Wikipedia

Mordechai Vanunu

Mordechai Vanunu (Hibru: מרדכי旁נונו; amụrụ na 14 Ọktoba 1952), nke a makwaara dịka John Crossman, bụ onye Israel bụbu onye na-ahụ maka nuklia na onye na-eme udo, onye, na-ekwu maka mmegide ya megide ngwá agha na-ebibi ihe, kpughere nkọwa nke usoro ngwá agha nuklia nke Israel na ndị nta akụkọ Britain n'afọ 1986.[1][2][3][4] Ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke Israel bụ Mossad mechara dọta ya gaa Ịtali, ebe a na-aṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ma tọọrọ ya.[4] E bugara ya na nzuzo na Israel ma mesịa maa ya ikpe n'ikpe a na-ekpe n'azụ ụlọ.[4]

Mordechai Vanunu
Mordechai Vanunu in 2009
Vanunu in 2009
Born (1952-10-14) 14 Ọktoba 1952 (age 72)
Marrakesh, French Morocco
NationalityIsraeli
Other namesJohn Crossman
Known forNuclear whistleblower
Spouse(s)
Kristin Joachimsen
​
(m. Templeeti:Hover title)​
AwardsRight Livelihood Award
Mordechai Vanunu
mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
mba o sịIsrael, Morocco Dezie
aha enyereMordecai Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya13 Ọktoba 1954 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụMarrakesh Dezie
Dị/nwunyeKristin Joachimsen Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaHebrew Dezie
convicted oftreason, espionage Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụtechnician, activist, whistleblower Dezie
ụdị ọrụ yanuclear proliferation, nuclear weapon Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọBen-Gurion University of the Negev Dezie
onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịMaki Dezie
agbụrụ Dezie
okpukpere chi/echiche ụwaEfefe Kraịst, Anglicanism Dezie
ihe omume dị ịrịba amaprisoner of conscience Dezie
webụsaịtịhttp://www.vanunu.com/ Dezie

Vanunu nọrọ afọ iri na asatọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, gụnyere ihe karịrị afọ iri na otu n'ụlọ ọgwụ naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe mgbochi dị otú ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha na iwu ntaramahụhụ nke Israel, ma ọ bụ nke ikpe ya. N'ịbụ onye a tọhapụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 2004, a nọgidere na-etinye ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi na okwu ya na mmegharị ya, ma jide ya ọtụtụ ugboro maka imebi usoro ịgba ya, na-agba ndị nta akụkọ mba ọzọ ajụjụ ọnụ ma na-anwa ịhapụ Israel. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ tara ahụhụ "mmeso obi ọjọọ na obi ọjọọ" n'aka ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma na-atụ aro na ndị a gaara adị iche ma ọ bụrụ na ọ tọghataghị Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.[5]

N'afọ 2007, a mara Vanunu ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa isii maka imebi usoro nke parole ya. A na-ewere ikpe ahụ dịka ihe siri ike n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe ọbụna site n'aka ndị ọkàiwu, bụ ndị na-atụ anya ikpe a kwụsịtụrụ. Otú ọ dị, na Mee afọ 2010, e jidere Vanunu ọzọ ma maa ya ikpe ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ebubo na ọ zutere ndị mba ọzọ, na-emebi ọnọdụ nke ntọhapụ ya n'afọ 2004 n'ụlọ ikpe. Na nzaghachi, Amnesty International wepụtara nkwupụta mgbasa ozi na July 2007, na-ekwu na "Òtù ahụ na-ewere Mordechai Vanunu dịka onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche ma na-akpọ maka ntọhapụ ya ozugbo na n'enweghị ihe mgbochi".[6]

A kọwaala Vanunu na mba ụwa dịka onye na-eme mkpesa[7][8] na Israel dịka onye sabo.[9][10][11][12] Daniel Ellsberg zoro aka na ya dịka "onye dike a ma ama n'oge nuklia".[13] N'afọ 1987, e nyere ya Right Livelihood Award maka "obi ike ya na ịchụ onwe ya n'àjà n'ịkpughe oke mmemme ngwá agha nuklia nke Israel".

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Vanunu na Marrakesh, Morocco, nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ iri na otu a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks bi na Mellah, ma ọ bụ mpaghara ndị Juu. Nna ya, Shlomo, na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa nri, nne ya, Mazal, bụ onye na-elekọta ezinụlọ. Vanunu gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Alliance française, na ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị okpukpe ndị Juu, ma ọ bụ cheder. N'afọ 1963, mgbe mmụba nke mmetụta ndị na-emegide ndị Juu na Morocco, nna Vanunu rere azụmahịa ya, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Israel. Vanunu dị afọ iri n'oge ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ gafere France, nọrọ otu ọnwa n'ogige dị na Marseille tupu e jiri ụgbọ mmiri kpọga ha Israel. Mgbe ha rutere Israel, ụlọ ọrụ ndị Juu zigara ezinụlọ ahụ ka ha biri na Beersheba, nke n'oge ahụ bụ obodo ọzara dara ogbenye. N'ime afọ mbụ ha n'Izrel, ezinụlọ ahụ biri n'otu obere ụlọ e ji osisi rụọ na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik.

Nna Vanunu zụrụ obere ụlọ ahịa na mpaghara ahịa obodo ahụ, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'otu ụlọ. Nna Vanunu tinyere oge ezumike ya na ọmụmụ okpukpe. A bịara were ya dịka onye rabaị, na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù n'ahịa. E zigara Vanunu na Yeshiva Tichonit, ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị okpukpe dị na mpụga obodo ahụ, nke jikọtara ọmụmụ okpukpe na nke omenala.[14]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị klas nke asatọ, ndị mụrụ ya debara aha ya na yeshiva, mana mgbe ọnwa atọ gasịrị, e wepụrụ ya.[15] Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Vanunu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị Yeshivat Ohel Shlomo, ụlọ akwụkwọ Bnei Akiva, ebe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ magburu onwe ya, na-enweta nsọpụrụ. Dịka Vanunu si kwuo, mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, o nwere nsogbu onwe onye nke mere ka o kpebie ịghara idebe okpukpe ndị Juu. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru na "n'oge a, ekpebiri m ịpụ n'okpukpe ndị Juu, mana achọghị m ka mụ na ndị mụrụ m nwee esemokwu n'ihi na achọrọ m ịgụcha akwụkwọ m".[16]

Ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na matriculation nke nta. Nne na nna Vanunu chọrọ ka ọ gaa yeshiva dị elu; ọ kwetara mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu izu gasịrị. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọtara ọrụ nwa oge n'ebe nchekwa ihe ochie nke ụlọ ikpe. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1971, e debara aha ya n'akwụkwọ n'ime ndị agha Israel Defense Forces. Ọ gbalịrị isonyere ndị agha ụgbọelu Israel dịka onye na-anya ụgbọelu, mana mgbe ndị nyocha jụrụ ya, ha zigara ya na Combat Engineering Corps, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-agba ọsọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ bụ isi, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ndị ọchịagha na-eto eto, mgbe ahụ ọ gụsịrị ọrụ ndị isi na-abụghị ndị ọrụ, e nyekwara ya ọkwa Sergeant-Major.

Ọ nọ n'ebe ugwu ma hụ ọrụ n'oge Agha Yom Kippur nke afọ 1973. N'afọ 1974, o sonyere n'ịkwatu ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha n'ógbè Golan nke a ga-eweghachi n'aka ndị Siria. A na-enye Vanunu ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide na ndị agha dịka onye agha na-arụ ọrụ, mana ọ jụrụ onyinye ahụ, a chụpụkwara ya n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù n'afọ 1974. Mgbe ahụ, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Tel Aviv wee banye n'ọmụmụ ihe tupu agụmakwụkwọ, mechaa matriculation ya, wee malite ịmụ physics. N'oge a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche, gụnyere n'ụlọ achịcha na ụlọ ezumike nká. Mgbe ọ dara ule abụọ na ngwụcha afọ mbụ ya ma ghọta na ọrụ oge niile ọ chọrọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya gbochiri ọmụmụ ya, Vanunu kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya wee laghachi n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya na Beersheba, ebe ọ chọtara ọrụ nwa oge.[15][17][18]

Edemsibịa

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Ọgụgụ ndi ọzọ

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  • Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services, Grove Press, 1992,
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Israel na Bọmbụ, New York: Columbia University Press (1999),
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Onye na-eme mkpesa nke Dimona: Israel, Dimona & the Bomb.  ISBN 0-8419-1432-X
  • Fleming, Eileen. Memoirs of a Nice Irish American 'Girl's' Life in Occupied Territory. [2007], .
  • Fleming, Eileen. "Beyond Nuclear: Mordechai Vanunu's Freedom of Speech Trial and My Life as a Muckraker". [2010], .
  • Fleming, Eileen. "The Vanunu Legend: Israel Nuclear Whistleblowerz Struggle for Freedom" [2014] .
  • Fleming, Eileen. "Ndị dike, ndị Muses na Saga nke Mordechai Vanunu", Outskirts Press, 2015, ASIN
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dimona: Ụlọ Nsọ nke Atọ? Akụkọ dị n'azụ Mkpughe Vanunu.  ISBN 0-915597-77-2
  • Gilling, Tom na John McKnight. Ikpe na Njehie Mordechai Vanunu na Israel's Nuclear Bomb. 1991 Monarch Publications.  ISBN 1-85424-129-X
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nwanyị si Mossad: Ahụhụ nke Mordekai Vanunu.  ISBN 1-58394-005-7 akwụkwọ mpịakọta akwụkwọ: The Woman from Mossad: The Story of Mordechai Vanunu & the Israeli Nuclear Program
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Triple Cross 1990 Birch Lane Press
  • Spiro, Gideon Vanunu na Bọmbụ Israel. (1998) ASIN

Njikọ mpụga

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  1. ↑ Vanunu: Take my Citizenship. Arutz Sheva (8 May 2011). Retrieved on 15 June 2015.
  2. ↑ Mordechai Vanunu (12 May 2013). Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved on 20 May 2017.
  3. ↑ Harding. "Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe", The Guardian, 12 December 2006. Retrieved on 8 January 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Myre. "Israeli Who Revealed Nuclear Secrets Is Freed", The New York Times, 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 13 May 2010.
  5. ↑ "Israeli nuclear spy released", CNN, 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 12 February 2009.
  6. ↑ Israel: Mordechai Vanunu sentence clear violation of human rights. Amnesty International (2 July 2007). Archived from the original on 10 July 2007.
  7. ↑ "Correspondent: Israel's Secret Weapon (transcript)", BBC, 17 March 2003.
  8. ↑ "Capturing nuclear whistle-blower was 'a lucky stroke', agents recall", Ha'aretz, 12 November 2006.
  9. ↑ The meaning of Vanunu. Jewish World Review (26 April 2004). Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved on 24 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "Vanunu: traitor or prisoner of conscience?", The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 April 2004.
  11. ↑ "Vanunu: Hero or traitor?", JWeekly, 23 April 2004.
  12. ↑ "Vanunu 'wanted to avert holocaust'", BBC, 29 May 2004.
  13. ↑ Ellsberg (21 April 2004). Nuclear Hero's 'Crime' Was Making Us Safer. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 22 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Hounam, pg. 31-32
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Leshem, Guy: "I Felt like a Stranger; I Was Alone" - Yediot Ahronot - 24 November 1999
  16. ↑ 'I felt like I was a stranger' - Vanunu's testimony. www.vanunu.com.
  17. ↑ Thomas, Gordon: Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad
  18. ↑ Richelson, Jeffrey: Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea (2007)
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