Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe

Ntiwapụ nke tornado bụ ihe mere ọtụtụ tornadoes nke otu usoro ihu igwe synoptic kpatara.^[1] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tornadoes achọrọ iji ruo eruo dị ka ntiwapụ naabụkarị ma ọ dịkarịa ala isii ruo iri, na ọ dịkarị ebe abụọ naagbanwe agbanwe (ma ọ bụrụ na akara mmiri ozuzo) ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkwuo ala supercell abụọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ tornadoes.^[2]^[3]

Oké ifufe naemekarị notu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ gaa nihu nisi ụtụtụ nke ụbọchị naesote, na nime otu mpaghara ahụ. Ọtụtụ nkọwa naenye ohere maka nkwụsịtụ nọrụ tornado (oge gafere site na njedebe nke tornado ikpeazụ ruo mmalite nke tornado ọzọ) nke awa isii. Ọ bụrụ na ọrụ tornado amaliteghachi nezie mgbe oge dị jụụ dị otú ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ nkọwa naewere ihe omume ahụ dị ka ntiwapụ ọhụrụ. Usoro nke ụbọchị mgbawa nke tornado naaga nihu ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị mgbawa bụ usoro mgbawa nke Tornado. Na United States na Canada, ntiwapụ nke tornado naemekarị site na Machị ruo June na Great Plains, Midwestern United States, na Southeastern United States nógbè a naakpọkarị Tornado Alley. Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe nwekwara ike ime noge ndị ọzọ nafọ na nakụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. "Oge" nke abụọ naadịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke naagbanwe agbanwe kwa afọ na US naeme na ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.

Usoro iheomume naegosi usoro ụbọchị atọ na ọ dịkarịa ala ajọ ifufe anọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na nke ọ bụla. (1875-2014)

A maara ntiwapụ nke nnukwu ajọ ifufe dị ka ntiwapụ super. Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe kachasị ukwuu e dekọrọ bụ Super Outbreak nke afọ 2011, nke nwere ajọ ifufe 362 na ihe dị ka ijeri $ 10 na mmebi kpọmkwem.^[4] Ọ gafere 1974 Super Outbreak, nke a gụrụ 148 tornadoes. Ha abụọ mere na United States na Canada. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke tornadoes bụ usoro nsogbu iji tụnyere ntiwapụ site na oge dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ tornadoes naadịghị ike, mana ọ bụghị tornadoes siri ike, naakọ na US n'ime iri afọ ndị naadịbeghị anya karịa na ndị gara aga n'ihi mmelite na nchọpụta tornado.^[5]

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nke ajọ ifufe na ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufee

Ihe odide

↑ (2000) in Glickman: Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd, American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9.
↑ Grazulis (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 978-1-879362-03-1.
↑ Galway (1977). "Some Climatological Aspects of Tornado Outbreaks". Mon. Weather Rev. 105 (4): 477–84. DOI:<0477:SCAOTO>2.0.CO;2 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0477:SCAOTO>2.0.CO;2.
↑ Smith (July 2015). "Quantifying uncertainty and variable sensitivity within the US billion-dollar weather and climate disaster cost estimates" (in en). Natural Hazards 77 (3): 1829–1851. DOI:10.1007/s11069-015-1678-x. ISSN 0921-030X.
↑ Doswell (2007). "Small Sample Size and Data Quality Issues Illustrated Using Tornado Occurrence Data". Electron. J. Sev. Storms Meteorol. 2 (5): 1–16.

[1] (2000) in Glickman: Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd, American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9.

[SigTor-2] Grazulis (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 978-1-879362-03-1.

[Galway-3] Galway (1977). "Some Climatological Aspects of Tornado Outbreaks". Mon. Weather Rev. 105 (4): 477–84. DOI:<0477:SCAOTO>2.0.CO;2 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0477:SCAOTO>2.0.CO;2.

[4] Smith (July 2015). "Quantifying uncertainty and variable sensitivity within the US billion-dollar weather and climate disaster cost estimates" (in en). Natural Hazards 77 (3): 1829–1851. DOI:10.1007/s11069-015-1678-x. ISSN 0921-030X.

[5] Doswell (2007). "Small Sample Size and Data Quality Issues Illustrated Using Tornado Occurrence Data". Electron. J. Sev. Storms Meteorol. 2 (5): 1–16.

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