Wikipedia

Nzukọ nke Òtù Ọrụ South Africa

  

COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na Cape Town na-akpọ oku ka e kwụsị ijide steeti na ikpe ndị metụtara ọchịchị nke Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma.

nzuko nke South Africa Trade Union (COSATU ma ọ bụ Cosatu) bụ otu ndị ọrụ na South Africa. E hiwere ya na 1985 ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị n'ime ndị isi atọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mba ahụ, nwere ndị ọrụ 21 jikọtara ya.[note 1][1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ntọala na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme

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N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 1985, ndị otu ọrụ iri anọ na atọ zutere na Mahadum Natal maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ịmepụta otu ndị ọrụ.[2] Nke a sochiri afọ anọ nke mkparịta ụka ịdị n'otu n"etiti òtù ndị na-asọ mpi na ndị otu na'emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma bụrụ ndị "na-etinye aka na South Africa na ọ bụghị agbamakwụkwọ, na onye na - enweghị mmekọahụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya". E guzobere COSATU n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1 Disemba 1985.[3][4] N'etiti ndị guzobere òtù ndị ahụ bụ ndị mmekọ nke Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU), obere National Federation nke Ndị Ọrụ, na ụfọdụ òtù onwe ha, ọkachasị National Union of Mineworkers.[5][6] Elijah Barayi bụ onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ na Jay Naidoo bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ.[2]

E weputara ọtụtụ mkpebi na nzukọ mbụ a nke kọwapụtara ebumnobi gọọmentị etiti na ka otu ọgbakọ si arụ ọrụ, ya bụ. :[2]

  • Ịtọlite otu njikọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla n'ime ọnwa isii.
  • Iji lekwasị anya n'iji ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ eme ihe.
  • Ịkpọ oku ka e wepụ ọnọdụ mberede, iwepụ ndị agha n'obodo na ịtọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile.
  • Ịga n'ihu na-akpọ oku maka nrụgide mba ụwa, gụnyere iwepụ ego.
  • Ịchọrọ ikike ịgba arụkwaghịm na ime ngagharị iwe.
  • Iji chọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta nke mba.
  • Iji gbasaa ọgụ maka ikike ndị otu ọrụ na ala nna ha.

Na 5-6 May 1987, a kwụsịrị iku ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi ụgwọ ọrụ ndụ nke COSATU dabara na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1987. ihe karịrị nde ndị ọrụ 2.5 so na ọnụnọ pụọ. Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 7, 1987 N'isi ụtụtụ ụtụtụ bọmbụ abụọ gbawara n'akụkụ ogidi nkwado dị n'okpuru ụlọ nke isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti, ụlọ COSATU. Ihe mebiri emebi mere ka ekwuputa na ụlọ ahụ adịghị mma

ma.[2]

Ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ

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Na nnọkọ nke abụọ nke mba ahụ e nwere site na 14 ruo 18 Julaị 1987, gọọmentị etiti nabatara Charter Freedom mgbe National Union of Mineworkers tụpụtara mkpebi ahụ[2]

Na nnọkọ nke atọ e mere site na 12 ruo 16 Julaị 1989, a nabatara mkpebi nke kpọrọ ndị otu COSATU ka ha sonye na mkpọsa nke "omume na-aga n'ihu" megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, n"izu na'ime ntuli aka nke South Africa na 1989.[7]

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n"afọ 1989, COSATU, otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.t na Mass Democratic Movement, kpaliri National Defiance Campaign, ebe a wakporo ndị e debere maka ndị ọcha, na nzukọ ndị steeti machibidoro iwu kwupụtara onwe ha 'enweghị mmachibido iwu'.[2]

Ihe omume ndị a na-eme mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị

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Nzukọ COSATU kpebiri na 2012 ka ha sonye na World Federation of Trade Unions, ka ọ na-anọgide na ndị otu ya n'ime International Trade Union Confederation.

N'oge nnọkọ nke afọ 2016 nke e mere na Durban, a họpụtara Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, onye isi oche nke COSATU affiliate NEHAWU MichaelMzandileMakwayiva dịka onye nduzi nke World Federation of Trade Unions.

Cosatu nwere nnukwu mbelata n'ime ndị otu mgbe afọ 2012 gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu njikọ ọrụ.[8][9]

Ndị mmekọ

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Ndị mmekọ ugbu a

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COSATU depụtara òtù ndị a dị ka ndị mmekọ ha:[10]

Union Abbreviation Founded Membership (2014)[11]
Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union AFADWU 2016 N/A
Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union CEPPWAWU 1999 80,331
Communication Workers Union CWU 1999 22,007
Creative Workers Union of South Africa CWUSA 2014 N/A
Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa DENOSA 1996 81,319
Liberated Metalworkers' Union of South Africa LIMUSA 2015 N/A
National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union NEHAWU 1987 277,317
National Union of Mineworkers NUM 1982 270,649
Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union POPCRU 1989 149,339
Public and Allied Workers Union of South Africa PAWUSA 1967 17,146
South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union SACCAWU 1975 120,352
Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers Union SACTWU 1989 85,000
South African Democratic Nurses' Union SADNU 1995 8,655[12]
South African Democratic Teachers Union SADTU 1990 253,039
South African Emergency Personnel's Union SAEPU 2006 N/A
South African Medical Association SAMA 1998 8,166
South African Municipal Workers' Union SAMWU 1987 161,490
SASBO – The Finance Union SASBO 1916 66,539
South African Security Forces Union SASFU 1999 N/A
South African Transport and Allied Workers Union SATAWU 2000 152,254
Union Abbreviation Founded Left Reason not affiliated Membership (1985)[13] Membership (1993)[14]
Amalgamated Black Workers' Union ABWU 1984 1986 Merged into TGWU 1,000 N/A
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union of South Africa ACTWUSA 1987 1989 Merged into SACTWU N/A N/A
Brick, Clay and Allied Workers' Union BRICKAWU 1987 Merged into CAWU 748 N/A
Cape Town Municipal Workers' Association CTMWA 1928 1987 Merged into SAMWU 11,097 N/A
Chemical Workers' Industrial Union CWIU 1974 1999 Merged into CEPPWAWU 20,700 41,462
Cleaning Services and Allied Workers' Union CSAWU Merged into TGWU 850 N/A
Commercial and Distributive Workers' Union CDWU 1,600 N/A
Construction and Allied Workers' Union CAWU 1987 2001 Merged into NUM N/A 24,300
Food and Allied Workers Union FAWU 1986 2016 Disaffiliated N/A 121,534
Food and Canning Workers' Union FCWU 1941 1986 Merged into FAWU 26,455 N/A
General and Allied Workers' Union GAWU 1980 1987 Merged into NEHAWU 19,076 N/A
General Workers' Union GWU 1977 1986 Merged into TGWU 20,000 N/A
General Workers' Union of South Africa GWUSA 1981 1987 Dissolved 2,905 N/A
Health and Allied Workers' Union HAWU 1987 Merged into NEHAWU 1,111 N/A
Hotel and Restaurant Workers' Union HARWU 1926 1990 Merged into SACCAWU N/A
Institute of Public Servants IPS N/A N/A
Metal and Allied Workers' Union MAWU 1973 1987 Merged into NUMSA 38,789 N/A
Motor Assembly and Component Workers' Union of South Africa MACWUSA 1982 1987 Merged into NUMSA 3,100 N/A
Municipal Workers' Union of South Africa MWUSA 1982 1987 Merged into SAMWU 9,249 N/A
Musicians Union of South Africa MUSA 1994 2014 Merged into CWUSA N/A N/A
National Automobile and Allied Workers' Union NAAWU 1980 1987 Merged into NUMSA 20,338 N/A
National General Workers' Union of South Africa NGWUSA 1984 6,037 N/A
National Iron, Steel and Metal Workers' Union NISMAWU 1980 1986 Merged into MAWU 976 N/A
National Post Office and Allied Workers' Union NAPAWU 2,163 N/A
National Unemployed Workers Co-ordinating Committee NUWCC 1987 1991 Dissolved N/A N/A
National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa NUMSA 1987 2014 Expelled[15] 100,000 253,796
National Union of Printers and Allied Workers NUPAWO 1984 1987 Merged into PPWAWU N/A
National Union of Textile Workers NUTW 1973 1987 Merged into ACTWUSA 23,241 N/A
Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union PPWAWU 1974 1999 Merged into CEPPWAWU 11,856 37,951
Performing Arts Workers' Equity PAWE 2014 Merged into CWUSA N/A N/A
Post and Telecommunication Workers' Association POTWA 1986 1996 Merged into CWU N/A 23,081
Retail and Allied Workers' Union RAWU 1984 1986 Merged into FAWU 3,830 N/A
South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union SAAPAWU 1995 2004 Merged into FAWU N/A N/A
South African Allied Workers' Union SAAWU 1978 1987 Merged into NEHAWU 25,032 N/A
South African Domestic Workers' Association SADWA 1981 1986 Merged into SADWU 4,500 N/A
South African Domestic Workers' Union SADWU 1986 1998 Dissolved N/A 16,172
South African Football Players Union SAFPU 1997 2016 Disaffiliated N/A N/A
South African Mineworkers' Union SAMWU 1983 1987 Dissolved 3,029 N/A
South African Railways and Harbours Union SARHWU 1936 2000 Merged into SATAWU 8,220 41,081
South African Scooter Transport and Allied Workers' Union SASTAWU 1981 1986 Merged into TGWU 4,700 N/A
South African State and Allied Workers' Union SASAWU 2000 2015 Disaffiliated N/A N/A
South African Textile and Allied Workers' Union SATAWU 1984 1988 Merged into GAWU 1,900 N/A
South African Tin Workers' Union SATWU 1937 581 N/A
Sweet, Food and Allied Workers' Union SFAWU 1974 1986 Merged into FAWU 19,596 N/A
Transport and General Workers' Union TGWU 1973 2000 Merged into SATAWU 11,000 38,036
United Mining, Metal and Allied Workers of South Africa UMMAWOSA 1983 1987 Merged into NUMSA 8,335 N/A

Ịchụpụ National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa

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na 8 Nọvemba 2014, Irvin Jim, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ndị mmekọ COSATU kasị ukwuu,.[16][15][17] Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị Akpọkọtara nke mere na votu 33-24 kwadoro ịchụpụ ahụ. E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu nke COSATU Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị isi pụrụ iche nke mere na E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu COSATU[18]

N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 2014, ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke South Gauteng yigharịrị akwụkwọ iwu ngwa ngwa nke NUMSA iji gbochie kọmitii ntụziaka pụrụ iche ka a kpọkọta ya, si otú a nye ohere ka nzukọ ahụ mee.[19]

N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 2014, ndị otu asaa kwupụtara na ha ji aka ha kwụsị itinye aka na ndị na-eme mkpebi nke COSATU nʼihi nchụpụ nke NUMSA ma kpọọ oku ka a kpọta nzukọ mba pụrụ iche.[1]

Irvin Jim kọwara nchụpụ ahụ dị ka "ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị maka ndị ọrụ".[16]

Gọọmentị

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COSATU bụ akụkụ nke njikọ aka ya na ANC na South African Communist Party, nke a na-akpọ Tripartite Alliance. Ọrụ COSATU na njikọ ahụ abụwo isiokwu arụmụka, ebe ọ bụ na nzukọ ahụ akatọwo ụfọdụ n'ime iwu gọọmentị ANC. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ arụrịta ụka maka nnwere onwe ka ukwuu site na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị, ndị ọzọ arụ ụka na ndokwa ahụ na'enye COSATU mmetụta ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị bara uru nye ndị otu ya.[20]

Ọrụ na òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

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Saụt Afrịka nwere otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee nje HIV / AIDS n"ụwa, na atụmatụ 2005 nke nde mmadụ 5.5-na-arịa nje virus 12.4% nke ndị bi na ya.[21][22] N'afọ 2020, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 20.6 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Afrịka na-arịa nje HIV.[23] Òtù ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ etinyela aka n'ịlụso ọrịa a ọgụ. COSATU bụ onye mmekọ dị mkpa na Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ iji kụziere ma kwalite nghọta banyere HIV / AIDS, yana igbochi ọrịa ọhụrụ, nakwa ịmanye ka enwere ike ịnweta ọgwụ antiretroviral. N'afọ 1998, COSATU wepụtara mkpebi maka mkpọsa maka ọgwụgwọ. "Ọ doro anya na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ na ha na'ihi na enweghị ike ịzụta ọgwụ", ka Theodora Steel, onye nhazi mkpọsa na COSATU kwuru. "Anyị hụrụ TAC dị ka onye enyemaka sitere n'okike Anyị mere mkpebi doro anya na nnọkọ anyị iji nyere aka ma wuo TAC.[24]

N'agbanyeghi njikọ aka nke COSATU na pati ANC na-achị achị, ya na gọọmentị ekwekọrịtaghị, na'ịkpọ oku maka mmụba zuru oke nke ọha na eze maka ọgwụ antiretroviral.[25]

Abahlali baseMjondolo nyere nkwupụta siri ike nke nkwado maka ọgbaghara nke ndị ọrụ ọha na eze na 2010.[26]

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Wheel dị na logo na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba. Agba ọla edo nke wiil ahụ na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwagharị wiil ahụ, nke nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na nwanyị na'ebu nwa, na - na "ihe ịma aka ndị ọrụ na ya na, mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwoke yana mmetọ akụ na ụba. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ndị ojii ka ha na-anọchite anya ndị isi ojii na'alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu agbụrụ. Ndị mmadụ na-ejide ọkọlọtọ na'acha ọbara ọbara nke na na - nọchitere anya ndị ọrụ.[27]

Okwu mmeghe dị na akara ngosi ahụ bụ "Mmerụ ahụ nye otu bụ mmerụ aka nye mmadụ niile" na-egosi ọhụụ ndị otu ahụ nwere maka ịdị n'otu nke na'etiti ndị ọrụ.[27]

Zimbabwe

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N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004 na Febụwarị afọ 2005, COSATU zigara ndị nnọchi anya na Zimbabwe iji kpebie ọnọdụ dị na mba ahụ tupu ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Zimbabwe n'afọ 2005. A chụpụrụ ha na mba ahụ n'oge abụọ ahụ.

COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na mgbochi ókèala megide ọchịchị na Harare.

N'afọ 2016, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe #ThisFlag na Zimbabwe, na'ikwu na "mkpagbu siri ike nke ọchịchị Zanu-PF n'imeso ndị iro yiri nke Operation Restore Order / Murambatsvina na 2005.[28]

Mgbalị Palestine

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N'afọ 2020, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado ha na ndị Palestine na 15 Mee (Ụbọchị Nakba) ma jikọta ikike ndị Palestina nwere ala na ọgụ COSATA megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.[29][30] N'afọ 2021, ndị Palestine mere ngagharị iwe megide mkpebi ikpe Israel nke kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ka a chụpụ ndị bi na Sheik Jarrah n'ụlọ ha na Jerusalem.[31] Ndị agha Israel wakporo ụlọ alakụba Al-Aqsa n'oge Ramadan, ọnwa dị nsọ maka ọtụtụ ndị Palestine. COSATU gara n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya US na Sandton, Johannesburg dị ka ngosipụta nke nkwado maka ndị Palestine, na-ekwu na gọọmentị US kwesịrị ịnakwere ọbụbụeze nke Palestine yana nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ megide ndị Palestina.[32]

Ndị nọ n'ọfịs ugbu a

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Ndị na-ebu ụlọ ọrụ mba:[33]

  • Onye isi oche: Zingiswa Losi
  • Onye isi oche mbụ: Mike Shingange
  • Onye isi oche nke abụọ: Louise Thipe
  • Odeakwụkwọ ukwu: Bheki Ntshalintshali
  • Onye isi odeakwụkwọ: Solly Phetoe
  • Onye na-ahụ maka akụ: Freda Oosthuysen
  • Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape: Xolani Malamlela
  • Free State: Monyatso Mahlatsi
  • Gauteng: Dumisani Dakile
  • KwaZulu-Natal: Edwin Mkhize
  • Limpopo: Gerald Twala
  • Mpumalanga: Thabo Mokoena
  • Ebe Ugwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ: Job Dliso
  • Northern Cape: Orapeleng Moraladi
  • Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Cape: Melvyn de Bryn

Hụkwa

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  • Òtù ndị ọrụ na South Africa
  • 2007 Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa mere ngagharị iwe
  • Siphiwe Mvuyane
  • John Gomomo

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Jeremy Baskin, Striking Back: Akụkọ Cosatu, Routledge (September 1991), akụkọ banyere afọ ndị mbụ COSATU site na 1985 ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ Nelson Mandela na 1990

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ One Union expelled, and seven Unions voluntarily suspended their participation in COSATU

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 More unions quit Cosatu's exec body. fin24.com. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 tinashe (8 December 2011). Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). sahistory.org.za. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  3. ↑ South African History Online. Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu). sahistory.org.za. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  4. ↑ Cosatu. Brief History of Cosatu. cosatu.org.za. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Friedman (2010). "The Future is in the Hands of the Workers": A History of Fosatu. Johannesburg: Mutloatse Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-09869833-1-3. Retrieved on 15 July 2013. 
  6. ↑ Directory: South Africa's Independent Unions. South African History Online. Retrieved on 15 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Wren. "South African Labor Federation, Defying Pretoria, Calls for Protests", The New York Times, 17 July 1989. Retrieved on 4 November 2021.
  8. ↑ [1]
  9. ↑ [2]
  10. ↑ Organisational Report on the Federation's Activities Consolidated Departmental and Provincial Reports Towards the COSATU 13th National Congress. COSATU. Retrieved on 7 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Ashman (2015). "The Social Crisis of Labour and the Crisis of Labour Politics in South Africa". Revue Tiers Monde 224 (4). DOI:10.3917/rtm.224.0047. 
  12. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2012figure
  13. ↑ Baskin (1991). Striking back: A history of COSATU. London: Verso. ISBN 0860913457. 
  14. ↑ Catchpowle (2002). A Case Study of the South African Municipal Workers' Union (SAMWU) in the Western Cape (1992-1997). Greenwich: University of Greenwich. Retrieved on 18 March 2021. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hunter (8 November 2014). Numsa expelled from Cosatu. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Numsa will fight expulsion from Cosatu | the Citizen. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved on 8 November 2014.
  17. ↑ Numsa's expulsion from Cosatu 'painful'. news24.com. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  18. ↑ No fair hearing for Numsa, says Jim. fin24.com. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  19. ↑ Numsa expulsion: Cosatu meeting to go ahead. fin24.com. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  20. ↑ Zuma slammed as strike builds, The Star, 28 August 2010
  21. ↑ 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-11.
  22. ↑ Country profile - South Africa. ILOAIDS. Retrieved on 2006-07-11.
  23. ↑ Pillay (2022-03-30). What is the use of anti-HIV injections when those who need it most can't use it? (en-US). Bhekisisa. Retrieved on 2022-03-30.
  24. ↑ Stepping back from the edge. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-11.
  25. ↑ South African Union Boss Demands Government Supply Anti-AIDS Drugs. The Body.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-11.
  26. ↑ Hospitals blocked as South African unions resume massive strikes, Sipho January, Observer, 19 August 2010
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 History of COSATU. cosatu.org.za. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.
  28. ↑ Cosatu breaks ranks with ANC over Zim protests (en-US). News24. Retrieved on 2022-03-30.
  29. ↑ COSATU condemns Israel impunity and annexation of Palestinian territories (en). polity.org.za. Retrieved on 2022-03-30.
  30. ↑ Lynk (25 March 2022). Israel's 55-year occupation of Palestinian Territory is apartheid – UN human rights expert. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved on 30 March 2022.
  31. ↑ Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (en). Global Conflict Tracker. Retrieved on 2022-03-30.
  32. ↑ Ndlovu (18 March 2021). Cosatu bashes US foreign policy on Palestine, Israeli territories. The Citizen. Retrieved on 30 March 2022.
  33. ↑ National Office Bearers. cosatu.org.za. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved on 9 April 2018.

Njikọ mpụga

dezie
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