Wikipedia

Ogbugbu Spermicide

Spermicide but ihe eji ebochi afo ime nke na emebi sperm, ana etinye ya n'ime nwaanyi tupu ebido mmeko eji bochie afo ime. Dika ihe eji ebochi afo ime , ana eji soso spermicide. Ya bu out idi ime nke did na mwunye n'eji spermicide na di elu Karia ndi n'eji uzo ibochi ime ndi ozi. Ana eji spermicide na barrier method nke gunyere diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps na sponges. Combined method ka amara dika ihe na ebuchi idi ime nke ukwu Karia iji out method nani.[1]

Spermicides.

Ụdị na ịdị irè

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Ihe kachasị arụ ọrụ nke spermicides bụ noxynol-9. Spermicides nwere nonoxynol-9 dị n'ọtụtụ ụdị, dị ka jelly (gel), ihe nkiri, na ụfụfụ. N'iji ya mee ihe nenw ya, spermicides nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke 6% kwa afọ mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi na n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ 16% kwa afọ n'iji ya eme ihe.[2]

Ụdị ọgwụ sperm

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Ndepụta ihe atụ a sitere na Mayo Clinic: [3]

  1. VCF Ihe nkiri Igbochi Mmekọahụ
  2. VCF Igbochi afọ ime nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị
  3. VCF Igbochi Ime Ọmụma
  4. Nchịkwa
  5. Crinone
  6. Encare
  7. Endometrin
  8. VGS nke Progesterone Mbụ
  9. Gynol nke Abụọ
  10. Ịchụ nta
  11. Sponge Taa
  12. Vagi-Gard Douche Non-staining

Nonoxynol-9 bụ kemịkalụ bụ isi na spermicides iji gbochie motility sperm. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu sperm nwere ike ịgụnye octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride na menfegol.[4] Ihe ndị a na-abụghị ihe a ma ama na United States, ebe nonoxynol-9 naanị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Igbochi mmegharị nke sperm ga-egbochi sperm ịga n'ihu na àkwá na-agbadata na tubes fallopian gaa n'akpa nwa. Mmetụta miri emi nke spermicide kwesịrị igbochi cervix n'ụzọ dị irè ka sperm wee ghara ịgafe cervix gaa n'akpa nwa ma ọ bụ Fallopian tubes. Nnyocha na-ahụ nkesa nke spermicide nwere nonoxynol-9 n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị gosipụtara "Mgbe nkeji iri gachara, gel gbasaa n'ime ọwara ahụ na-enye mkpuchi epithelium nke ịdị arọ dị iche iche. " Nanị ebumnuche nke spermicide bụ igbochi imeju.[5]

Menfegol bụ ihe na-egbu sperm nke e mepụtara dị ka mbadamba ụfụfụ.[6] Ọ dị naanị na Europe.

Octoxynol-9 bụbu ihe a na-ahụkarị na-egbu sperm, mana ewepụrụ ya n'ahịa US na 2002 mgbe ndị na-emepụta ya emeghị nyocha ọhụrụ FDA chọrọ.[7]

A na-eji ọgwụ spermicides benzalkonium chloride na sodium cholate eme ihe na ụfọdụ sponges na-egbochi afọ ime.[8] Benzalkonium chloride nwekwara ike ịdị na Canada dị ka suppository.[9]

E nyere Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, na Deborah Anderson Ihe nrite Ig Nobel nke afọ 2008 (nke a na-akọwapụta Ihe nrite Nobel) na Chemistry, maka ịchọpụta na Coca-Cola bụ ihe na-egbu sperm nke ọma, [10] na C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu, na B.N. Chiang maka igosi na ọ bụghị[11][12]

E gosipụtara ihe ngwọta mmiri lemon iji mee ka ọbara ọcha ghara ịgagharị na ụlọ nyocha, [13] dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ Krest Bitter Lemon. [14] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị dere nyocha Krest Bitter Lemon tụrụ aro iji ya mee ihe dị ka douche postcoital, nke a o yighị ka ọ ga-arụ ọrụ, ka sperm na-amalite ịhapụ ejaculate (nke na-erughị douche ọ bụla) n'ime nkeji 1.5 nke itinye ya. Enweghị nnyocha e bipụtara edepụtara na o yiri ka e mere banyere ịdị irè nke nkwadebe mmiri lemon na igbochi afọ ime, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-akwado ha dị ka 'okike' spermicides.[15]

E gosikwara na nkwadebe lactic acid nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na-egbu sperm, na spermicides nke lactic acid dị.[16][17] A kwadoro ihe mgbochi afọ ime nwere lactic acid, citric acid, na potassium bitartrate (Phexxi) maka iji ya na United States na Mee 2020.

A tụkwara aro ihe ndị na-ewepụta osisi neem dị ka mmanụ neem dị ka spermicides dabere na nyocha ụlọ nyocha.[18] Nnyocha anụmanụ nke creme na pessaries sitere na neem egosila na ha nwere mmetụta mgbochi afọ ime; Otú ọ dị, nnwale n'ime ụmụ mmadụ iji chọpụta ịdị irè ya n'igbochi afọ ime emebeghị.[19]

Iji ya na condom

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A kwenyere na ọgwụ spermide na-eme ka ikike mgbochi afọ ime nke condoms dịkwuo irè.[1]

Otú ọ dị, condoms ndị onye na-emepụta ya na-eme ka spermicidally dị mkpirikpi [20] ma nwee ike ịkpata ọrịa urinary tract n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. [21] Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ekwu na ekwesighi ịkwalite condoms ndị a na-etinye mmanụ spermicidally. Otú ọ dị, ha na-atụ aro iji condom nonoxynol-9 mmanụ karịa condom ọ bụla.[22]

Spermicides eji naanị eme ihe bụ naanị ihe dịka pasent 91 na-arụ ọrụ.[23] Mgbe a na-eji ọgwụ spermicides na condoms na usoro mgbochi ndị ọzọ, enwere pasent 97 dị irè maka mgbochi ime.

Mmetụta ndị ọzọ

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Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụta akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ penis bụ nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na iji spermicide.[24]

Ojiji ugboro ugboro (ugboro abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ụbọchị) nke nonoxynol-9 nwere spermicide bụ ihe a na-apụghị iwughachi ma ọ bụrụ na STI / HIV nwere ike ịbụ, n'ihi na n'ọnọdụ a enwere mmụba nke mgbagwoju anya epithelial vulvovaginal na ohere dị ukwuu nke inweta HIV.[24]

N'afọ 2007, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nyere iwu ka akara maka ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime nonoxynol-9 over-the-counter (OTC) bu ịdọ aka ná ntị ọhụrụ na-ekwu na ha anaghị echebe megide STDs na HIV / AIDS.[25][26]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A na-achọta ihe ndekọ mbụ e dere banyere iji spermicide eme ihe na Kahun Papyrus, akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt nke malitere na 1850 BCE. Ọ kọwara ihe na-egbu egbu nke nsị agụ iyi na ntụ ọka a gwakọtara agwọ.[27] Ekwenyere na pH dị ala nke nsị nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta spermicidal.[28]

A na-ahụ usoro ndị ọzọ na Ebers Papyrus site na ihe dịka 1500 BCE. Ọ tụrụ aro ịgwakọta ajị mkpụrụ, akị, mkpụrụ osisi na mmanụ aṅụ, na itinye ngwakọta ahụ n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. O yikarịrị ka ọ nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ n'ihi ọkpụrụkpụ, ihe na-arapara n'ahụ, yana n'ihi lactic acid (ihe a maara na ọ na-egbu sperm) nke sitere na akasia.[28]

Ihe odide nke Soranus, onye dọkịta Gris nke narị afọ nke abụọ, nwere usoro maka ọtụtụ acidic concoctions nke a na-azọrọ na ọ bụ spermicidal. Ntuziaka ya bụ ịsa ajị anụ n'otu n'ime ngwakọta ahụ, wee tinye ya n'akụkụ akpa nwa.[27]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 (1991) "Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides". Fam Plann Perspect 23 (5): 226–7, 232. DOI:10.2307/2135759. PMID 1743276. 
  2. ↑ Grimes, David A; Lopez, Laureen M; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Schulz, Kenneth F (30 September 2013). Halpern, Vera (ed.). "Spermicide used alone for contraception". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD005218.pub3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4. PMID 24307556.
  3. ↑ Clinic. Spermicide (Vaginal Route). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on April 1, 2014.
  4. ↑ World Health Organization. WHO/Conrad Technical Consultation. Geneva. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved on April 1, 2014.
  5. ↑ Barnhart (1 June 2001). "Distribution of a spermicide containing Nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract". Human Reproduction 16 (6): 1151–1154. DOI:10.1093/humrep/16.6.1151. PMID 11387285. 
  6. ↑ Spermicides: Neo-Sampoon (Menfegol). RemedyFind. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved on 2006-10-01.
  7. ↑ Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients. Federal Register. Food and Drug Administration (May 9, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-08-18.
  8. ↑ Sponges. Cervical Barrier Advancement Society (2004). Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.
  9. ↑ Spermicides (Vaginal). MayoClinic.com (August 1997). Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-16.
  10. ↑ Umpierre (21 November 1985). "Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility.". The New England Journal of Medicine 313 (21): 1351. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198511213132111. PMID 4058526. 
  11. ↑ Hong. "The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola", Human Toxicology, Macmillan Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division, September 1987, pp. 395–6.
  12. ↑ Mikkelson (March 16, 2007). Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide. Retrieved on 2008-10-03.
  13. ↑ Roger Short (2002). "Lemon and Lime juice as potent natural microbicides". Retrieved on 2006-08-13. 
  14. ↑ Nwoha P (1992). "The immobilization of all spermatozoa in vitro by bitter lemon drink and the effect of alkaline pH". Contraception 46 (6): 537–42. DOI:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90118-D. PMID 1493713. 
  15. ↑ MoonDragon's Contraception Information: Spermicides. MoonDragon Birthing Services (c. 1997). Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved on 2006-08-13.
  16. ↑ Femprotect - Lactic Acid Contraceptive Gel. Woman's Natural Health Practice. Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.
  17. ↑ Stone H (1936). "Contraceptive jellies: a clinical study". J Contracept 1 (12): 209–13. PMID 12259192. 
  18. ↑ (1996) "Mechanism of action of NIM-76: a novel vaginal contraceptive from neem oil". Contraception 54 (6): 373–8. DOI:10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00204-1. PMID 8968666. 
  19. ↑ (1997) "Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health". Immunol Cell Biol 75 (2): 190–2. DOI:10.1038/icb.1997.27. PMID 9107574. 
  20. ↑ Spermicide (Nonoxynol-9). Other disadvantages. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  21. ↑ Condoms: Extra protection. ConsumerReports.org (February 2005). Archived from the original on June 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.
  22. ↑ WHO (2002). HIV/AIDS Topics: Microbicides. World Health Organization. Retrieved on August 6, 2006.
  23. ↑ WebMD. Spermicide for Birth Control - Topic Overview. WebMD. Retrieved on April 1, 2014.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cates (2011). "Vaginal Barriers and Spermicides", in Hatcher: Contraceptive Technology, 20th revised, New York: Ardent Media, 391–408. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. OCLC 781956734. 
  25. ↑ FDA (December 18, 2007). FDA mandates new warning for nonoxynol 9 OTC contraceptive products. Label must warn consumers products do not protect against STDs and HIV/AIDS (news release). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on April 16, 2014.
  26. ↑ FDA (December 19, 2007). "Final rule. Over-the-counter vaginal contraceptive and spermicide drug products containing nonoxynol 9; required labeling". Federal Register 72 (243): 71769–71785. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 (February 2000) "Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception". Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine) 10 (6). 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Towie (January 19, 2004). 4,000 years of contraception on display in Toronto museum. torontObserver. Centennial College journalism students. Archived from the original on February 25, 2004.
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