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Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi

Mgbanwe ihu igwe emetụtala n'ụzọ dị njọ usoro okike nke elu ala na nke mmiri, gụnyere tundras, mangroves, coral reefs, na ọgba. [1][2][3][4]Mbawanye nke okpomọkụ ụwa, omume ọtụtụ ugboro nke ihu igwe siri ike, nakwa ịrị elu n'ógó nke óké osimiri bụ ọmụmaatụ nke nlụpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe kachasị emetụta. [5][6]Ntaramahụhụ ndị nwere ike ịpụta na-agụnye mbelata n'ọnụ ọgụ, ifu maọbụ mkpochapụ kpamkpam nke ụdị dị iche iche, mgbanwe n'ime usoro okike gasị, mmụba nke Ụdị ndị na-awakpo awakpo, mfu nke ebe obibi ụmụ anụmanụ, oké ọhịa ịgbanwe site na ndị na-amịkpọ carbon banye n'ebe mmepụta carbon, acid ijupụta n'oké osimiri, mmebi nke okirikiri mmiri, omume ugboro ugboro ịkawanye njọ nke ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dị ka ọkụ ọhịa na idei mmiri, na mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na mgbanwe nke ụdị.[7]

Usoro oỌtụtụ ógbè ebe obibi ihe okike jupụtara na ụdị dị iche iche. Nke a bụ Osimiri Gambia na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Niokolo-Koba nke Senegal.

N'òzuzu Òkè

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Akụkọ nyocha nke isii nke IPCC (2021) na-atụ atụmatụ na-nrịwanye elu nke ma ugboro ole (ogwe dina edina) na ógó omume (ogwe kwụ ọtọ) nke ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike, maka ịbawanye ogo nke okpomọkụ ụwa.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi ndị dị n'elu ala. Mbawanye nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ pụtara na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe; a na-amanye ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ịpụ n'ebe obibi ha (ma eleghị anya ifu kpamkpam) n'ihi ọnọdụ na-agbanwe. [8]Otu ihe atụ bụ nkwagharị. N'ihi ihu igwe na-arigo n'okpomọkụ, a na-amanye ụmụ nnụnụ ịkwaga na mba ọzọ. Mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke okpomọkụ ụwa gụnyere obere snow ịda, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, nricha nke ozone na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị a nwere ike imetụta ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.[8]

N'ime Akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke IPCC, ndị ọkachamara nyochara akwụkwọ banyere mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Rosenzweig et al. (2007) kwubiri na n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga, okpomọkụ nke mmadụ kpatara enweela mmetụta a na-ahụ anya n'ọtụtụ usoro anụ ahụ na nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (p. 81).  [9]Schneider et al. (2007) ji obi ike dị elu kwubie na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-eme na mpaghara na mpaghara emetụtalarị ọtụtụ ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi nagburugburu ụwa (p. 792).  [10]Ha kwubikwara na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nwụọ maọbu gụọ nakwa mbelata nke ọgwakọ ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi (p. 792). 

  • Usoro okike nke elu ala na ụdị dị iche iche: Site na okpomọkụ nke 4-5 °C, iji tụnyere ọkwa nke afọ 2010, o yikarịrị na ahịhịa na-eto n'ụwa ga-aghọ isi mmepụta carbon (Schneider et al., 2007:792).   N'iji obi ike dị elu, Schneider et al. (2007:788) kwubiri na mmụba okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ji 4 °C gbagoo (karịa nke 2010-2015) n'eru 2100 ga-eduga na nnukwu mkpochapụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ụwa.  burugburu ebe obibi G
  • óké osimiri a
  • burugbuN'ija ị iche iche: Sitna e dị elu,jimmụtga-adị a sayensịnke afọ kwubiri nke afnnukwu ọ na okpomọkụ nkennu n'úwa niileịa ọkwa 2010 ga-akpataụ ọmụmụ -ihe noral reefs nọmụmụ -ihe le.  Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ na okpomọkụ metụta ihe nnyefe ndị dị ndụ huku nnlereanya egosilaphuku nomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na eriri nri microbial nke mmiri, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta miri emi na mgbapụta carbon nke mmiri nke planktonic pelagic na mesopelagic ecosystems.[11][12][13]
  • Gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri dị ọcha: N'iji ihe dị ka 4 °C karịa na mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'eru 2100 (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2010), ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ji obi ike dị elu kwubie na ọtụtụ ụdị dị na mmiri dị ọcha ga-efu ma ọ bụ baa n'ihe ize ndụ ebe ọ dị elu. 

Ụdị dị iche iche

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Mfukpọ

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N'ịmụ njikọ dị n'etiti ihu igwe ụwa na mkpochapụ n'ime nde afọ narị ise na iri abụo gara aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si na Mahadum York dere, "Oké okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ e buru n'amụma maka narị afọ ndị na-abịa n'iru nwere ike ịkpata 'ihe omume mkpochapụ' ọhụrụ, ebe a ga-ekpochapụ ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ụdị anụmanụ na akụmakú "[14]

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ bụ anụmanụ Arctic na Antarctic dị ka anụ ọhịa bea na eze ukwu penguins. [15][16]Na Arctic, mmiri nke Hudson Bay enweghị ice ruo izu atọ karịa ka ha dị afọ iri atọ gara aga, na-emetụta anụ ọhịa bea, nke na-ahọrọ ịchụ nta na ice mmiri. [17]Ụdị ndị na-adabere na ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'ajụ oyi dị ka Gyrfalcons, na ikwiikwii snow ndị na-eri lemmings na-eji oge oyi eme ihe maka uru ha ka enwere ike imetụta n'ụzọ n'adịghị mma. [18][19]Anụ ndị na-enweghị ókpòrò-azụ n'ime mmiri na-eto ọsọsọ na okpomọkụ maara ha ahụ, na anụmanụ ndị nwere ọbara oyi a na-ahụ na latitudes na ebe ndị dị elu na-eto ngwa ngwa iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka oge uto dị mkpirikpi. [20]Ọnọdụ na-ekpo ọkụ karịa òtù o kwesịrị nke kachasị mma na-akpata mgbari nri dị elu na mbelata nke íbù ahụ n'agbanyeghị mmụba nke nri, nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke anụ iri ibe ya dị elu. N'ezie, ọbụna obere mmụba nke okpomọkụ n'oge mmepe na-emebi arụmọrụ uto na ọnụego ndụ na rainbow trout.[21]

Mgbanwe nke ụdị

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Nwa mgbada na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ọhịa na Scotland.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe emetụtala ọdọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nleta nke ọnụọgụ red deer na Rùm, otu n'ime agwaetiti Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Okpomọkụ dịtụ ñarịñarị mere ka mgbada mụọ nwa n'oge na nkezi ụbọchị atọ n'ime afọ iri ọ bụla emere ọmụmụ ahụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkesa nke na-ahọrọ maka ọmụmụ n'oge amụbaala n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ ahụ n'ihi na ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkesa mụrụ ụmụ ehi karịa n'oge ndụ ha.[22]

Ihe ọmụmụ e mere na Chicago gosiri na ogologo ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ ala ụmụ nnụnụ (ihe na-egosi ibu ahụ) ji nkezi nke dịka pasentị abụọ na ụma anọ belata, nku ha jiri pasentị ótù na ụma atọ tokwuo ogologo. Nnyocha sitere na CentralAmazon gosipụtara na ụmụ nnụnụ belatara n'árụ́ ha na-anyị (ihe na-egosi ibu) site na pasentị abụọ kwa afọ iri, ma mụbaa n'ogologo nku ruo ihe dịka pasentị ótù kwa afọ iri nke nwere njikọ na nnọgharị nke okpomọkụ na mmírí ozuzo. Nchọpụta nke ọmụmụ-ihe ndị a na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ọdịdị ahụ a bụ ihe nlụpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma nwee ike igosi ihe atụ nke mgbanwe evolushọn na-esote Ọchịchị Bergmann.[23][24][25][26]

Ihe ọmụma sitere na nyocha na vertebrates na-egosi na okpomọkụ dị elu na-ebelata ọnụego nke physiological na niche evolution, nakwa na ọ dị mfe maka ụmụ anụmanụ ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe oyi karịa ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.[27]

Ụlọ nyocha nke Jutfelt Fish Ecophysiology na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Norway (NTNU), n'okpuru onye nduzi ha Ọkammụta Fredrik Jutfelt, na-enyocha etu evolushọn nwere ike isi duga na mgbanwe ọdịdị ahụ iji dabaa n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ebe azụ ahụ bi. [28]N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ha mere nnwale nhọrọ mmadụ mere dị ukwuu, nke e bipụtara na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), na-egosi na mgbanwe nke nnagide okpomọkụ nwere ike ime n'azụ. Otú ọ dị, a tụrụ aro na ógó evolushọn si eme dị nnukwu nwayọ nke nnapụta evolushọn iji chebe azụ pụọ na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.[29]

Mmetụta nke mbibi nke ụdị n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụzọ ndụ

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Ụzọ ndụ nke obodo ndị na-adabere na okike na-adabere n'ụba na nnweta nke ụdị ụfọdụ. [30]Ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka mmụba nke okpomọkụ ikuku na ógó njuputa carbon dioxide na-emetụta kpọmkwem nnweta nke ike biomass, nri, eriri na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. [31]Mmebi nke ụdị ndị na-enye ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ndụ nke ndị na-adabere na ha, ọkachasị n'Africa. [32]Ọnọdụ ahụ nwere ike ikawanye njọ site na mgbanwe nke mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike iwere ikike nye Ụdị ndị na-awakpo awakpo karịsịa ndị agbasara n'ofe nnukwu gradients latitudinal. [33]Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere na ụdị osisi na anụmanụ n'ime usoro okike ụfọdụ nwere ikike imetụta ndị mmadụ bi na ya ndị na-adabere na ihe onwunwe okike. Ugboro ugboro, mkpochapụ nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ na-ekepụta mmekọrịta ịgba gburugburu nke iyi ụdị dị iche iche egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta kpọmkwem. Mgbukpọ nke ụdị dị iche iche ndị ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-eweta abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi usoro okike kamakwa ọ na-amụba mmeghachi omume nke obodo ndị na-adabere na ihe ndị a ejikọtara ọnụ. [34]

Hụkwa

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  • Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na okirikiri mmiri
  • Mycorrhizae na mgbanwe ihu igwe

Edensibia

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Àtụ:Global warmingOkpomọkụ mba ụwa

  1. ↑ IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers.
  2. ↑ Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Retrieved on 2019-12-23.
  3. ↑ Skre (2002). "How Will the Tundra-Taiga Interface Respond to Climate Change?". Ambio Spec No 12: 37–46. ISSN 0044-7447. PMID 12374058. 
  4. ↑ Mammola (January 2018). "Climate change may drive cave spiders to extinction". Ecography 41 (1): 233–243. DOI:10.1111/ecog.02902. 
  5. ↑ Geremy (2017-04-27). Frequency of extreme Sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations. Nature Publishing Group. OCLC 990335453. 
  6. ↑ Priestley (2021-07-14). "Public understanding of climate change-related sea-level rise". PLOS ONE 16 (7): e0254348. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0254348. PMID 34242339. 
  7. ↑ How does climate change affect the challenge of invasive species? | U.S. Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Grimm (November 2013). "The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and function". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11 (9): 474–482. DOI:10.1890/120282. 
  9. ↑ Rosenzweig (2007). "Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems": 79–131. DOI:10.5167/uzh-33180. 
  10. ↑ Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (2007).
  11. ↑ Sarmento (12 July 2010). "Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes: how far can we go when it comes to predictions?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365 (1549): 2137–2149. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2010.0045. PMID 20513721. 
  12. ↑ Vázquez-Domínguez (July 2007). "Ocean warming enhances respiration and carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton". Global Change Biology 13 (7): 1327–1334. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01377.x. 
  13. ↑ Vázquez-Domínguez (2 October 2012). "Temperature effects on the heterotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and microbial top predators of the NW Mediterranean". Aquatic Microbial Ecology 67 (2): 107–121. DOI:10.3354/ame01583. 
  14. ↑ Mayhew (24 October 2007). "A long-term association between global temperature and biodiversity, origination and extinction in the fossil record". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1630): 47–53. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2007.1302. PMID 17956842. 
  15. ↑ Amstrup (27 April 2006). "Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea". Polar Biology 29 (11): 997–1002. DOI:10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5. 
  16. ↑ Le Bohec (11 February 2008). "King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (7): 2493–2497. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0712031105. PMID 18268328. 
  17. ↑ On Thinning Ice Michael Byers London Review of Books January 2005
  18. ↑ Pertti Koskimies (compiler) (1999). International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis. BirdLife International. Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
  19. ↑ Snowy Owl. University of Alaska (2006). Archived from the original on 2008-09-10. Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
  20. ↑ Arendt (June 1997). "Adaptive Intrinsic Growth Rates: An Integration Across Taxa". The Quarterly Review of Biology 72 (2): 149–177. DOI:10.1086/419764. 
  21. ↑ Biro (29 May 2007). "Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (23): 9715–9719. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0701638104. PMID 17535908. 
  22. ↑ "Climate change alters red deer gene pool", BBC News online, 5 November 2019. Retrieved on 10 November 2019. (in en-GB)
  23. ↑ Vlamis. "Birds 'shrinking' as the climate warms", BBC News, 4 December 2019. Retrieved on 5 December 2019. (in en-GB)
  24. ↑ North American Birds Are Shrinking, Likely a Result of the Warming Climate (en). Audubon (4 December 2019). Retrieved on 5 December 2019.
  25. ↑ Weeks (4 December 2019). "Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds". Ecology Letters 23 (2): 316–325. DOI:10.1111/ele.13434. PMID 31800170. 
  26. ↑ Jirinec (2021). "Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest". Science Advances 7 (46): eabk1743. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abk1743. PMID 34767440. 
  27. ↑ Higher temperatures lower rates of physiological and niche evolution
  28. ↑ Fish Ecophysiology Lab - NTNU. www.ntnu.edu. Retrieved on 2022-06-09.
  29. ↑ Morgan (2020-12-29). "Low potential for evolutionary rescue from climate change in a tropical fish" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (52): 33365–33372. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2011419117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33318195. 
  30. ↑ Roe (2011). "Comparative phylogeography, genetic differentiation and contrasting reproductive modes in three fungal symbionts of a multipartite bark beetle symbiosis". Molecular Ecology 20 (3): 584–600. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04953.x. PMID 21166729. 
  31. ↑ Lambin (1 March 2011). "Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (9): 3465–3472. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1100480108. PMID 21321211. 
  32. ↑ Sintayehu (17 October 2018). "Impact of climate change on biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services in Africa: a systematic review". Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 4 (9): 225–239. DOI:10.1080/20964129.2018.1530054. 
  33. ↑ Goodale (19 February 2018). "Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species". Plant Ecology 219 (4): 429–439. DOI:10.1007/s11258-018-0806-6. 
  34. ↑ Briggs. "Plant extinction 'bad news for all species'", 11 June 2019.
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