Wikipedia

Nchịkwa ahụhụ na-adọkpụ n'ọrụ ugbo

Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.[1]

"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na Desmodium spp. intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na Striga infestation).

Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ

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Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ

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"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (D. uncinatum) in flower

"Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, D. uncinatum, na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. [2] [3] N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (Melinis minutiflora), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.[3]

Ihe na-adọta ya

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"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (Brachiaria brizantha) kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya

Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), ahịhịrị Signal (Brachiaria brizantha), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.[4] Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.[1]

Mgbochi nke Striga

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Striga hermonthica na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.

Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, Striga, na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   [citation needed] Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na D. uncinatum na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.[5] A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.[1] A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.[6]

Imeziwanye mma nke ala

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Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. [1][7][8][9]

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ

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Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.[1]

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.[1]

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.[10]

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.[10]

Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull

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Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.[11] This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.[11] In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.[11] Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.[11] N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.[11] Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.[11] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.[11] N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.[11]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[12] na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.[13] Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.[1]

Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ

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Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.[1] N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.[1] N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.[1] Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). [14] Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.[14]

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.[14] E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.[14] Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.[14] N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.[14]

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.[14] N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.[14]

  •  
    Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
  •  
    Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
  •  
    Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)
  • Mgbochi nje
  • Ụzọ omenala
  • Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
  • Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
  • Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
  • Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
  • Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Khan (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9 (1): 162–170. DOI:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558. ISSN 1473-5903.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Cook, Samantha M. (2007). "The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management". Annual Review of Entomology 52: 375–400. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407. PMID 16968206. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Khan (August 1997). "Intercropping increases parasitism of pests". Nature 388 (6643): 631–632. DOI:10.1038/41681. ISSN 1476-4687. 
  4. ↑ Chamberlain (2006-03-01). "Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca". Journal of Chemical Ecology 32 (3): 565–577. DOI:10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 16572298. Retrieved on 2021-10-17. 
  5. ↑ Khan (2002-09-01). "Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic". Journal of Chemical Ecology 28 (9): 1871–1885. DOI:10.1023/A:1020525521180. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 12449513. Retrieved on 2021-10-17. 
  6. ↑ Khan (2010). "Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa". Journal of Experimental Botany 61 (15): 4185–4196. DOI:10.1093/jxb/erq229. PMID 20670998. 
  7. ↑ Mutyambai (2019). "More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. DOI:10.3389/fevo.2019.00217. ISSN 2296-701X. 
  8. ↑ Drinkwater (2021-10-15). "Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 320: 107566. DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566. ISSN 0167-8809. 
  9. ↑ Ndayisaba (2022-01-02). "Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya". Carbon Management 13 (1): 127–141. DOI:10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823. ISSN 1758-3004. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kassie (Spring 2018). "Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare". Land Use Policy 77: 186–198. DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Mbeche Nyang’au (Summer 2018). "Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology". Sustainability 10 (7). DOI:10.3390/su10072378. Mbeche Nyang’au, Isaac (Summer 2018). "Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology". Sustainability. 10 (7): 2378. doi:10.3390/su10072378. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ www.rothamsted.ac.uk
  13. ↑ Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Khan (2014). "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020". Philosophical Transactions 369 (1639). DOI:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284. PMID 24535391.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
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