Mpaghara ihu
Mpaghara parafacial (PZ) bụ usoro ụbụrụ dị n'ime ụbụrụ n'ime medulla oblongata nke dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe nile na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site e kwenyere na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka nhazi ụra na-adịghị ngwa ngwa (nke na-abụghị REM), ọkachasị maka ịkpata ụra na-egbu oge.[1][2][3][4]
Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ GABAergic ndi mádu ziri ezi ntụziaka oriri nri ụmụaka sleep-promoting nuclei na ụbụrụ, nke gụnyekwara ventrolateral preoptic area nke hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens core (karịsịa, medial spiny neurons nke D2-type nke na-egosipụta adenosine A2A receptors), na GABAergical nucleus na hypothalamus n'akụkụ nke na-ewepụta melanin-concentrating hormone.[2][3][4][5][6]
Ọrụ na ebe dezie
Mpaghara parafacial na-akwalite ụra na-adịghị ngwa ngwa site na igbochi glutamatergic parabrachial ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie ma ọ bụrụ nucleus (otu akụkụ nke usoro na-arịgo reticular activating nke na-eme ka ịmụrụ anya na mkpali) site na ntọhapụ nke neurotransmitter inhibitory GABA na neurons ndị ahụ.[1][2]
Optogenetic activation nke GABAergic PZ neurons na-akpali ọrụ cortical slow-wave na ụra slow-wave n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ.[1] N'ihe gbasara mmebi nke GABAergic transmizzion site na PZ na ụmụ oke, a hụrụ ụmụ oke ka ha na-agafe oge dị ogologo, na-adịgide adịgide. A na-ekwere na PZ neurons na-ehi ụra, ebe ha na-egosipụta c-Fos mgbe ha na-ebili ma ọ bụghị mgbe ha tetara.[1][7]
Parafacial dị n'ime medulla oblongata, n'akụkụ na n'azụ na akwara ihu.[7] Ọ na-ejikọta na akụkụ alpha nke parvocellular reticular formation (PCRt), nke a na-eche na ọ na-achịkwa ọnọdụ nke ịma ihe yana ịchịkwa ihe mgbaàmà na usoro ụra. Agbanyeghị, a kwenyere na ọrụ PZ na PCRt dị iche iche.
Ihe ndị e tinyere dezie
Mpaghara parafacial na-enweta ntinye site na mpaghara atọ: hypothalamus, midbrain, na pons na medulla.[8]
Site na hypothalamus, PZ na-enweta ntinye site na mpaghara hypothalamic, zona incerta, na parasubthalamic nucleus; ebe ọrụ zona incerta na parasubtalamic nucleu ka bụ ihe a na-amaghị ama, a tụpụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ha iji dozie nhọrọ ọrụ na njikọta limbic-motor.
Site na etiti ụbụrụ, PZ na-enweta ntinye site na substantia nigra, pars reticulata, na deep mesencephalic nucleus. A na-ekwere na usoro ụbụrụ ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị ahụ, yana ụgwọ ọrụ na mmeghachi omume na-amaghị ama; na mgbakwunye, edere par reticulata karịsịa iji gosipụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ neurons GABAergic inhibitory niile. Ma site na pons na medulla, PZ na-enweta ntinye site na etiti reticular nucleus na medial vestibular nucleus (parvocellular), ebe ndị a na-eche na ha na-etinye aka na iku ume na usoro iku ume.
- Site na hypothalamus
- Ebe Hypothalamic
- Ebe a na-amaghị
- Akụkụ nke parasubthalamic
- Ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma
- Site n'etiti ụbụrụ
- Ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma
- Pars reticular
- Mesenphalic nucleus
Ihe ndị e si na ya pụta dezie
PZ neurons na-arụ ọrụ na medial parabrachial nucleus, a wake na-akwalite neuron cluster nke bụ akụkụ nke na-arịgo reticular activating system.[1]
Iri atọ na anọ dị iche iche nuclei na-ekerịta echiche siri ike na PZ GABAergic neurons, gụnyere nuclei dị iche iche nke stria terminalis, mpaghara hypothalamic n'akụkụ, substantia nigra, zona incerta, na etiti amygdaloid nucleus.[8] Ntụle ndị a siri ike na-atụ aro njikwa nzaghachi na ikike ịchịkwa ọrụ ụfọdụ.
- Parabrachial nucleus (akụkụ nke[1] usoro na-arịgo elu reticular activating system)
- Stria terminalis
- Ebe hypothalamic dị n'akụkụ
- Ihe siri ike Nigra
- Ebe A Na-amaghị Ama
- Central Amygdaloid Nucleus
Ntụaka dezie
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 (September 2014) "The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep-promoting center". Nat. Neurosci. 17 (9): 1217–1224. DOI:10.1038/nn.3789. PMID 25129078.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 (December 2015) "The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 38 (4): 615–644. DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.002. PMID 26600100.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 (June 2015) "Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal". Front. Neurol. 6: 135. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2015.00135. PMID 26124745.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 (November 2017) "Dietary Zinc Acts as a Sleep Modulator". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 (11): 2334. DOI:10.3390/ijms18112334. PMID 29113075.
- ↑ (September 2017) "Slow-wave sleep is controlled by a subset of nucleus accumbens core neurons in mice". Nature Communications 8 (1): 734. DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-00781-4. PMID 28963505.
- ↑ (October 2017) "Striatal adenosine A2A receptor neurons control active-period sleep via parvalbumin neurons in external globus pallidus". eLife 6: e29055. DOI:10.7554/eLife.29055. PMID 29022877.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Anaclet (2012-12-12). "Identification and Characterization of a Sleep-Active Cell Group in the Rostral Medullary Brainstem". Journal of Neuroscience 32 (50): 17970–17976. DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.0620-12.2012. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 23238713.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Su (2018-03-20). "Whole-Brain Mapping of Direct Inputs to and Axonal Projections from GABAergic Neurons in the Parafacial Zone" (in en). Neuroscience Bulletin 34 (3): 485–496. DOI:10.1007/s12264-018-0216-8. ISSN 1673-7067. PMID 29557546.