Wikipedia

Nkume Quern

Quern-stones bụ ngwá ọrụ nkume maka iji aka na-egweri ụdị ihe dị iche iche, karịsịa maka ụdị ọka dị iche iche. A na-eji ha abụọ abụọ. Nkume dị ala nke ihe atụ ndị mbụ ka a na-akpọ saddle quern, ebe a na-akpọ nkume mkpanaaka nke elu ahụ muller, rọba, ma ọ bụ nkume aka. A na-emegharị nkume elu ahụ n'azụ na-aga n'ihu n'ofe ebe nchekwa ihe. Emechara mara quern dị ka rotary quern. A na-akpọ oghere etiti nke quern rotary anya, a na-akpọkwa efere dị n'elu elu dị ka hopper. Oghere aka nwere aka na-enyere aka ịtụgharị rotary quern.[1] Ebu ụzọ jiri ha mee ihe n'oge Neolithic iji gwerie ọka ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka.[1]

Disc quern e ji nkume basalt mee
Ụmụ nwanyị Nepali na-eji nkume ndị a na-akpọ quern-stones egwe ọka

Nhazi nke nkume ndị a na-akpọ quern

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Nkume ndị dị n'elu na-enwekarị convex ebe ndị nke ala na-adị convex. A na-amata nkume Quern-stones site n'elu ebe arụrụ arụ ọrụ nke mere ka ntụ ọka na-agagharị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, igwe igwe na-anọ dị ka mpempe osisi (ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ), nke na-enye ohere ịgbakwunye cereal wdg mana ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ngwaọrụ etiti. Nkume elu ahụ na-enwe mgbe ụfọdụ ebe yiri iko gburugburu oghere hopper nke nwere ọnụ ọnụ elu.[3] Ọtụtụ nkume aka nwere oghere aka n'elu elu, ma otu klas nke nkume quern nwere oghere oghere nke na-egosi na a na-etinye otu osisi n'ahịrị ma si na nsọtụ pụta ka onye na-arụ ọrụ wee nwee ike ịtụgharị nkume ahụ site n'iguzo na iji. mkpanaka kwụ ọtọ.[4] Otu klaasị nke elu quern-stones nwere site na oghere abụọ ruo atọ maka mkpanaka a na-atụgharị ha na nke a na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị ibelata iyi na dọkasị ahụ site n'inwe ebe kọntaktị ọzọ mgbe a na-eji ya eme ihe.[2]

 
Nkume dị n'elu nke aka Scottish quern si Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire

Mkpụrụ ọka

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Nkume aṅụ na-agbagharị agbagharị na [obere] ihe ngosi na Cliffe Castle Museum, na Keighley, West Yorkshire.

Ọtụtụ mmepeanya ejirila nkume Quern mee ihe n'ụwa niile iji gwuo ihe, nke kachasị mkpa n'ime ha bụ ọka iji mee ntụ ọka maka ime achịcha. A na-ejikarị nkume igwe ihe dochie ha mgbe ụdị igwe ihe pụtara, ọkachasị ihe igwe mmiri na Ihe igwe ifufe, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa ụmụ anụmanụ rụọ ọrụ igwe ihe. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ndị na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ, a ka na-emepụta ma na-eji ha eme ihe mgbe niile ma dochie ha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa na narị afọ gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa.

Ojiji nke nkume igwe maka nhazi nri akwụkwọ nri, na ikekwe mmepụta ntụ ọka, gbasara na Europe site na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 30,000 gara aga.[3]

Na mmepeanya Maya mbụ usoro nke nixtamalization dị iche na a na-esi ọka siri ike, nke tozuru etozu (ọka) na mmiri na lime, si otú a na-emepụta nixtamal nke a na-emezi ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka na-enweghị ihe iko achịcha site na iji nkume aka na quern (metate) sie.[4]

A na-eji nkume Quern mee ihe na China ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 10,000 gara aga iji gwerie ọka wit ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka. Imepụta ntụ ọka site n'iji aka na-ete ọka wit were ọtụtụ awa.[8] N'ihi ụdị ha, akụkụ ha, na ọdịdị nke ọgwụgwọ nke elu, ha na-emepụtaghachi kpọmkwem ngwa oge ochie nke a na-eji na-egwe ọka ọka n'ime ntụ ọka. A maara Saddle quern na China n'oge Neolithic Age mana igwe igwe rotary egosighi ruo oge agha steeti.[9] A chọtara otu ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie nke malitere kemgbe afọ 23,000 TOA n'ebe a na-amụ ihe mgbe ochie Longwangchan, na Hukou, Shaanxi na 2007. Ebe ahụ dị n'ebe etiti ugwu ugwu China nke dị nso na Osimiri Yellow.[5]

Ihe ndị ọzọ

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Dịkwa ka ọka, ihe àmà agbụrụ na ihe odide ndị Mesopotemia na-egosi na a na-eji nkume quern ma ọ bụ ngwa agha hazi ọtụtụ ihe oriri na ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, gụnyere mkpụrụ, mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri, herbs, ngwa nri, anụ, ogbugbo, pigmenti, iwe na ụrọ. [11] Ọzọkwa, otu nnyocha na-enyocha okwute quern kwuru na ọtụtụ quern nwere akara arsenic na bismuth, n'adịghị ka nkume ndị ha si enweta, ma nwee ọkwa antimony nke dị elu okpukpu iri karịa nke nkume. Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ kwubiri na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi iji quern ndị a na-akwadebe ọgwụ, ihe ịchọ mma, ihe e ji esiji ákwà ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ichepụta alloys.[6]

A na-eji Querns eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ịkụcha ọla mgbe a na-egwupụta ya. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịtọhapụ ezigbo ore nke a ga-ekewa site na ịsa ahụ dịka ọmụmaatụ, tupu agbaze ya. N'ihi ya, a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'igwupụta ọlaedo n'oge ochie.

Na Shetland, a naghị ese ụtaba mgbe mbụ ewepụtara ya, kama a na-akụtu ya ka ọ bụrụ nsị, wee kuruo imi. Snuff-quern nwere nkume mgbago na nke ala, nke e ji eriri etiti dụkọta ọnụ. A na-ejide quern ahụ n'apata onye ọrụ, anya quern jupụtara na akwụkwọ ụtaba a mịrị amị, mgbe ahụ, a na-eji mkpịsị aka tụgharịa nkume elu. Esemokwu kpatara ntughari akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ntụ ntụ nke na-ewuli elu n'akụkụ ọnụ okwute ala. Ọtụtụ snuff qurn nwere obere oghere ma ọ bụ nke e kpụrụ n'akụkụ nsọtụ nkume mgbago ahụ, bụ́ ebe a na-etinye ọnụ ntụ nke mpi atụrụ iji tụgharịa nkume ahụ; uzo ozo iji aka.[7]

Ojiji mberede

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Otu ụyọkọ nkume quern maka ire ere n'ahịa dị na Haikou, Hainan, China. Nkume ndị a dị naanị ihe dị ka sentimita 30 n'obosara.

Ebe niile Quern stones mere ka e jiri ya mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, DeBoer, na nyocha ya banyere egwuregwu ịgba chaa chaa ọdịnala nke agbụrụ ndị dị na North America, na-akọ na otu n'ime egwuregwu ahụ gụnyere ịwụ otu ìgwè nke osisi kewara ekewa.[8]

O nwere ike ịbụ na e ji nkume Quern mee ihe dị ka ngwá agha, dị ka e kwuru na Bible: "Ma otu nwanyị tụbara nkume Ikpe. n'elu isi Abimeleke, wee kụrisịa okpokoro isi ya. " (Judg. 9:53 NRSV)

Imepụta nkume ndị a na-akpọ quern

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Ụdị nkume kachasị mma iji mepụta nkume quern bụ nkume igneous dị ka basalt. Ihe ndị a nwere ihe siri ike, mana mkpụrụ anaghị apụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, yabụ ihe a na-egweri egweri anaghị abụ ihe siri ike. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka nkume ndị dị otú ahụ dị, nke pụtara na e mepụtara nkume dị iche iche site na nkume dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere sandstone, Quartzite na limestone. A na-akpọ Quernmore Crag dị nso na Lancaster na England site na igwu nkume igwe eji eme nkume quern n'akụkụ ndị a. Aha ugwu Whernside na Great Whernside dị na Yorkshire Dales nwere otu mmalite.

Rutter nwere ike igosi, maka ndịda Levant, na a na-ahọrọ nkume basalt quern karịa ndị e mepụtara site na ụdị nkume ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, a na-ebugharị nkume basalt n'ebe dị anya, na-eduga ya ịrụ ụka na, n'agbanyeghị ọrụ ha kwa ụbọchị, ọrụ bara uru, a na'ejikwa ha dị ka akara ọnọdụ.[9]

Nnyocha na Scotland egosiwo na ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ụdị mpaghara dị.[10]

 
Ụmụ nwanyị na-egwe ọka na quern, Palestine (1900)

Ọganihu nke nkume ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara

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Knocking stones were used in the preparation of small quantities of cereal, however the earliest forms of quern were the saddle and trough querns. The earliest quern so far discovered dates to Templeeti:Circa and was found at Abu Hureyra, Syria.[1] A later development was the rotary quern, which takes several forms.

Saddle quern

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A na-emepụta quern saddle site na ịpịgharị ma ọ bụ ịtụgharị muller site na iji mmegharị n'otu akụkụ (ya bụ, ịkwanye na ịdọrọ nkume aka), nke na-emepụta ọdịdị yiri saddle. Ndị a bụ ụdị nkume quern kachasị ochie na nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma jiri rotary quern dị irè dochie ya n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke ise ruo nke anọ BC.[11] Nkume aka maka saddle querns na-abụkarị ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka cylindrical (ọ bụghị n'adịghị ka pin na-agbagharị) ma jiri aka abụọ, ma ọ bụ hemispheres siri ike ma jiri otu aka. Nke a na-enye mmegharị na-egwepịa, ọ bụghị ọrụ na-egweri, ọ dịkwa mma maka igwepịa ọka. Ọ dịghị mfe imepụta ntụ ọka site na saddle quern na ọka na-enweghị ntụ ọka. A na-akpọkwa muller 'rubber' ma ọ bụ 'mouler'. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ ụfọdụ na isiokwu metate.

Rotary quern

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Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, rotary quern na-eji mmegharị okirikiri egwe ihe ahụ, nke pụtara na ma elu na ala quern na'ozuzu ya bụ okirikiri. Nkume aka nke rotary quern dị arọ karịa nke saddle quern ma na-enye ịdị arọ dị mkpa maka ịcha ọka a na-emeghị ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, elu igwe nke nkume na-adaba n'ime ibe ya, nkume dị n'elu na-adịtụ n'ime na nke dị n'okpuru.

 
Rotary Hand Quern na Estonian Open Air Museum

Ebe a na-anọ amụ nwa

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Querns si na Whithorn Museum, Dumfries na Galloway, ndịda Scotland

N'ụdị a, nkume dị n'elu bụ hemispherical, ma ọ bụ ụdị achịcha, yana hopper dị n'etiti iji jide ọka nke na-adaba n'oghere n'elu igwe. A na-ejide ya n'ọnọdụ ya na oghere nke dabara n'ime oghere dị n'etiti nkume dị n'ala. Nkume dị n'elu nwekwara oghere dị omimi n'akụkụ ya dị elu nke ị ga-etinye osisi a na-eji mee ihe iji tụgharịa ma ọ bụ mee ka nkume dị n' elu. Nke a bụ ụdị rotary quern mbụ pụtara na British Isles. Ọ bịarutere na Britain n'etiti Oge Iron (ihe dị ka 400-300 BC) wee gbasaa n'ime ọkara ugwu nke Ireland, ma eleghị anya site na Scotland, oge ụfọdụ mgbe narị afọ nke abụọ BC gasịrị.[12]

Disc quern

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A na-awa aka quern ahụ [13]

Disc querns nwere nkume abụọ dị larịị dị ka diski, nkume dị n'elu nke nwere oghere cylindrical maka ịnwe aka na nkume dị ala nke nwere ogwe etiti.[14] The adjustable, discoid rotary quern nwere nnukwu, flatter na karịa discoid nkume karịa aṅụ ụdị. Nkume dị n'okpuru ya gbawara kpamkpam. Ogwe aka ogologo ahụ na-agbagharị n'ime oghere na-adịghị omimi n'elu nkume ahụ. A na-eche na ha malitere na Spain 2,500 afọ gara aga ma yie ka ha rutere na Scotland site na ihe dị ka 200 BC na ndị wuru ụlọ nchebe a maara dị ka brochs. Ụdị Iron Age a yiri nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Highland quern ka na-eji n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme.[15] Na Ireland, diski querns bụ ụdị querns kachasị eji eme ihe n'etiti afọ 500 CE-1500 CE, ma na-enwekarị dayameta nke 30-60 cm.[14]

 
Quern na-adabere na earasaid nke nwanyị ahụ n'aka nri, ikekwe iji jide ọka; ọ na-enye nkume ahụ ọka site na efere dị n'aka ekpe ya. Woodcut site na akwụkwọ Thomas Pennant nke 1772 A Tour in Scotland.

Garnett na njem 1800 ya na Scotland kọwara ojiji nke quern aka dị ka ndị a:  

Obere quern

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N'okpuru 200 in) n'obosara ma na-adịgasị iche na ejiji ruo na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mgbe mgbe na-ejikarị ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ, a chọpụtala ụdị ọhụrụ nke querns ebe a na-eleghara anya n'oge gara aga dị ka ihe dị arọ, wdg. N'akụkụ niile ha dị ka nkume quern zuru oke ma ha na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi na a na-eji ha egwe obere mkpụrụ, mineral ma ọ bụ ahịhịa. A na-eche na aro na e mere ha dị ka ihe egwuregwu na-agaghị ekwe omume.[16]

Ụdị nkume ndị ọzọ

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Ụdị nkume ndị ọzọ na-agụnye hopper-rubbers na ihe igwe ihe Pompeian, nke Ndị Rom ji mee ihe. Ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya na-arụ ọrụ na ihe igwe ihe ndị buru ibu site na aka mgbatị osisi ejikọtara na nkume dị n'elu.

Ụda nke ihe igwe ihe Rom.

A na-eji Querns na-eji crank-na-ejikọta osisi mee ihe na Western Han Dynasty.[17]

Iwu megide iji ya eme ihe

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E nwere ihe iwu chọrọ na Scotland maka ndị bi na ya ịkwụ ụgwọ maka iji ihe igwe ihe nke baron. Nkwado mbụ nke ihe igwe ihe nyere onye na-egwe ihe ikike iwu iji bibie nkume ndị a na-eji eme ihe iji nupụ nkwekọrịta ịsa ahụ.

Ọrụ nke ịsa ahụ mechara kwụsị itinye aka, mana ịsa ahụ na Scotland ka e wepụrụ kpamkpam na 28 Nọvemba (Martinmas) 2004 site na Abolition of Feudal Tenure wdg. (Scotland) Act 2000.[18]

Ọrụ yiri nke ahụ (ikike nke mulcture) dị na England, nke e guzobere naanị site na omenala ọ bụghị site na iwu. A na-eme nke a n'ụzọ siri ike site na iji ndokwa iwu obodo.[19] N'etiti ọtụtụ ikpe ndị e dekọrọ, ikpe 1274 nke onye isi nke St Albans Abbey, Cirencester, onye nwere ikike pụrụ iche maka obodo ahụ dum, dị ịrịba ama: ọ gwara ndị na-ahụ maka ya ka ha nyochaa ụlọ ndị obodo ma weghara nkume ọ bụla ha hụrụ. N'ikpeazụ, obodo ahụ wetara ikpe megide abbott na assizes obodo ahụ. Ha meriri, a gwakwara ha ka ha kwụọ onye ụkọchukwu 100 mark iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nkwutọ ya. Iji mee emume mmeri ya, onye ụkọchukwu ahụ jiri nkume ndị ahụ kwado ala ụlọ ezumezu ya.[20]

Iji ikike ahụ mee ihe na-adaba n'iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-enweghị isi na ikpe ikpeazụ bụ na Wakefield, Yorkshire, mgbe na 1850 obodo ahụ zụrụ onye nwe Soke Mill maka £ 20,000 (nke ya na £ 2,700,000 . [21]

Ihe ịchọ mma na ihe odide

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Nkume quern (n'aka nri), nke a maara dị ka jato na Nepali, na veranda nke ụlọ ime obodo Nepali.

A chọtawo ọtụtụ nkume aka na ihe ndị ọzọ a tụrụ atụ, agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ dị mfe ikewapụ ihe ịchọ mma site na ebumnuche ọrụ. Atụmatụ ahụ na-etinye ego n'ọdịdị nke nkume aka mgbe ọ na-agagharị gburugburu, na ikike nke nkume ndị a iji gbanwee mkpụrụ ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka nwere ike ime ka mmetụta nke anwansi na-agbanwe agbanwe nke dọtara ma nsọpụrụ na ọnọdụ maka ihe ndị a.[22] Querns atọ a hụrụ na Ireland edeela ihe ịchọ mma nke ụdị La Tène, dịka ihe atụ si England na Wales. [12][23] Ọtụtụ n'ime nkume ndị a na-ejide oghere nwere ihe ịchọ mma nke na-agbaso usoro isi nke ihe ndị gbara hopper na / ma ọ bụ oghere aka gburugburu. Otu ụdị ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere akara iko na-adịghị mma nke gbara hopper gburugburu.[24]

A chọtara quern na Dunadd na Scotland nke nwere obe a tụrụ n'ime nkume dị n'elu. Obe ahụ agbasawo ma mechaa nweta ọdịdị ya site na Ndị Rom na ndị Byzantium bu ya ụzọ na narị afọ nke ise na nke isii. Ihe atụ a nwere ogo dị elu nke na-egosipụta 'ọnụahịa' ya ma na-eme ka uru ihe nnọchianya ya na mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dịkwuo elu. O yikarịrị ka obe ahụ 'chebere' ọka na ntụ ọka a na-emepụta site na ihe ọjọọ, dị ka nchara fungal ma ọ bụ ergot. Akụkọ ọdịbendị dị iche iche na-enye ike ọrụ ebube na nkume igwe ihe ma achọtawo ọtụtụ nke ejirila mee ihe ọzọ n'iwu ihe ili ozu ma ọ bụ dị ka nkume ili. Njikọ dị n'etiti nkume quern na olili ozu nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme achịcha, ihe dị mkpa nke ndụ. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịhụ quern mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ọnwụ.[25] Na Clonmacnoise, nso Athlone na County Offaly na Ireland, a chọtara nkume quern nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ nkume ili, ebe a chọrọ ya mma na aha Sechnasach, onye nwụrụ na 928 AD, edere ya na ya. A chọtara nnukwu quern na Lough Scur crannog na Ireland.

Ihe ijuanya Mauchline Quern

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Na narị afọ nke itoolu, onye mọnk Welsh bụ Nennius dere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Britain, Historia Brittonum, ebe o depụtara ihe ịtụnanya iri na atọ nke Britain, ma tinye ya na 'Mauchline Quern' dị ịtụnanya nke na-ada mgbe niile, ma e wezụga na Sọnde. Enwere ike ịnụ ya na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ala na aha ebe 'Auchenbrain' nwere ike ime ememe ya, na-asụgharị site na Gaelic dị ka 'ọhịa nke quern'.[26]

Ngwá ọrụ igwe ihe ndị metụtara ya

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  • Nkume ịkụ aka
  • Jato: ụdị nkume rotary quern-stone eji eme ihe na mpaghara Himalayan nke Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling na Bhutan.
  • Malay (macrolanguage)-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Batu giling (Malay)
  • Manos na metate
  • Nkume igwe ihe

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Explore/Highlights: Quern stone for making flour. The British Museum. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009.
  2. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 115: 106. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  3. ↑ Anna Revedin et al. (2010). "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, no. 44, pp. 18815–18819 (18815)
  4. ↑ Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya, sixth, New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. 
  5. ↑ Shelach-Lavi (2015). The Archaeology of Early China: From Prehistory to the Han Dynasty. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521145251. 
  6. ↑ Lease et al. 2001:235
  7. ↑ Snuff Quern. Accessed 2009-11-20
  8. ↑ DeBoer 2001:223.
  9. ↑ Rutter (2003). Basaltic-rock procurement systems in the southern Levant. PhD thesis, University of Durham. Retrieved on 12 March 2014. 
  10. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proc Soc Antiq Scot 138: 122–125. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  11. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proc Soc Antiq Scot 138: 105–128. DOI:10.9750/PSAS.138.105.128. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 J. T. Koch, An Atlas for Celtic Studies (2007), p. 150.
  13. ↑ Garnett, T. Observations on a Tour through the Highlands and part of the Western Isles of Scotland, particularly Staff and Icolmkill. The Strand: T. Cadell. P. 155.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 O'Sullivan, et al. (2006), p. 24
  15. ↑ E. W. MacKie, "The broch cultures of Atlantic Scotland: origins, high noon and decline": part 2: The Middle Iron Age: high noon and decline c.200 BC – AD 550, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, vol. 29, no 1. (2010), pp. 89-117 (100).
  16. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 138: 119–122. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  17. ↑ Hong-Sen Yan, Marco Ceccarelli (2009). International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer Science and Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9484-2. 
  18. ↑ UK Government Web Archive. Archived from the original on 2008-08-10. Retrieved on 2017-05-24.
  19. ↑ Harrison [1834] (1856). Practical Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant, 7, London: Sweet & Maxwell, iv, 561. 
  20. ↑ Bennett (1898). History of corn milling. London: Simpkin & Marshall. OCLC 184882012. 
  21. ↑ Ashton (1904). "The miller and his tolls", The History of Bread from Pre-historic to Modern Times. London: The Religious Tract Society. OCLC 6124449. 
  22. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proc Soc Antiq Scot 119: 106. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  23. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proc Soc Antiq Scot 113: 117. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  24. ↑ (2008) "New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland". Proc Soc Antiq Scot 113: 106. ISSN 0081-1564. 
  25. ↑ Ewan Campbell, A cross-marked quern from Dunadd and other evidence for relations between Dunass and Iona, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 5, no. 117 (1987), pp. 105 - 117.
  26. ↑ Watson, William J. (1926). The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons Ltd., p.187
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