Wikipedia

Mmiri nke Rainbow Warrior

Mmiri nke Rainbow Warrior
bomb attack, maritime disaster, manslaughter
mba/obodoNew Zealand Dezie
nhazi ọnọdụ36°50′32″S 174°46′18″E Dezie
oge omelu10 Julaị 1985 Dezie
sonyereDivision Action, Greenpeace Dezie
damagedRainbow Warrior (1955) Dezie
icheRainbow Warrior (1955), Greenpeace Dezie
Map

Mmikpu nke Rainbow Warrior, nke a na-akpọ Opération Satanique, bụ ọrụ bọmbụ nke ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke ngalaba "omume" nke ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo mba ọzọ nke France, Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), mere na 10 Julaị 1985.[1] N'oge ọrụ ahụ, ndị ọrụ abụọ mikpuru ụgbọ mmiri nke Greenpeace, Rainbow Warrior, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Auckland n'ụzọ ọ na-aga ngagharị iwe megide nnwale nuklia nke France na Moruroa. Mmiri riri Fernando Pereira, onye na-ese foto, n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-ada.

Mmikpu ahụ bụ ihe ihere nye France na Onye isi ala François Mitterand.  Ha gọnarị ibu ọrụ ha na mbụ, mana ndị uwe ojii New Zealand nwụchiri ndị ọrụ France abụọ ma bo ha ebubo ịgba ọkụ, ịgba izu ịgba ọkụ, ụma mebie, na igbu ọchụ.  O butere asịrị nke butere arụkwaghịm nke Minista nchekwa France bụ Charles Hernu, ebe ndị ọrụ abụọ ahụ kwetara na ha gburu mmadụ ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ iri.  Ha nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ abụọ nọrọ n'agwaetiti Polynesia nke Hao tupu gọọmentị France tọhapụ ha..[2]

A manyekwara France ịrịọ mgbaghara ma kwụọ ụgwọ New Zealand, ezinụlọ Pereira na Greenpeace.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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France malitere ịnwale ngwá agha nuklia na 1966 na Mururoa Atoll na Tuamotu Archipelago nke French Polynesia. N'afọ 1985, mba ndị dị na South Pacific nke Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, na Vanuatu bịanyere aka na Nkwekọrịta nke Rarotonga na-ekwupụta mpaghara ahụ dị ka mpaghara na-enweghị nuklia.[3]

Ebe ọ bụ na Greenpeace nwetara ya na 1977, Rainbow Warrior nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwado ọtụtụ mgbochi whaling, ịchụ nta ntachi, nnwale mgbochi na mkpofu mkpofu nuklia n'oge ngwụcha 1970s na mmalite 1980s.  Kemgbe 1985, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dabere na ndịda Pacific Ocean, ebe ndị ọrụ ya na-ebuso agha megide nnwale nuklia.  Mgbe o bupụrụ ndị Marshall Islanders 300 na Rongelap Atoll, bụ nke emetọworo site na mmebi redioaktivu site na ule nuklia America gara aga, ọ gara New Zealand iji duga ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri na-eme ngagharị iwe megide nnwale nuklia French na Mururoa Atoll.

N'oge nnwale nuklia gara aga na Mururoa, ndị agha France banyere ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe mgbe ha banyere n'ime mpaghara a na-anaghị ebubata ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu agwaetiti ahụ. Maka nnwale nke afọ 1985, Greenpeace bu n'obi nyochaa mmetụta nke nnwale nuklia ma tinye ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'àgwàetiti ahụ iji nyochaa mgbawa ahụ.

Ndị ọrụ France na-eme ka ha nwee mmasị dị ka ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ ndị njem nleta gara njem nleta nleta ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mgbe ọ na-emeghe maka ikiri ọha na eze. Onye ọrụ DGSE Christine Cabon, onye rụburu ọrụ nzuzo na Middle East, mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi "Frederique Bonlieu" iji banye n'ọfịs Greenpeace na Auckland.[4] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs Auckland, Cabon na-enyocha nkwukọrịta site na Rainbow Warrior na nzuzo, na-anakọta map, ma na-enyochaa ngwá ọrụ n'okpuru mmiri.

Opération Satanique

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Usòrò:Fernando Pereira by David Robie.jpg
Fernando Pereira, onye na-ese foto nke tọrọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-ada

Ndị ọrụ atọ nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri Ouvéa butere ogbunigwe limpet e ji mee ihe maka bọmbụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ abụọ ọzọ, Dominique Prieur na Alain Mafart, na-eme ka di na nwunye ọhụrụ "Sophie na Alain Turenge", buuru ogbunigwe wee nyefee ha n'aka ndị na-atụ bọmbụ, nke gụnyere ndị na-egwu mmiri Jean Camas ("Jacques Camurier") na Jean-Luc Kister ("Alain Tonel").

Mgbe anakọtara ozi zuru ezu, Camas na Kister tinyere ogbunigwe limpet abụọ na Rainbow Warrior kwụsịrị na Marsden Wharf. Ha gbawara nkeji asaa.[5] Bọmbụ mbụ gbawara n'elekere 23:38, na-agbawa oghere dị ka ogo nke ụgbọ ala.

Ọ bụ ezie na a kpọpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na mbụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ laghachiri n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ iji nyochaa ma mee ihe nkiri banyere mmebi ahụ. Onye na-ese foto Portuguese-Dutch, Fernando Pereira, laghachiri n'okpuru oche iji nweta ngwá ọrụ igwefoto ya. N'elekere 23:45, bọmbụ nke abụọ gbawara. Mmiri riri Pereira na idei mmiri ngwa ngwa nke sochiri, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri iri ndị ọzọ hapụrụ ụgbọ mmiri n'enweghị nsogbu na iwu nke Captain Peter Willcox ma ọ bụ tụba ha n'ime mmiri site na mgbawa nke abụọ. Rainbow Warrior mikpuru n'akụkụ anọ ka e mesịrị.

Mmeghachi omume na nyocha nke New Zealand

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Onye agha ụyọkọ, 1981

Mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii New Zealand malitere otu n'ime nyocha ndị uwe ojii kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ. Ha chọpụtara abụọ n'ime ndị ọrụ France, Captain Dominique Prieur na Commander Alain Mafart, dị ka ndị a na-enyo enyo. A matara Prieur na Mafart site n'enyemaka nke otu Neighbourhood Watch, ma jide ha. A jụrụ ha abụọ ajụjụ ma nyochaa ha. N'ihi na ha na-ebu paspọtụ Switzerland, a chọpụtara ezigbo njirimara ha, tinyere ọrụ gọọmentị France.[6]

Ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị otu France niile gbapụrụ na New Zealand. Christine Cabon, onye ọrụ ya kwụsịrị tupu bọmbụ ahụ, gawara Israel ozugbo tupu ọ daa. Mgbe a matara ya dị ka onye sonyere n'ọrụ ahụ, ndị uwe ojii Auckland rịọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị Israel jide ya. A gwara Cabon ka ọ gbapụ tupu e jide ya.[7]

Ndị ọrụ atọ ndị ọzọ, Chief Petty Officer Roland Verge ("Raymond Velche"), Petty Officer Jean-Michel Bartelo ("Jean-Michel Berthelo") na Petty Officer Gérard Andries ("Eric Audrenc"), bụ ndị buburu bọmbụ na New Zealand.  na ụgbọ mmiri Ouvéa, nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbapụrụ, ndị uwe ojii Australia nwụchiri ya na Norfolk Island, mana a tọhapụrụ ya dị ka iwu Australia ekweghị ka ejide ha ruo mgbe nsonaazụ nyocha nke nyocha bịara azụ.  Ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri nke France bụ Rubis, bụ́ nke mebiri Ouvéa, buuru ha.[8]

 
Rainbow Warrior, 1985 na Auckland

Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ, gụnyere Jean-Luc Kister, otu n'ime ndị na-atụ bọmbụ, emeela ka ndị njem nleta. Ha banyere ụgbọ mmiri gaa South Island, gaa na-agba ọsọ na Mt Hutt, wee hapụ mba ahụ site na iji akwụkwọ adịgboroja ihe dị ka ụbọchị 10 ka e mesịrị.[9] Onye ọrụ ọzọ, Louis-Pierre Dillais, ma eleghị anya onye isi nke ọrụ ahụ, enwetaghị ya.[8]

France metụtara

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France, ebe ọ bụ onye ya na New Zealand jikọrọ aka, na mbụ gọnahụrụ itinye aka ma sonye na ịkatọ ihe ọ kọwara dị ka omume iyi ọha egwu. Onye nnọchi anya mba France na Wellington gọnahụrụ itinye aka, na-ekwu na "Gọọmentị France anaghị emeso ndị mmegide ya n'ụzọ dị otú a".[10]

Ozugbo a ghọtara na bọmbụ ahụ bụ omume nke gọọmentị nke steeti enyi na enyi, gọọmentị New Zealand kwụsịrị ịkpọ ya "omume iyi ọha egwu", kama ịkpọ ya " mwakpo mpụ na-emebi iwu mba ụwa nke ọrụ steeti, nke e mere na mpaghara New Zealand". A kpọtụrụ akụkụ "mmebi nke iwu mba ụwa" aha na nkwukọrịta niile ya na United Nations iji gbochie arụmụka ọ bụla sitere na gọọmentị France nke nwere ike ịpụta izi ezi maka omume ha.[8]

Prieur na Mafart kwetara na ikpe mara ha maka igbu ọchụ ma maa ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na 22 Nọvemba 1985. France yiri egwu mmachibido iwu akụ na ụba nke New Zealand na-ebupụ na European Economic Community ma ọ bụrụ na a tọhapụghị ha abụọ.[11] Omume dị otú ahụ gaara emebi akụ na ụba New Zealand, nke dabere na mbupụ ugbo na United Kingdom.[12]

France weputara kọmiti nyocha nke ha nke Bernard Tricot na-eduzi nke kwuputara na gọọmentị France aka ha dị ọcha na itinye aka ọ bụla na omume iyi ọha egwu, na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ ejidere, bụ ndị na-ekwenyebeghị ikpe, bụ naanị na-eledo Greenpeace.  Mgbe Times na Le Monde megidere nchoputa ndị a site n'ikwu na President Mitterrand kwadoro ogbunigwe ahụ, Minista nchekwa Charles Hernu gbara arụkwaghịm na onye isi nke DGSE, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, chụrụ.

Operation Satanic bụ ọdachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze. N'ikpeazụ, Praịm Minista Laurent Fabius kwetara na bọmbụ ahụ bụ atụmatụ ndị France: na 22 Septemba 1985, ọ kpọrọ ndị nta akụkọ n'ọfịs ya ka ha gụọ nkwupụta okwu 200 nke o kwuru, sị: "Eziokwu ahụ bụ obi ọjọọ," ma kweta na e nwere ihe nzuzo; ọ gara n'ihu kwuo na "Ndị ọrụ nzuzo nke France mikpuru ụgbọ mmiri a. Ha na-eme ihe n'okpuru iwu. "[13]

Ihe si na ya pụta

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Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Praịm Minista New Zealand n'oge ahụ bụ David Lange, zoro aka na bọmbụ ahụ dị ka omume iyi ọha egwu ma ọ bụ iyi ọha egwu gọọmentị kwadoro, ebe ndị ọkà mmụta na-akọwa mwakpo ahụ dị ka ọrụ iyi ọha egwu[14] nke gọọmentị.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Ule nuklia

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E mere nnwale nuklia ọzọ nke Héro na Mururoa na 24 Ọktoba 1985 na mmepụta nke 2 kilotonnes nke TNT (8.4 ). France mere nnwale nuklia 54 ọzọ ruo mgbe nnwale nuklea gwụrụ na 1996.[21]

Greenpeace na Rainbow Warrior

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Egwuregwu uru nke Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior na Mt. Smart Stadium, Auckland, na 5 Eprel 1986 gụnyere arụmọrụ nke Herbs, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Topp Twins, Dave Dobbyn na nnọkọ Split Enz.[22][23]

E weghachiri Rainbow Warrior maka nyocha forensic. A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị idozi edozi ma tụba ya na Matauri Bay, nso Cavalli Islands na 12 Disemba 1987, iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe a na-egwu mmiri na ebe nchekwa azụ.[24] E wepụrụ osisi ya ma gosipụta ya na Dargaville Maritime Museum. Greenpeace nwetara ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ ma nye ya aha Rainbow Warrior na mbido afọ ahụ. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, Greenpeace wepụtara ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọkwa Rainbow Warrior, nke nwere injin eletrik. A maara ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị ka Rainbow Warrior II na Rainbow Warrion III.

Nrụzi

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Ihe Ncheta Rainbow Warrior site n'elu

N'afọ 1987, mgbe nrụgide mba ụwa gasịrị, France kwụrụ Greenpeace $ 8.16m maka mmebi, nke nyeere aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ.[25][26] Ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka ezinụlọ Pereira, kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ ya maka 30,000 Dutch guilders ma kwụọ ụgwọ nkwụghachi nke 650,000 francs nye nwunye Pereira, 1.5 nde francs nye ụmụ ya abụọ, na 75,000 francs nye onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị mụrụ ya.[27]

Mmekọrịta mba ọzọ

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Enweghị ike nke ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ ịkatọ mmebi nke ọbụbụeze mba enyi kpatara mgbanwe dị ukwuu na iwu mba ọzọ na nke nchebe nke New Zealand.[28] New Zealand kewapụrụ onwe ya na United States, onye ya na ya jikọrọ aka, ma wulite mmekọrịta ya na obere mba ndị dị na South Pacific, ka ọ na-enwe mmekọrịta dị mma na Australia na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, United Kingdom.[29]

 
Àgwàetiti Hao

Na June 1986, na nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na Prime Minister nke New Zealand David Lange, nke onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu United Nations bụ Javier Pérez de Cuéllar na-elekọta, France kwetara ịkwụ New Zealand nde NZ$ 13M (US $ 6.5 nde) ma rịọ mgbaghara, na nloghachi.  nke a ga-ejide Alain Mafart na Dominique Prieur na ọdụ ndị agha France na Hao Atoll afọ atọ.  Agbanyeghị, ndị nnọchi anya abụọ ahụ alaghachila France na Mee 1988, mgbe ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ na atoll.  Mafart laghachiri na Paris na 14 Disemba 1987 maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike, ma o doro anya na a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe ọgwụgwọ ahụ gasịrị.  Ọ gara n'ihu na ndị agha French ma kwalite ya ịbụ onye agha na 1993. Prieur laghachiri na France na 6 May 1988 n'ihi na ọ dị ime, ebe e kwere ka di ya sonyere ya na atoll.  A tọhapụrụ ya ma mesịa buli ya elu.  Mwepụ nke ndị nnọchi anya na Hao na-enweghị nlọghachi ọzọ ka e kpebiri na ọ ga-emebi nkwekọrịta 1986..[2]

N'ịgbaso mmebi nke ndokwa ahụ, na 1990 odeakwụkwọ ukwu nyere New Zealand NZ $ 3.5 nde ọzọ (US $ 2 nde), iji guzobe New Zealand / France Friendship Fund.[26] Ọ bụ ezie na France rịọrọ Gọọmentị New Zealand mgbaghara n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1986, n'oge nleta na Eprel 1991 Praịm Minista France Michel Rocard rịọrọ mgbaghara onwe onye.[30][31][32] O kwuru na ọ bụ "ịgbanwe peeji na mmekọrịta ahụ ma kwuo, ọ bụrụ na anyị maara ibe anyị nke ọma, ihe a agaraghị eme". Ego ọbụbụenyi enyewo onyinye maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere na ebumnuche ọha na eze.[33] N'oge nleta na 2016, Praịm Minista France Manuel Valls kwughachiri na ihe omume ahụ bụ "nnukwu njehie".[34]

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ

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N'afọ 2005, akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Monde wepụtara akụkọ sitere na 1986 nke kwuru na Admiral Pierre Lacoste, onye isi DGSE n'oge ahụ, "n'onwe ya nwetara nkwado iji kpuo ụgbọ mmiri ahụ site n'aka onye isi ala nwụrụ anwụ François Mitterrand".[35] N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe mbipụta ahụ gasịrị, onye bụbu Admiral Lacoste bịara ma gbaa akwụkwọ akụkọ ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ọnọdụ ahụ, na-ekweta na ọnwụ ahụ metụtara akọ na uche ya ma na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ọrụ ahụ abụghị igbu mmadụ.[36] O kwetara na e nwere ìgwè atọ: ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị nyocha na nhazi (ndị e kpụpụrụ nke ọma), tinyere otu ndị ikom abụọ nke mere bọmbụ ahụ.[5][37]

E bipụtara mbipụta ncheta afọ iri abụọ nke akwụkwọ 1986 Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior nke onye edemede New Zealand bụ David Robie - onye nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ a tụrụ bọmbụ - na July 2005.[38]

Ndị ọrụ France

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Afọ iri abụọ mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) chọrọ ịnweta ndekọ vidiyo mere na ikpe mbụ nke ndị ọrụ France abụọ ahụ kwetara na ikpe mara ha. Ihe nkiri ahụ nọgidere na-emechi kemgbe obere oge ka ikpe mpụ ahụ gasịrị. Ndị ọrụ abụọ ahụ megidere ntọhapụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ - n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere akwụkwọ abụọ e dere banyere ihe ahụ merenụ - ma wegara ikpe ahụ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke New Zealand na, n'ikpeazụ, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke New Zealand. N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2006, ndị ọka ikpe Hammond, O'Regan na Arnold jụrụ arịrịọ ndị bụbu ndị ọrụ France na TVNZ gbasaa arịrịọ ikpe ha n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.[39]

N'afọ 2005, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na TVNZ, Louis-Pierre Dillais kwetara na ya so na bọmbụ ahụ.

N'afọ 2007, New Zealand Green Party katọrọ gọọmentị maka ịzụta ngwá agha site n'aka onye na-emepụta ngwá agha na Belgium FN Herstal, nke Dillais duziri ụlọ ọrụ US. N'oge ahụ, Greenpeace ka na-achụso ịnyefe Dillais maka itinye aka na omume ahụ.

N'afọ 2006, Antoine Royal kpughere na nwanne ya nwoke, Gérard Royal, kwuru na ya so na-etinye bọmbụ ahụ. Nwanne ha nwanyị bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French Socialist Party Ségolène Royal onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke France.[40][41] Ebe ndị ọzọ gosipụtara Royal dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri Zodiac nke na-ebu bọmbụ.[42] Gọọmentị New Zealand kwupụtara na ọ gaghị arịrịọ maka ịnyefe ya ebe ọ bụ na e mechiri ikpe ahụ.[43]

Na Septemba 2015, ihe omume Sunday nke TVNZ chọtara Jean-Luc Kister, otu n'ime bọmbụ abụọ ahụ. Kister, onye lara ezumike nka na DGSE n'ihe dị ka 2000, kwetara na ọ bụ onye ndu ya na mmetụta nke ibu ọrụ maka mwakpo ahụ na-egbu egbu. Ọ rụtụrụ aka na Onye isi ala France, dịka ọchịagha nke ndị agha na ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi nyere ọrụ ahụ. Onye nta akụkọ John Hudson, bụ onye ya na Kister nọrọ ụbọchị abụọ na France, kwuru na Kister "chọrọ ohere ikwu maka ọrụ ya na bọmbụ ahụ ... Ọ dị na akọ na uche ya ruo afọ 30. Ọ sịrị anyị, 'ndị ọrụ nzuzo na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma. 'Ekwula', ma ọ na-ekwu, echere m na ọ chọrọ ka a ghọta ya." Kister lere ọrụ ahụ anya dị ka “nnukwu ọdịda dị ukwuu".[9][44][45]

Ihe ncheta Rainbow Warrior

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Ihe ncheta Rainbow Warrior nke guzo na Matauri Bay

E wuru ya n'etiti afọ 1988 na 1990, ihe ncheta maka Rainbow Warrior bụ nke onye na-ese ihe na New Zealand bụ Chris Booth mepụtara. E guzobere ihe ncheta ahụ na Matauri Bay na Northland, New Zealand. Ọ bụ Ngati Kura na New Zealand China Clays nyere ya iwu.[46]

N'omenala a ma ama

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Mmikpu ahụ, na nnyocha sochirinụ, bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy (1988) na The Rainbow warrior (1993).

'Murder in the Pacific' bụ ihe ngosi nwere akụkụ atọ banyere mmiri ahụ, nke Chloe Campbell duziri. A na-agbasa ya na BBC2 na Machị 2023.[47]

Egwú 1989 "Little Fighter", nke ndị Danish / American band White Lion, bụ maka mmiri ahụ. A na-ekwukwa ya na egwu 2004 "Walkampf" nke otu egwu German bụ Die Toten Hosen. N'afọ 2005, otu nnukwu ìgwè nke ndị egwu na ndị na-ese ihe na New Zealand dekọrọ mkpuchi nke Anchor Me, nke otu egwu rock nke New Zealand The Mutton Birds, iji cheta ncheta afọ 20 nke bọmbụ ahụ. Abụ ahụ rutere n'ọkwa # 3 na chaatị ndị na-alụbeghị di na New Zealand.

Hụkwa

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  • Foreign espionage in New Zealand – Espionage activities in New Zealand by foreign entities
  • Legend of the Rainbow Warriors – Story from a 1962 religious tract
  • New Zealand nuclear-free zone – Legal prohibition on nuclear energy or weapons within New Zealand
  • Rainbow Warrior Case – 1986 dispute between New Zealand and France
  • The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy – 1988 Australian-New Zealand mini series (1988)
  • The Rainbow Warrior (film) – 1993 film by Michael Tuchner
  • Xavier Maniguet – French intelligence officer (1946–2009)
  1. ↑ Bremner. "Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says", The Times, 11 July 2005. Retrieved on 16 November 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 (30 April 1990) "Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair". Reports of International Arbitral Awards XX: 215–284, especially p 275. Retrieved on 21 October 2013. 
  3. ↑ Truver (1986). "Maritime Terrorism, 1985". Proceedings 112 (5): 160–173. 
  4. ↑ Dennett (9 July 2017). Rainbow Warrior spy tracked down in France 32 years after bombing. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved on 29 September 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 At the end of the Rainbow. New Zealand Herald (8 July 2015). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 27 July 2016.
  6. ↑ King (1986). Death of the Rainbow Warrior. Auckland, N.Z.: Penguin, 171. ISBN 0-14-009738-4. OCLC 14638318. Retrieved on 12 February 2023. 
  7. ↑ Rainbow Warrior spy Christine Cabon breaks 32-year silence (8 July 2017). Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved on 31 May 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 The Bombing of the Warrior. Rainbow Warrior home page. Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved on 4 November 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Taylor, Phil. "Rainbow Warrior bomber finally unmasked", NZ Herald, 6 September 2015. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  10. ↑ Diary compiled by Mike Andrews (Secretary of the Dargaville Maritime Museum)
  11. ↑ Shabecoff. "France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship", New York Times, 3 October 1987. Retrieved on 11 April 2010.
  12. ↑ Szabo (1991). Making waves, Greenpeace New Zealand, Auckland [N.Z.]: Reed. ISBN 0-7900-0230-2. OCLC 27687705. Retrieved on 12 February 2023. 
  13. ↑ Evening Mail – Monday 23 September 1985
  14. ↑ Brown. "How Rainbow Warrior was played down", The Guardian, 23 August 2005. Retrieved on 3 September 2017.
  15. ↑ Page. "French inquiry into Rainbow Warrior bombing", The Guardian, 24 September 1985. Retrieved on 3 September 2017.
  16. ↑ "Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage", The New Zealand Herald, 2 July 2005. Retrieved on 2 September 2017. (in en-NZ)
  17. ↑ Conte (2010). Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism: Commonwealth Approaches: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (in en). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3642116087. Retrieved on 26 September 2020. 
  18. ↑ Robie (2016-07-31). "Frontline: The Rainbow Warrior, secrecy and state terrorism: A Pacific journalism case study". Pacific Journalism Review 22 (1): 187. DOI:10.24135/pjr.v22i1.19. ISSN 2324-2035. 
  19. ↑ Clark (1988). "State Terrorism: Some Lessons from the Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior". Rutgers Law Journal 20 (2): 393–414. Retrieved on 28 December 2022. 
  20. ↑ Veitch (1 July 2010). "'A Sordid Act': The 'Rainbow Warrior' Incident". New Zealand International Review 35 (4): 6–9. Retrieved on 28 December 2022. 
  21. ↑ Capcom Espace (2005). Les essais nucleaire Francaispublisher=Capcom Espace. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved on 6 February 2022.
  22. ↑ Rainbow Warrior music festival. NZHistory. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved on 17 April 2014.
  23. ↑ Rainbow Warrior concert 1986. Frenz Forum (14 July 2006). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved on 17 April 2014.
  24. ↑ (Jul–Sep 1994) "Wreck to reef-the transfiguration of the Rainbow Warrior". New Zealand Geographic (23). Retrieved on 30 October 2012. 
  25. ↑ Willsher. "French Spy who sank Greenpeace ship apologises for lethal bombing", The Guardian, 6 September 2015. Retrieved on 7 May 2016.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Boczek (2005). International Law: A Dictionary. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5078-8. Retrieved on 7 May 2016. 
  27. ↑ (6 July 1986) Reports of International Arbitral Awards : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair. United Nations, 199–221. Retrieved on 7 May 2016. 
  28. ↑ Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand Penguin Books, New Zealand, 1991
  29. ↑ Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way, The Right Honourable David Lange, Penguin Books, New Zealand, 1990
  30. ↑ "French send PM letters of apology", Auckland Star, 23 July 1986.
  31. ↑ Armstrong. "Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage", New Zealand Herald, 2 July 2005. Retrieved on 7 May 2016.
  32. ↑ Bar-Siman-Tov (2004). From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516643-4. Retrieved on 7 May 2016. 
  33. ↑ "Kokako Chick thrives thanks to Rainbow Warrior bombers", New Zealand Herald, NZME Publishing Limited, 8 July 2008. Retrieved on 8 May 2016.
  34. ↑ Young. "France reaches out for Kiwi friendship", New Zealand Herald, 2 May 2016. Retrieved on 7 May 2016.
  35. ↑ "Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says", The Times, 11 July 2005. Retrieved on 11 March 2013.
  36. ↑ Simons. "Report Says Mitterrand Approved Sinking of Greenpeace Ship", The Guardian, 10 July 2005. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  37. ↑ Field (30 June 2005). 'Third team' in Rainbow Warrior plot. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved on 6 June 2010.
  38. ↑ (2005) Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior. Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1877314469. Retrieved on 6 June 2010. 
  39. ↑ Transcript Mafart Prieur v TVNZ. Courts of New Zealand (22 November 2005). Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved on 27 June 2018.
  40. ↑ NZH Staff (30 September 2006). Presidential hopeful's brother linked to Rainbow Warrior bomb. nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved on 1 October 2006.
  41. ↑ NZ rules out new Rainbow Warrior probe. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1 October 2006). Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved on 1 October 2006.
  42. ↑ Guerres secrètes à l'Élysée, by Paul Barril, ed Albin Michel, Paris (1996)
  43. ↑ Kay. "French frogman slips the net; Paper identifies bomber, but PM says the case will remain closed", The Dominion Post, 2 October 2006, pp. A1.
  44. ↑ "New Zealand Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior bomber apologises", BBC News, 6 September 2015. Retrieved on 7 September 2015.
  45. ↑ Neuman. "French Agent Apologizes For Blowing Up Greenpeace Ship In 1985", NPR, 6 September 2015. Retrieved on 8 September 2015.
  46. ↑ Rainbow Warrior memorial (en). nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved on 2022-10-27.
  47. ↑ Nicholson. "Murder in the Pacific review – the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior boat makes for thrilling, urgent TV", The Guardian, 2 March 2023. Retrieved on 27 April 2023.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Penguin Books, 1986).  ISBN 0-14-009738-4
  • David Robie, Anya nke Ọkụ: Njem Ikpeazụ nke Onye Agha Rainbow (Philadelphia: New Society Press, 1987).  ISBN 0-86571-114-3
  • The Sunday Times Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1986).  ISBN 0-09-164360-0
  • Wright (2012). Rainbow Warrior Salvage, 1st, Auckland: Gerry Wright. ISBN 9780473227500. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Ihe nkiri (ha niile bụ mmepụta maka telivishọn):

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mmiri_nke_Rainbow_Warrior&oldid=118004