Wikipedia

Obodo Na-adịghị Ahịa

Obodo Na-adịghị Ahịa
modal filter, road type

Na United Kingdom, Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) bụ atụmatụ etinyere iji belata okporo ụzọ na-agafe n'ebe obibi site na nzacha permeability na Nkwụsị okporo ụzọ. E webatara ọtụtụ LTNs n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2020, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji otu ụkpụrụ ahụ eme ihe na London kemgbe afọ 1970. [1]

Ndị ọrụ LTN na Kingston

E[2] ike itinye LTNs n'ọrụ site na iji ihe mgbochi dị ka bollards, ihe mgbochi boom na ndị na-akụ osisi, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike itinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ site na iji igwefoto njirimara nọmba na akara okporo ụzọ, nke nwere ike ikwe ka mmadụ nwee ike ịnweta ụgbọala ebe obibi ma machibido enweghị njikọ site na okporo ụzọ.

[3][4] nwere ihe akaebe iji gosi na LTNs na-eduga na mbelata n'iji ụgbọ ala eme ihe, mmụba n'ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na mbelata nke mpụ n'okporo ámá, mpụ ime ihe ike na mwakpo mmekọahụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A pre-COVID-19 modal filter na Finsbury Park Road na Hackney. Ndokwa ihe mgbochi ahụ na-enye ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala mberede ohere ịgafe mana ọ na-ewepu okporo ụzọ.

Tupu ọrịa COVID-19, enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 25,000 modal filters gafee UK. Obodo n[5] dị ala na-ahụkarị bụ iwu a na-ahụ anya n'ịmepụta obodo na obodo ọhụrụ na UK kemgbe afọ 1960. [6]

Na Primrose Hill, London, ọnwụ ụmụaka abụọ n'okporo ụzọ n'afọ ndị 1960 mere ka e mechie àkwà mmiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Regent's Park Road maka ụgbọala, na-eji ihe mgbochi. [7] [8] mere ka Primrose Hill bụrụ ebe na-enweghị okporo ụzọ.

[9] Newtown, Exeter, Sandford Street na East John Street mechiri maka ụgbọala na 1970, na-eji bollards na ramps, dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme imezigharị obodo.

Otu n'ime LTNs a ma ama ka e mere na De Beauvoir Town, Hackney, London, site na Greater London Council, nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye bi n'ógbè ahụ bụ Graham Parsey. E webatara nzacha modal dị ka usoro nnwale na 8 Eprel 1974 ma mee ya ka ọ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide na Eprel 1975. [10]

N'oge ọrịa COVID-19 nke 2020-21, e wepụtara mpaghara 72 dị ala na-enweghị ikuku n'okpuru iwu mberede na London, na-ekpuchi ndị mmadụ dị ihe dị ka 300,000. Waltham Forest eweputara ọtụtụ LTNs n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2019. [11]

Okporo ụzọ

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[6] London, tupu ọrịa COVID-19, okporo ụzọ arịwo elu n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'akụkụ site na ihe karịrị 100% kemgbe afọ 2008.

E tinyere LTNs n'ọrụ na Waltham Forest n'afọ 2014. Nnyocha nke ọrụ ebere ihu igwe Possible chọpụtara na na n'afọ 2016 na 'okporo ụzọ ókèala' atọ LTN dekọrọ mmụba nke okporo ụzọ n'etiti ihe dị ka 2.6% na 28.3%. Abụọ n'ime ụzọ atọ ahụ dị n'ime 'nke ọma' maka mgbanwe ndị na-adịbeghị anya na okporo ụzọ. [12] Sherhall Street, naanị okporo ụzọ a mụrụ nke nwere mmụba, a chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ okporo ụzọ nke 2016 dị ihe dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ okporo ígwè nke 2009 maka okporo ụzọ a. Nnyocha maka Transport for London na Walthamstow Village chọpụtara na mgbe mmejuputachara, okporo ụzọ dị na Village hụrụ nkezi 44.1% mbelata na okporo ụzọ. Okporo ụzọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu hụrụ mmụba nke okporo ụzọ, ọkachasị Sherhall Street. Na Lea Bridge Road, okporo ụzọ kachasị elu kwa awa belatara mgbe eweputara atụmatụ ahụ na okporo ụzọ na-egosi na ọ gbasara n'ụbọchị ahụ. Maka bọs, ọtụtụ bọs na-agafe n'ime obodo ahụ na-agba ọsọ n'oge dị nso. [13] bụ ezie na ụzọ bọs dị n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'ókè ahụ nwere mmụba, nke a kwekọrọ na ụzọ nchịkwa gafee obodo ahụ.

Nnyocha e mere na 2022 nyochara LTNs atọ na Islington Borough n'etiti July 2019 na February 2021. Ọ chọtara mbelata dị ịrịba ama na okporo ụzọ 58.2% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe nchịkwa n'otu mpaghara ahụ. [14] chọtara mbelata dị obere, nke na-enweghị isi nke 13.4% na ebe ndị dị n'ókè.

Nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ

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Mmetọ na ahụike

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Nnyocha e mere na 2022 nyochara LTNs atọ na Islington Borough n'etiti July 2019 na February 2021. [14] chọpụtara na LTNs belatara ọkwa nke Nitrogen dioxide site na 5.7% na saịtị ndị dị n'ime, na site na 8.9% na saịtị ndị gbara ya gburugburu.

Mpụ na nchekwa

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Iwebata LTNs na-eduga na mbelata nke mpụ niile n'okporo ámá, na-abawanye na ogologo oge kemgbe mmejuputa ya, na enweghị ịkwaga n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe afọ 3 nke mmejuputa gasịrị, nyocha chọpụtara mbelata 18% na mpụ n'okporo ámá na mpaghara LTN. A chọtara mbelata ka ukwuu maka mpụ ime ihe ike na mwakpo mmekọahụ. [3] otu subcategory maka mpụ hụrụ mmụba - ohi ịnyịnya ígwè.

Ihe akaebe na-egosi na LTNs na-eduga na mbelata okpukpu atọ na mmerụ ahụ n'ime mpaghara LTN. [15] ọ dị ugbu a, ọ dịghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọnụọgụ mmerụ ahụ na-agbanwe n'okporo ụzọ ókèala.

[16] Tower Hamlets, Ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan gbara Lutfur Rahman ume ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ Obodo Low Traffic na Bethnal Green, na-egosipụta nchegbu na iwepụ ya ga-eduga na mmụba nke mpụ.

Njem siri ike

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Ihe ịrịba ama LTN na Kingston n'elu Thames

LTNs [4]-agba ndị njem ume ka ha na-aga n'ihu, na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iji ụdị ụgbọ ala ndị a. LTNs [17]-eme ngwa ngwa na mberede na-ahụ ndị ọzọ na-aga ije, ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na nghọta ka mma banyere gburugburu ebe obibi ịgba ịnyịnya ibu.

Ndị [4] na LTNs na-aghọwanye ndị nwere ụgbọ ala na ndị nwere ike ibelata ojiji ụgbọ ala ha. [18] Waltham Forest, nnyocha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọala na van dara na mpaghara ndị dị obere na Holland, ọkachasị na ndị metụtara LTN.

Ụgbọala mberede

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Nnyocha 2020 banyere mmetụta nke Waltham Forest LTN [19] London achọtaghị ihe akaebe na oge nzaghachi mberede nke ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ metụtara n'ime LTNs na ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na ha meziwanyere ntakịrị n'okporo ụzọ ókèala, n'agbanyeghị nghọta n'etiti ndị ọrụ mgbụsị akwụkwọ na nkwụsịtụ okporo ụzọ bụ ihe kpatara igbu oge ụfọdụ. Nnyocha nke 2021 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Findings nyochara mmetụta nke 72 LTNs na London na oge nzaghachi mberede nke ndị ọrụ ọkụ. [11] chọtabeghị ihe akaebe na oge nzaghachi metụtara, ma ọ bụ maka LTNs na-eji ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-eji mmanye igwefoto.

Ikpe ziri ezi

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Mmejuputa LTN kemgbe 2020 na London abụwo nke ziri ezi n'ozuzu ya na obodo na micro. O yikarịrị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ kachasị daa ogbenye ga-ebi na LTN mepere ọhụrụ karịa ndị mmadụ nọ na nkeji iri na ise kacha daa ogbenye. O yikarịrị ka ndị agbụrụ pere mpe ga-ebi na LTN ọhụrụ karịa ndị ọcha. [20] London, na nkezi, etinyela LTNs n'ọrụ na mpaghara ha kacha daa ogbenye.

Ndị [21]-akatọ LTNs gụnyekwara ndị na-eme mkpọsa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dịka John Stewart na Rosamund Kissi-Debrah . [22] Stewart ekwuola [23] LTNs bụ "ndị na-ezighị ezi" n'ihi na "n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ha na-ebugharị okporo ụzọ na mmetọ gaa n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'akụkụ na nke ókèala", [22] ebe Kissi-Debrah na-akwadokwa nsogbu ahụ n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi: ọ na-ekwu na mpaghara ndị bara ọgaranya nwere ike irite uru site na mbelata okporo ụzọ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ike ịta ahụhụ site na mmetụ.

Arụmụka

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Mkpesa megide LTNs na Ealing

A na-akatọ nzacha modal na Low Traffic Neighborhoods mgbe ụfọdụ maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Magazin ụgbọ ala nke Britain bụ Auto Express katọrọ atụmatụ ndị ahụ maka ọnụahịa ha, na-akpọ ha "ihe mkpofu ego". Nkatọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu ụgwọ [24] enweghị ndụmọdụ na mmejuputa atụmatụ ahụ.

[25] UK, e jiri mmejuputa nke Low Traffic Neighborhoods na 2020 tụnyere Brexit na nkewa ya. [26] [27] [28] na-ejikọta mmegide megide atụmatụ ndị a na echiche nkwekọrịta "obodo nkeji iri na ise", na Institute for Strategic Dialogue na-akọwa LTNs dị ka "ogwe ọkụ" maka nsogbu agha ọdịbendị sara mbara. [29][30] ndị a emeela ka ndị na-emegide LTN mee ngagharị iwe na Oxford na Croydon. [1] [2]

Onye bụbu onye [6]-eme ihe nkiri Laurence Fox, mgbe ọ na-agba ọsọ maka onye isi obodo Greater London na 2021, kwere nkwa iwepu nzacha modal niile (ọbụlagodi ndị dị tupu 2020) na London. [31] ikpo okwu a, Fox nwetara naanị 1.9% nke vootu nke mbụ. [32][33][34][35] Hackney, onye na-azọ ọkwa na-emegide LTN na ntuli aka na Hoxton East na Shoreditch na Mee 2021 nwetara ihe na-erughị 8% nke votu, ebe na ntuliaka na St Peter's Ward na Islington onye na-emegid LTN nwetara naanị 318 n'ime 4,395 nke votu (7.2%). [1] [2] [36] Mee 2022 a họpụtara Lutfur Rahman ọzọ na Tower Hamlets ebe ọ mere mkpọsa megide atụmatụ LTN nke obodo ahụ.

Hụkwa

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  • Permeability (ọkwa na atụmatụ njem)  - Nnwere onwe ịgagharị
  • Okporo ámá ụlọ akwụkwọ - Mgbochi okporo ụzọ na mmalite na njedebe nke ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ
  • Igurube na-agba ọsọ - Okporo ụzọ na-akwụsịtụ site na ebe obibi
  • Obodo dị nkeji iri na ise - Echiche nke iru obodo
  • Mgbasawanye obodo - Ojiji nke ike nke oghere obodo

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Low Traffic Neighbourhoods: what, why and where?. Transport for London (15 December 2020). Retrieved on 9 July 2023.
  2. ↑ Aldred (2019-03-01). "Evaluating active travel and health economic impacts of small streetscape schemes: An exploratory study in London". Journal of Transport & Health 12: 86–96. DOI:10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.009. ISSN 2214-1405. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Goodman (12 January 2021). The Impact of Introducing a Low Traffic Neighbourhood on Street Crime, in Waltham Forest, London. osf.io. Retrieved on 2022-03-29.Goodman, Anna (12 January 2021). "The Impact of Introducing a Low Traffic Neighbourhood on Street Crime, in Waltham Forest, London". osf.io. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Aldred (2020-09-10). "Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: Evidence from the People and Places Survey of Outer London Active Travel Interventions" (in en). Findings: 17128. DOI:10.32866/001c.17128. Aldred, Rachel; Goodman, Anna (2020-09-10). "Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: Evidence from the People and Places Survey of Outer London Active Travel Interventions". Findings: 17128. doi:10.32866/001c.17128.
  5. ↑ Laura Laker, Smashing the tyranny of the status quo: 10 of Britain’s historic hidden-gem LTNs, Zag Daily, 6 October 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Critics of UK low-traffic schemes told that 25,000 filters already existed (en). The Guardian (2021-05-16). Retrieved on 2022-01-22."Critics of UK low-traffic schemes told that 25,000 filters already existed". The Guardian. 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  7. ↑ Camden Cycling Campaign, Areas Without Through Traffic 1: Primrose Hill, 27 November 2013.
  8. ↑ Bridge Approach, NW1, The Underground Map
  9. ↑ David Morphet, 'Streets Ahead', World Wide Pictures/Central Office of Information/Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1970, at 7:20.
  10. ↑ The history behind how De Beauvoir Town became a low traffic neighbourhood in the 1970s. Hackney Cyclist (2015-10-28). Retrieved on 2023-08-13.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Goodman (2021-05-11). "The Impact of 2020 Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Fire Service Emergency Response Times, in London, UK" (in en). Findings: 23568. DOI:10.32866/001c.23568. Goodman, Anna; Laverty, Anthony A.; Thomas, Asa; Aldred, Rachel (2021-05-11). "The Impact of 2020 Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Fire Service Emergency Response Times, in London, UK". Findings: 23568. doi:10.32866/001c.23568. hdl:10044/1/91982. S2CID 236564301.
  12. ↑ Aldred and Verlinghieri (2020). LTNs for all?. Possible.
  13. ↑ Walthamstow Village Review. Project Centre; Enjoy Waltham Forest. Retrieved 27 November 2022
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yang (2022-12-01). "Evaluation of low traffic neighbourhood (LTN) impacts on NO2 and traffic" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 113: 103536. DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103536. ISSN 1361-9209. Yang, Xiuleng; McCoy, Emma; Hough, Katherine; de Nazelle, Audrey (2022-12-01). "Evaluation of low traffic neighbourhood (LTN) impacts on NO2 and traffic". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 113: 103536. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103536. hdl:10044/1/101078. ISSN 1361-9209.
  15. ↑ Laverty (2020-12-18). "The Impact of Introducing Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Road Traffic Injuries" (in en). Findings January. DOI:10.32866/001c.18330. ISSN 2652-8800. 
  16. ↑ Police urge against scrapping low traffic neighbourhood, saying it reduces crime (en). road.cc (2023-02-11). Retrieved on 2023-02-11.
  17. ↑ Aldred (2021-03-16). "The Impact of Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Active Travel, Car Use, and Perceptions of Local Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic" (in en). Findings: 21390. DOI:10.32866/001c.21390. 
  18. ↑ Aldred (2020-09-10). "Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: Evidence from the People and Places Survey of Outer London Active Travel Interventions" (in en). Findings. DOI:10.32866/001c.17128. 
  19. ↑ Goodman (2020-12-15). "The Impact of Introducing a Low Traffic Neighbourhood on Fire Service Emergency Response Times, in Waltham Forest London" (in en). Findings: 18198. DOI:10.32866/001c.18198. 
  20. ↑ Aldred (2021-10-01). "Equity in new active travel infrastructure: A spatial analysis of London's new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods" (in en). Journal of Transport Geography 96: 103194. DOI:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103194. ISSN 0966-6923. 
  21. ↑ Chao-Fong. "Ella Adoo-Kissi-Debrah: Mother calls low traffic zone report a 'whitewash'", The Independent, 1 August 2021. Retrieved on 5 July 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Stewart. "Low traffic neighbourhoods are inherently unfair", Telegraph, 12 December 2021. Retrieved on 5 July 2022.
  23. ↑ Chakelian. "Low-traffic neighbourhoods: How the culture wars came to a street near you", New Statesman, 6 November 2020. Retrieved on 6 July 2022.
  24. ↑ Exclusive: the high cost of Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (en). Auto Express. Retrieved on 2021-06-27.
  25. ↑ Huq. "I've been lobbied on Syria bombing and Brexit in my time but nothing has inflamed like LTNs", The Telegraph, 2020-11-22. Retrieved on 2021-06-27. (in en-GB)
  26. ↑ "Local traffic changes 'more divisive than Brexit'", BBC News. Retrieved on 2021-06-27. (in en-GB)
  27. ↑ "It's our Brexit": Will low traffic neighbourhoods affect the local election results? (en). www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved on 2021-06-27.
  28. ↑ O'Sullivan. "The 15-Minute City Freakout Is a Case Study in Conspiracy Paranoia", Bloomberg.com, 2 March 2023. Retrieved on 9 July 2023. (in en)
  29. ↑ Ambrose (2021-05-20). Rolling rota of protesters rebel against 'cash cow' LTN in Croydon (en). www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved on 2021-06-27.
  30. ↑ "Hundreds protest over Oxford Low Traffic Neighbourhoods", BBC News, 2021-06-20. Retrieved on 2021-06-27. (in en-GB)
  31. ↑ Results 2021 | London Elects. www.londonelects.org.uk. Retrieved on 2022-01-30.
  32. ↑ By elections | Islington Council. www.islington.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2022-03-19.
  33. ↑ Reporter (2022-03-07). Islington consulted on future of low traffic neighbourhoods (en-UK). Islington Gazette. Retrieved on 2022-03-19.
  34. ↑ By-elections | Hackney Council. hackney.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2022-01-30.
  35. ↑ Hoxton East & Shoreditch by-election 2021: All your candidates in one place (en-GB). Hackney Citizen (2021-04-26). Retrieved on 2022-01-30.
  36. ↑ "Lutfur Rahman: Why Tower Hamlets voters gave controversial mayor a second chance", 10 May 2022.
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