Wikipedia

Ndepụta nke omume ọjọọ gbasara nkuchi ụmụaka na mba ụwa

Edemede ndepụta Wikimedia

Ndị na-esonụ bụ ndepụta ụfọdụ, site n'afọ, nke ihe omume ndị a ma ama ma ọ bụ akụkọ banyere omume ọjọọ na nkuchi mba ụwa, nrụrụ aka nkuchi, owuwe ihe ubi ụmụaka, izu ohi nwa, mmebi iwu na nkuchi mba ụwa, ma ọ bụ nrụrụ aka ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi (lee ịla n'iyi ụmụaka; ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka) "Na United States nkuchi mba ụwa bụ nnukwu azụmahịa, ebe a na-akwụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi mba ụwa onwe ha ụgwọ na nkezi dọla pụkụ iri atọ kwa oge iji chọta nwa maka ndị nne na nna nwere olileanya. "[1][2][3][4][5][6]

2020

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Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2020 boro ụmụ nwanyị atọ na Ohio ebubo maka ọrụ ha nke e kwuru na ha turu "atụmatụ iji nrụrụ aka na aghụghọ nweta nkuchi nke ụmụaka Uganda na Poland site n'inye ndị isi Uganda aka azụ na ịghọgbu ndị nne na nna nkuchi nke United States, ndị ọchịchị United States, na ndị isi nchịkwa Poland. "[7]

2019

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E boro onye nyocha nke Maricopa County na Arizona bụ Paul D. Petersen, ebubo na ọ na-eme atụmatụ nkuchi iwu na-akwadoghị ebe ọ na-ewe, na-ebugharị, ma na-enye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime si Marshall Islands ụgwọ iji nye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na United States n'ime afọ atọ. A machibidoro nnabata n'etiti US na Marshall Islands site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.[8][9]

2017

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Ethiopia kwụsịrị, ma mesịa machibido, nnabata nkuchi niile nye United States.[10][11]

2010

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  • United States na Russia - Russia kwụsịtụrụ inye ezinụlọ United States ụmụaka maka nkuchi mgbe Artyom Savelyev (Justin Hansen) dị afọ asaa nke onye nọọsụ Tennessee Torry Hansen nakweere ikuchi ka e zigara naanị ya n'otu ụzọ ụgbọ elu laghachi Moscow, wee nye ya akwụkwọ na-ekwu na "o nwere uche na-adịghị mma".[12] Mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka nke Russia bụ Pavel Astakhov kwuru, sị: "Anyị aghaghị, dịka o kwere mee, idebe ụmụ anyị na mba anyị."[13] Onye isi oche nke kọmitii ndị omeiwu Russia na-ahụ maka ezinụlọ na ụmụaka Yelena Mizulina kwuru na ezinụlọ nlekọta, nke ndị Russia na-elekọta ma ọ bụ na-elekọta weghachiri ụmụaka pụkụ iri atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ime afọ atọ gara aga.[14]
  • United States na Russia - Ndị isi Russia kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị nkuchi nye ndị nne na nna United States mgbe e boro di na nwunye Pennsylvania ebubo maka iti nwa nkuchi ha si Russia.[15]
  • New Life Children's Refuge case. Mgbe ala ọma jijiji Haiti nke afọ 2010 gasịrị, e jidere ndị ozi Baptist ịrị si ala ọzọ ma bo ha ebubo ịtọrọ mmadụ. Ndị otu a kpọkọtara ụmụaka iri atọ na atọ na mpaghara ndị mebiri emebi ma zube ịkwaga ha n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei nwa oge na Dominican Republic. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ ahụ enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpọpụta ụmụaka ahụ na Haiti. O mechara doo anya na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka ahụ abụghị ụmụ mgbei. >"ụmụaka Haiti ịrị atọ na atọ, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha abụghị ụmụ mgbei ma nwee ezinụlọ. 'bụ ụzọ ziri ezi iji gosipụta na nke a bụ n'ụzọ doro anya omume ohere nke Silsby site na mkpuchi ya, otu a na-enyo enyo, nke a maara dị ka New Life Children's Refuge. Ụmụaka ịrị atọ na atọ a tọọrọ mana NLCR enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị maka ibugharị ụmụaka ahụ ma jide ha na ebubo ịtọrọ mmadụ.

2009

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  • China - "A na-ata ndị ọrụ gọọmentị isii nọ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China ahụhụ n'ihi mkparị ụlọ ụmụ mgbei mgbe a kpọpụrụ ụmụaka atọ n'aka ezinụlọ ha bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka imebi iwu atụmatụ ezinụlọ. Ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ zigara ụmụaka ahụ na mba ofesi maka nkuchi site na 2004 ruo 2006, akwụkwọ akụkọ dị na Guizhou kọrọ taa.[16]
  • Samoa - A mara mmadụ anọ ikpe na atụmatụ, ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ nkuchi ghọgburu ndị nne na nna Samoan ka ha nye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi[17]
  • Ethiopia - Canadian Broadcasting Company na-akọ na ezinụlọ ndị Canada "na-ekwu na CAFAC agwawo ha na nwa ha bụ nwa mgbei mgbe nne na nna ha ka dị ndụ n'ezie ... (na) na mgbe ụfọdụ, afọ ụm ụaka ahụ dị oke njọ na ahụike nke ụmụaka ndị a dịgasị iche na ihe a gwara ha tupu ha agaa Addis Ababa iburu ha. "[18] Andrew Goeghegan na-akọ na "Ọ dịkarịa ala ụlọ ọrụ nnabata nkuchi iri asaa guzobere azụmahịa na Ethiopia. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara edebeghị aha, mana enwere obere iwu n'ụzọ ọ bụla na aghụghọ na aghụghọ jupụtara. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ewe ụmụaka na usoro a maara dị ka owuwe ihe ubi.[6] Nke a emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ Dutch kwụsị nnabata site na Ethiopia "n'ihi akụkọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya banyere mmegbu nke usoro ahụ site n'aka gọọmentị nke Ethiopia na ụlọ ọrụ nnabata obodo. Nnyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ nnabata mere, na-egosi na ozi gbasara ụmụaka dị na faịlụ na nzulite ha adabaghị n'ezie. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị nne ụmụaka ahụ ka dị ndụ, ebe edepụtara ha dị ka ndị nwụrụ anwụ.[19]
  • Vietnam - "Ụlọ ikpe dị n'ebe ugwu Vietnam etinyela mmadụ iri na isii n'ụlọ ikpe maka ebubo na ha na-ere ihe karịrị ụmụ ọhụrụ narị abụọ na ịrị ise maka nkuchi na mba ọzọ. Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze na mpaghara Nam Dinh yana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ na ụlọ ọgwụ obodo gara ikpe ụnyaahụ, ka Dang Viet Hung, onye isi ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na-anụ ikpe ahụ kwuru. A na-ebo ndị a ebubo "iji ike na ikike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi" ma nwee ike ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ ise ruo afọ iri. "[20]

2007

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  • Guatemala - Ndị uwe ojii Guatemala, ndị agha na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị wakporo ụlọ nlekọta na Antigua na-ejide ụmụ ọhụrụ iri anọ na isii, na-ebo ụlọ ahụ ebubo na ha enyeghị akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka nkuchi.[21]
  • Haiti - IOM na Pan American Development Foundation (PADF) na-eweghachite ụmụaka iri anọ na asaa, ndị a na-azụ ahịa ụmụaka n'ụlọ ha na Grand'Anse nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Haiti.[22][23][24]

2005

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  • China - N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2005, Xinhua News kọrọ na e jidere ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na mpaghara Hunan nke China, yana ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ndị ọzọ a na-akpọghị aha na Guangdong na Guangxi Provinces, na-azụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'aka ndị na-azụ ahịa maka "800 yuan (US $ 98.89) ruo 1,200 yuan ma ree ha n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ na ọnụahịa dị elu karị. "[25] Nnyocha ndị sochirinụ gosiri na ezinụlọ Duan rere ihe karịrị otu puku ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei Hunan, nakwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụaka ndị a niile nabatara na mba ụwa.[26]
  • Samoa - Samoa mere iwu ngwa ngwa "iji mee ka nkuchi ndị mba ọzọ sie ike na-esote ọnwụ nke nwatakịrị nke nọ na nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ America ..."" otu afọ mgbe "nyocha One News kpughere ndị nne na nna Samoan etinyela ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na nzukọ Focus On Children, n'amaghị na ha agaghị ahụ ha ọzọ. Ndị nne na nna chere na ụmụaka ahụ ga-anọ na America naanị maka agụmakwụkwọ ha nakwa na nkuchi ahụ abụghị nke na-adịgide adịgide.[27]

2004

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  • Samoa - Otu akụkọ na-ekpughe na ndị nne na nna Samoan na-etinye ụmụ ha maka nkuchi na nzukọ Focus On Children na-eche na ụmụaka ahụ ga-anọ na America naanị maka agụmakwụkwọ ha nakwa na nkuchi ahụ abụghị nke na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ekpughe na o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị ahụ ụmụ ha ọzọ.[27]

2003

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  • UNICEF na-ewepụta akụkọ banyere ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka / ịla n'iyi ụmụaka na Afrịka.
  • England - Onye ọka ikpe wakporo onye ọrụ ebere maka mkparị nkuchi mba ụwa. "E wepụrụ ihe mkpuchi ahụ na azụmahịa "ọjọọ na mmegbu" nke nnabata mba ụwa ụnyaahụ mgbe onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wakporo onye ọrụ ebere nke Britain maka ikwe ka ezinụlọ edepụtara aha ha zụta nwa n'aka di na nwunye na United States...Mana tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ mbụ ya, e debere ya n'aka ụlọ ikpe mgbe nne na nna ya "ọhụrụ", bụ ndị a machibidoro nkuchi na Britain site n'ụzọ nkịtị, kewara ebe nne nkuchi ya gburu onwe ya. "[28]

2001

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  • N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2001, otu United States Immigration and Naturalization Service kwụsịrị nnabata site na Cambodia. Richard Cross, onye isi nyocha nke US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “boro ndị isi n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke gọọmentị ebubo na ha sonyere na aghụghọ metụtara ọtụtụ narị ụmụ ọhụrụ na ọtụtụ nde dollar.” Ọ bụkwa "onye isi nyocha gọọmentị etiti maka ikpe Lauryn Galindo maka aghụghọ visa na mmefu ego na-etinye aka na nnabata ndị Cambodia, mere atụmatụ na ọtụtụ n'ime nnabata narị asatọ nke Galindo nyere aka bụ aghụghọ - ma ọ bụ dabere na akwụkwọ aghụghọ, mmanye, ụmụ ọhụrụ a zụrụ, njirimara nke ụmụaka agbanwere, wdg. "[29]

Nke a sochiri nyocha nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Phnom Penh Post na-ekpughe ịzụta nwa na ịtọrọ site na ọrụ nkuchi Lauryn Galindo, yana ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2004, Galindo kwetara na ebubo gọọmentị etiti ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa iri na asatọ ma nyekwa ya iwu ka ọ tụfuo ihe karịrị otu nde dọla n'ihe onwunwe na Hawaii.[30]

2000

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  • Òtù United Nations na-ewepụta Protocol iji gbochie, gbochie ma nye ntaramahụhụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, na-agbakwunye nkwekọrịta megide mpụ a haziri ahazi.[31]

1999

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  • India - Andhra Pradesh - "Ihe ihere mebiri na Machị na Eprel nke afọ 1999, ma tinye aka ọzọ Sanjeeva Rao na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ya, ASD. N'oge a, onye ọzọ, Peter Subbaiah, onye na-elekọta Good Samaritan Evangelical and Social Welfare Association, sokwa na ya. Ebubo bụ isi metụtara ịzụta ụmụ ọhụrụ site n'aka otu agbụrụ a na-akpọ Lambada. Ndị Lambada bụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị, ugbu a biri n'ime obodo nta (nke a na-akpọ tandas) ma na-adị ndụ site na ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo, mgbe mgbe n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke oke ịda ogbenye. Ndị Lambada na-emebu omenala nke ọnụ ahịa nwanyị ọhụrụ, mana ha nakweere usoro omenala ndị India, nke chọrọ ka ezinụlọ nke nwanyị a na-alụ ọhụrụ kwụọ nnukwu ego nye ezinụlọ nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ iji hazie alụmdi na nwunye ya. Na mgbakwunye, e kwuru na ndị Lambada kwenyere na nwa nke atọ, nke isii, na nke itoolu bụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, “na-adịghị mma.” E kwuru na ha na-egbu ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-erekwa, maka obere ego, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ha a mụrụ ọhụrụ. Ihe ndekọ ndị nta akụkọ na India zoro aka na ọdịdị ha dị mma dị ka nke na-eme ka ha mara mma nye ndị nne na nna si mba ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya ma nke a gosipụtara ajọ ebumnobi ndị India, kama nke ndị America. Ihe ihere nke afọ 1999 malitere site na njide ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị e boro ebubo na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nyocha ma ọ bụ ndị ogbugbo n'ịzụta ụmụaka. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ akụkọ kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a "ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya", a na-ebo ha ebubo ịzụta ụmụ ọhụrụ Lambada maka obere ego (dọla ịrị na ise ruo dọla ịrị anọ na ise), wee nata nnukwu ego (dọla narị abụọ na ịrị abụọ ruo dọla narị anọ na ịrị anọ) site n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei maka ụmụaka. Akụkọ ndị nta akụkọ gosiri na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ natara dọla pụkụ abụọ ruo dọla pụkụ atọ maka nwatakịrị ọ bụla e debere na nkuchi mba. N'ihi mkparị nke afọ 1999, e jidere Sanjeeva Rao na Peter Subbaiah ma tinye ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[32][33]

1995-1996

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  • India - "Nkwenye Andhra Pradesh na-elekwasị anya na enyo nke mmebi iwu n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei a na-akpọ Action for Social Development. E nyere ụmụaka ndị ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Amerịka jidere, visa ma kwe ka ha gaa Amerịka.[32]

1994

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  • Romania - Isiokwu nyocha iwu na-akọ na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke United States na-enyocha nkuchi ndị Romania chọpụtara "ihe omume ebe ndị nne Romania kwenyere na ha na-agbazinye ụmụ ha n'aka ndị nne na nna si mba ọzọ ma ghara ịhapụ ha kpamkpam. "[34][35]
  • Mba ndị ọzọ - Isiokwu nyocha iwu na-akọ nsogbu "ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka" na Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras, Sri Lanka (lee ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka / ịla n'iyi ụmụaka.)[36][35]

Ebensidee

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  1. ↑ David M. Smolin, Child Laundering: How the Intercountry Adoption System Legitimizes and Incentivizes the Practices of Buying, Trafficking, Kidnapping, and Stealing Children, also published by the Wayne Law Review.
  2. ↑ David M. Smoin, Unpublished: Child Laundering As Exploitation: Applying Anti-Trafficking Norms to Intercountry Adoption Under the Coming Hague Regime.
  3. ↑ David M. Smolin, The Two Faces of Intercountry Adoption: The Significance of the Indian Adoption Scandals, Seton Hall Law Review.
  4. ↑ David M. Smolin, Intercountry Adoption as Child Trafficking, Valparaiso Law Review .
  5. ↑ What To Do. Adopting Internationally. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "U.S. adoption agencies exploit Ethiopian children – documentary". Retrieved on 21 August 2013.
  7. ↑ Three Individuals Charged with Arranging Adoptions from Uganda and Poland Through Bribery and Fraud. Retrieved on September 24, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Utah AG's Office: Maricopa County Assessor Paul D. Petersen arrested, accused of human smuggling", KSAZ-TV, October 9, 2019. Retrieved on May 4, 2020.
  9. ↑ Allyn. "Arizona Official Arrested In Alleged 'Baby Mill' Adoption Fraud Scheme", NPR, October 9, 2019. Retrieved on May 4, 2020.
  10. ↑ Arsenault. "Ethiopian suspension on international adoptions has West Michigan family worried for soon-to-be-son with heart condition", May 8, 2017.
  11. ↑ Lemma. "International adoption: I was stolen from my family", CNN.
  12. ↑ Levy. "Russia Seeks Ways to Keep Its Children", The New York Times, April 15, 2010. Retrieved on April 24, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Quotes of the Day", Time, April 16, 2010. Retrieved on April 24, 2012.
  14. ↑ Levy. "Russian Orphanage Offers Love, but Not Families", The New York Times, May 3, 2010. Retrieved on April 24, 2012.
  15. ↑ Russian officials call for suspension of adoptions to U.S. parents after death of Dillsburg-area boy, By LARA BRENCKLE, The Patriot-News, March 05, 2010, 12:00AM
  16. ↑ 上海日报 - English Window to China News. Shanghai Daily (2013-04-18). Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  17. ↑ ["https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=6958072&page=1 Four Sentenced in Scheme to 'Adopt' Samoan Kids--Prosecutors: Adoption Agency Tricked Samoan Parents Into Giving Children Up for Adoption," Beth Tribolet, Teri Whitcraft and Scott Michels, ABC News Law & Justice Unit, February 26, 2009.]
  18. ↑ "Canadian parents raise concerns", CBC News, March 19, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Dutch agency stops adoption from Ethiopia pending investigation". Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  20. ↑ "16 On Trial For Selling Babies For Adoption", The Independent, September 23, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Cleaning Up International Adoptions", Time, August 29, 2007.
  22. ↑ Home - International Organization for Migration. Iom.int (2013-09-09). Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  23. ↑ Thomson Reuters Foundation. Thomson Reuters Foundation | News, Information and Connections for Action. Alertnet.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  24. ↑ Home - International Organization for Migration. Iom.int (2013-09-09). Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  25. ↑ Xinhua - English. News.xinhuanet.com (2005-11-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  26. ↑ Research-China.Org (2006-10-09). Research-China.Org: Hunan - One Year After - Part One. Research-china.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.; Brian H. Stuy (with foreword by David Smolin), Open Secret: Cash and Coercion in China's International Adoption Program" Cumberland Law Review 44.3 (2014): 355-422.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Death prompts Samoan adoption change", One News, June 27, 2005. Retrieved on October 15, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Judge attacks social worker over international adoption scandal", The Independent. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  29. ↑ Desiree Smolin and David Kruchkow, Why Bad Stories Must Be Told, The Adoption Agency Checklist,
  30. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved on November 1, 2009.
  31. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved on November 1, 2009.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "The Two Faces of Intercountry Adoption: The Significance of the Indian Adoption Scandals" Seton Hall Law Review Thirty-Five.Number Two (2005): 403-493. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/david_smolin/2
  33. ↑ Morning Edition. An Adoption Gone Wrong. NPR. Retrieved on 2013-09-27.
  34. ↑ Jorge L. Carro, Regulation of Intercountry Adoption: Can the Abuses Come to an End?, 18 HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 121, 144 (1994)(documenting “baby trafficking” problems in Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras, Sri Lanka, and Romania).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 see footnote 29
  36. ↑ Jorge L. Carro, Regulation of Intercountry Adoption: Can the Abuses Come to an End?, 18 HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 121, 144 (1994) (documenting “baby trafficking” problems in Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras, Sri Lanka, and Romania).
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