụkwọ Kurdish dị afọ iri na ise si Woodford Green, East London nke furu efu na Jenụwarị 1999. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, a mara nna ya Mehmet Goren ikpe maka ogbugbu ya. Mehmet gburu Tulay n'ihi na ya na nwoke meworo okenye nọ na mmekọrịta, sitere na alaka dị iche nke okwukwe Alakụba.
  • Samia Sarwar, nwanyị Pakistani nke onye ogbugbu nke nne na nna ya were n'ọrụ gbagburu n'ọfịs ndị ọka iwu ya na Lahore.
  • Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu, onye Indo-Canadian beautician nke a tọọrọ, mekpọọ ya ọnụ, ma gbuo ya na India na iwu nke nne ya na nwanne nna ya dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka alụmdi na nwunye nzuzo ya.
  • Nitish Katara, onye isi azụmaahịa India dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na Delhi onye Vikas Yadav gburu n'ihi na ezinụlọ nke ikpeazụ ahụ anabataghị mmekọrịta ya na Bharti Yadav, nwanne nwanyị Vikas Yadab.
  • Fadime Şahindal, onye Kurdish kwagara Sweden nke nna ya gburu n'ihu nne ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ.
  • Heshu Yones, nwa agbọghọ Iraqi Kurd dị afọ iri na isii si London" id="mwA58" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Acton, London">Acton, London bụ onye nna ya gburu maka ịghọ "onye ọdịda anyanwụ" na maka itinye aka na mmekọrịta megidere iwu ya. Ikpe Heshu bụ nke mbụ na United Kingdom ka a nabatara ya n'ụzọ iwu ma kpụpụ ya dị ka igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ.
  • Shafilea Ahmed, nwa agbọghọ Britain Pakistani dị afọ iri na asaa nke nne na nna ya gburu n'ihi ịgbaso ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ma jụ ịnakwere alụmdi na nwunye a manyere yaAlụmdi na nwunye a manyere amanye
  • Hatun Sürücü, nwanyị Kurdish-Turkish bi na Germany bụ onye nwanne ya nwoke nke nta gburu. Sürücü gbara nwa nwanne nne ya alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, a kọkwara na ọ na-akpa nwa nwoke German.
  • Samaira Nazir, nwanyị Pakistan dị afọ iri abụọ na ise nke nwanne ya nwoke na nwa nwanne ya gburu maka ịjụ ịbanye n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi na maka ịjụ nhọrọ ndị mụrụ ya maka ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya si Pakistan.
  • Ghazala Khan, nwanyị Danish nke sitere na Pakistani, onye nwanne ya nwoke gbara egbe ma gbuo na Denmark mgbe ọ lụrụ di na nwunye megide ọchịchọ ezinụlọ ya.
  • Banaz Mahmod, nwanyị Kurdish Iraqi dị afọ 20 nke bi na Mitcham, South London gburu ya na iwu nke ezinụlọ ya n'ihi na ọ kwụsịrị alụmdi na nwunye a manyere ime ihe ike na mmegbu ma malite mmekọrịta ya na onye ọ họọrọ. E dekọrọ akụkọ ya na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke afọ 2012 Banaz: A Love Story .
  • Hina Saleem, nwanyị Pakistani bi na Ịtali nke nna ya gburu n'ihi enyi nwoke ya dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na nna ya chọrọ ya n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi.
  • Manoj na Babli, ndị lụrụ di na nwunye abụọ a tọọrọ ma gbuo ha. Ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ogbugbu ahụ gụnyere ndị ikwu Babli, dị ka nna nna ya, nwanne ya nwoke, ụmụnne nne na nna nna ya.
  • Sadia Sheikh, nwanyị Belgian dị afọ 20 nke sitere na Pakistani bụ onye nwanne ya nwoke gbagburu na Lodelinsart, Charleroi mgbe ndị mụrụ ya manyere ya ịlụ nwa nwanne nne ya ọ na-ahụtụbeghị. A na-akpọ ikpe ahụ ikpe igbu ọchụ mbụ nke Belgium.
  • Aqsa Parvez, nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke nwanne ya nwoke na nna ya kwụgburu ma gbuo na Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
  • Morsal Obeidi, nwa agbọghọ Germany" id="mwA8s" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Afghans in Germany">German-Afghan nke nwanne ya nwoke gburu na Hamburg, Germany.
  • Rand Abdel-Qader, nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Basra nke nna ya gburu n'ihi na ya na onye agha Britain nọ n'obodo ahụ ghọrọ enyi.
  • Sandeela Kanwal, nwanyị Pakistani bi na mpaghara Atlanta na Clayton County, Georgia, onye nna ya gburu.
  • Aasiya Zubair, onye Alakụba Pakistani American MBA nwa akwụkwọ bụ onye di ya mbụ Muzzammil Hassan mara mma ma gbupụ ya isi na Bridges TV station na Orchard Park, New York.
  • Coty Beavers, nwoke dị afọ 28 nke nna nwunye ya gburu.
  • Qandeel Baloch, onye Pakistan dị afọ iri abụọ na isii nke e gburu mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Multan. Nwanne ya nwoke kwupụtara igbu ọchụ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ "na-eweta aha ọjọọ" na "nkwanye ùgwù ezinụlọ".
  • Babak Khorramdin, onye dị afọ iri anọ na isii bụbu onye Iran na-eme ihe nkiri na London nke nne na nna ya mara mma ma gbuo ya maka ịbụ onye na-alụbeghị di na Mee 2021.
  • Ogbugbu nke Noor Almaleki, nwanyị Arab dị afọ 20 si Iraq nke ụgbọ ala nna ya na-anya maka ịjụ ịlụ di na nwunye ọtụtụ ugboro mgbe a na-ebugharị ya na Iraq mgbe niile.

Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ bụ, tinyere igbu ọchụ (nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha mere na South Asia), igbu ọchukwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ịbọ ọbọ (mgbukpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị so n'ezinụlọ ndị òtù òtù òtù ndị na-ese okwu - ọtụtụ n' cikinsu mere na Latin America) na igbu ọchaya ebubo amoosu (nke ọtụtụ'ime ha na-eme na Afrịka na Oceania) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị igbu ọchịrị nwanyị a ma ama.[26][48]

  1. ↑ BBC - Ethics - Honour crimes.
  2. ↑ "India 'honour killings': Paying the price for falling in love", BBC News, 20 September 2013.
  3. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml
  4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/
  5. ↑ 'Honour-based' offences soared by 81% in last five years (en). the Guardian (2021-10-31). Retrieved on 2022-04-11.
  6. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved on 23 May 2021.
  7. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/
  9. ↑ 'Honour killings increasing in urban areas' (22 December 2016). Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved on 23 May 2021.
  10. ↑ "Urban honour killings: Backlash against change - Times of India", The Times of India, 23 August 2015. Retrieved on 23 May 2021.
  11. ↑ Violence Against Women and "Honor" Crimes. Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 28 October 2004. Retrieved on 6 April 2001.
  12. ↑ Razzall. "Male 'honour' cases 'underreported'", 11 April 2017. Retrieved on 28 January 2019. (in en-GB)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 FAQ. Hbv-awareness.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved on 15 February 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hbv-awareness.com" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Introduction – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada. Justice.gc.ca (24 September 2013). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
  15. ↑ Malik, I.H. (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press, Westport; Çakır, R., Yavuz, M. F., and Demircan, T. (2004). Türkiye'de, Namus Saikiyle İşlenen Adam Öldürme Suçlarının Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of Honor Related Homicides in Turkey] Adli Tıp Dergisi [Journal of Forensic Medicine], 18(3-4):27–33. Öztürk, M.and Demirdağ, M.A. (2013). Namusunu Kanla Temizleyenler: Mardin Cezaevi'nde Namus Davası Nedeniyle Yatan Mahkûmlar Üzerine bir Araştırma [The Ones Who Restored Their Honour With Blood: A Sociological Research On Prisoners Convicted for Honour Related Issues in the Mardin Jailhouse]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları, 7(30):117–135. See also Ermers, R., 2018. Honor Related Violence. A New Social Psychological Perspective, Routledge, p. 196-197.
  16. ↑ The Horror of 'Honor Killings', Even in US (10 April 2012). Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved on 5 May 2020.
  17. ↑ 'Honor killings': 5 things to know. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved on 28 September 2021.
  18. ↑ Honor killings – UAB Institute for Human Rights Blog. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved on 28 September 2021.
  19. ↑ Honour Killings By Region. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
  20. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved on 11 October 2014.
  21. ↑ Willsher. "On Corsica, the intrigue of crime and politics claims another life", The Guardian, 20 October 2012.
  22. ↑ Rome. "Ten killed in two-decade family feud", 14 September 2023.
  23. ↑ Lieberman (1999). "Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France". Journal of Family History 24 (2): 131–147. DOI:10.1177/036319909902400201. PMID 11623654. 
  24. ↑ Why France was the dueling capital of Europe. National Geographic Society (19 August 2020). Archived from the original on 20 March 2021.
  25. ↑ Honor in Latin America, to 1900.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Femicide: A Global Issue that demands Action. Genevadeclaration.org. Academic Council on the United Nations System. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved on 20 May 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "genevadeclaration.org" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ Honour Related Violence. Humanrights.ch. Kvinnoforum (2005). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved on 20 May 2018.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing / Honour Killing – Worldwide / Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada. Justice.gc.ca (24 September 2013). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
  29. ↑ Fluehr-Lobban. Cultural Relativism and Universal Rights. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved on 2 December 2011.
  30. ↑ PAKISTAN Honour killings of girls and women. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved on 15 April 2008.
  31. ↑ Gezer. "Honor killing perpetrators welcomed by society, study reveals", Today's Zaman. Retrieved on 15 July 2008.
  32. ↑ Ince (2009). "Customary Killings in Turkey and Turkish Modernization". Middle Eastern Studies 45 (4): 537–551. DOI:10.1080/00263200903009593. 
  33. ↑ Ethics: Honour crimes. BBC (1 January 1970). Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  34. ↑ Dasgupta (21 February 2004). No Honour in Honour Killings. countercurrents.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  35. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved on 21 September 2013.
  36. ↑ Ethics – Honour crimes. BBC (1 January 1970). Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  37. ↑ Harter. "Libya rape victims 'face honour killings'", BBC, 14 June 2011. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  38. ↑ Goldberg. "A Question of Honor", The Guardian, 27 May 1999. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.
  39. ↑ Constable. "In Pakistan, Women Pay the Price of Honor", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 8 December 2011.
  40. ↑ Honor Killings in Pakistan Amnesty.org Retrieved 06/03/12. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved on 1 October 2012.
  41. ↑ Chechen leader imposes strict brand of Islam. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved on 11 November 2016.. Associated Press.
  42. ↑ "President Kadyrov defends honour killings", The Belfast Telegraph, 1 March 2009. Retrieved on 1 March 2009.
  43. ↑ "Staff vil gi strafferabatt for æresdrap", Aftenposten, 29 November 2007. Retrieved on 23 November 2011. (in no)
  44. ↑ PAKISTAN: Five women buried alive, allegedly by the brother of a minister. Asian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved on 31 March 2011.
  45. ↑ Hussain. "Three teenagers buried alive in 'honour killings'", The Times, 5 September 2008. Retrieved on 31 March 2011.
  46. ↑ Foreign. "Pakistani women buried alive 'for choosing husbands'", The Telegraph, 1 September 2008. Retrieved on 31 March 2011.
  47. ↑ David. "Hug Sparks Fatwa Against Pakistani Minister", Forbes, 10 April 2007. Retrieved on 6 July 2011.
  48. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved on 13 March 2014.
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