Wikipedia

Mmetụta ịdị elu nke okwu

Mmetụta ịdị elu nke okwu

Na Nkà mmụta uche, mmetụta nke ịdị elu nke okwu (WSE) na-ezo aka na ihe omume na ndị mmadụ nwere mmata ka mma nke mkpụrụedemede gosipụtara n'ime okwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụedemede ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mkpụrụedemede dị n'ime eriri ndị na-abụghị okwu (nke iwu na-akwadoghị, nke a na-apụghị ịkpọpụta). [1]Nnyocha achọtawokwa WSE mgbe a na-eji njirimara mkpụrụedemede n'ime okwu tụnyere njirimara mkpụrụ edemede n'etiti pseudowords (dịka "WOSK") na pseudohomophones (dịka" WERK").[2][3]

Cattell (1886) bụ onye mbụ kọwara mmetụta ahụ, na onyinye dị mkpa sitere na Reicher (1969) na Wheeler (1970). [4][5][6]Cattell bu ụzọ dee, "Achọpụtara m na ọ na-ewe ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ iji gụọ... okwu ndị na-enweghị njikọ dị ka okwu ndị na'eme ahịrịokwu, na mkpụrụedemede ndị na-adịghị njikọ dị ka mkpụrụedemede na-eme okwu. Mgbe okwu na-eme ahịrịffa na mkpụrụedemodo okwu, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme usoro nke ịhụ na aha na-agbakọta, kamakwa site na otu mgbalị uche isiokwu ahụ nwere ike ịmata otu okwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede.[4]

G. Reicher na D. Wheeler mepụtara usoro nnwale isi iji mụọ WSE, nke a na-akpọ Reicher-Wheeler paradigm. N'ime usoro a, a na-enye onye na-ekiri okwu ma ọ bụ eriri na-abụghị okwu nke ihe nkpuchi na-esote (ihe nkwalite dị mkpirikpi iji tụọ mmetụta na omume). A na-agwa onye na-ekiri ya ka ọ kpọọ aha otu n'ime mkpụrụedemede site na ọnọdụ akara na okwu ahụ ma ọ bụ eriri na-eme ka ule ahụ bụrụ nhọrọ abụọ a manyere (2-AFC). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka mkpụrụedemede R na okwu "kaadị", enwere ike ịgwa onye na-ekiri ka ọ họrọ n'etiti mkpụrụedemede C na T, ọ ga-abụkarịkwa nke ọma n'ime nke a karịa ma ọ bụrụ na a gwara ha ka ha mee otu nhọrọ ahụ na mkpụrụedemede dịka "cqrd". [1]Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịmecha na mkpụrụedemede abụọ nwere ike ime na ọnọdụ okwu ahụ na-emepụta otu okwu.

Kemgbe ahụ, a na-amụ WSE nke ọma n'ihe gbasara usoro nghọta n'oge ịgụ ihe. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha iji gbalịa ịkpụzi mmetụta ahụ site na iji netwọk njikọ.

Ọrụ nnwale

dezie

A na-anwale WSE site na iji tachistoscope, ebe ọ bụ na oge ngosi nke eriri akwụkwọ ozi kwesịrị iji nlezianya chịkwaa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ngwanrọ ngosi ihe na-akpali akpali emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji kọmputa mee ihe ngosi. A kọwakwara WSE na-enweghị tachistoscope.[7]

A na-egosipụta usoro mkpụrụedemede, nke na-abụkarị anọ ma ọ bụ ise, maka ọtụtụ milliseconds na ihuenyo. A na-agwa ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ka ha họrọ nke n'ime mkpụrụedemede abụọ dị na eriri ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na "WOSK" egosiri, onye na-agụ ya nwere ike ikpebi ma "K" ma ọ bụ "H" nọ na "WosK". WSE na-ebilite mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ mkpụrụedemede ziri ezi mgbe mkpụrụedemede bụ ezigbo okwu karịa okwu (dịka "WKRG") ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede.

Echiche

dezie

Ịdị adị nke WSE n'ozuzu ya na-egosi na enwere ụdị ohere ma ọ bụ koodu uru nke okwu nwere n'uche nke pseudowords ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede enweghị. Nnyocha dị iche iche atụwo aro na ọdịiche ahụ bụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ịkpọpụta (okwu ndị na-abụghị okwu anaghị akpọpụta ma yabụ anaghị echeta ha n'ụzọ dị mfe), ugboro ugboro (okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị ma jiri ha mee ihe), ihe ọ pụtara (okwu ndị dị adị nwere uru semantic ma ya mere na-ejigide ha n'uche), orthographic regularity (okwu ndị ọzọ na-agbaso usoro edemede a maara nke ọma ma ya mere ka ha dị mma na ncheta), ma ọ dịkwuo ukwuu na gburugburu (okwu ndị agbata obi (ezi na-ejikọkarị na okwu ndị ọzọ na okwu ndị na-ejikarị na-ekerịta mkpụrụedemede na okwu karịa okwu ndị ọzọ ma ya).

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na WSE na-emetụta nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-akpali site na ihe nnwale, dị ka ụdị mkpuchi eji eme ihe mgbe ngosi nke okwu ahụ gasịrị, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ.[8]

Ihe nlereanya

dezie

Ụdị abụọ a ma ama na-azọrọ na ha na-akọwa WSE bụ ụdị mmegharị mmekọrịta (IAM) na Ụdị koodu ụzọ abụọ (DRC) Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị ndị a na-eburu n'uche; Nke a bụ mmekọrịta a na-ele anya site na nyocha na WSE. [9][10]Ihe akaebe na-egosi na WSE na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye na-ekiri okwu ahụ gosipụtara, nke na-egosi ete nlebara anya adịghị mkpa maka WSE ma ọ bụ tinye aka na ihe omume a. Otú ọ dị, egosila na nlebara anya iji gbanwee WSE nke kwekọrọ na data neurophysiological na-adịbeghị anya na-akọwa na nlebere anya, n'ezie, na-agbanwe ọkwa mmalite nke nhazi okwu.[1]

Ihe nlereanya mmegharị-nchọpụta (AVM) bụ ihe nlereanya ọzọ e mepụtara iji kọwaa data oge mmeghachi omume site na mkpebi okwu na ọrụ aha. Ọrụ ndị bụ isi a na-enyocha na AVM nke na-etinye aka na njirimara okwu na akwụkwọ ozi bụ koodu, nkwenye, na mkpebi. [11]Ma IAM ma AVM na-ekerịta ọtụtụ echiche ndị bụ isi dị ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ntinye nkwalite na-eme ka mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, na-arụpụta mkpụrụedemede, na mkpụrụedemede na njirimara okwu na-emetụta usoro site n'elu ruo ala (dịka ịgụ ahịrịokwu "A cow said..." mmadụ ga-eche "moo" ma na-enyocha na okwu ahụ malitere na 'm' na-eleghara mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ anya).[11]

WSE na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta

dezie
 
Ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ nke Rumelhart & McClelland.

WSE egosila na ọ bụ nchọpụta dị mkpa maka ụdị njirimara okwu, ma na-akwado ya kpọmkwem site na ụdị mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke njirimara okwu nke Rumelhart na McClelland. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, mgbe a na-enye onye na-agụ ya okwu, mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla n'otu akụkụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ihe nchọpụta dị iche iche (dịka ọdịdị gbagọrọ agbagọ maka "C", ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ maka "H", wdg). [12]Ndị nchọpụta njirimara ahụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị nchọpụta mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche, nke ga-emecha kpalie ma ọ bụ kwụsị ndị nchọpụta okwu dị iche iche. Enwere ike ime ka okwu ụfọdụ rụọ ọrụ site na mkpali ndị a. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na enweghị ihe ọ pụtara na njikọta nke mkpụrụedemede nwere ike igbochi okwu ndị a nke emere na mbụ. [13]Njikọ ọ bụla a na-arụ ọrụ ga-ebu ibu dị iche, ya mere okwu "WORK" dị n'ihe atụ ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa okwu ọ bụla ọzọ (ya mere onye na-agụ ya matara ya).

Dabere na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta a, a na-akọwa WSE dị ka nke a: Mgbe a na-egosi mkpụrụedemede a chọrọ n'ime okwu, a ga-arụ ọrụ ihe nchọpụta njirimara, ihe nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nchọpụta okwu, na-agbakwunye ibu na njirimara ikpeazụ nke ihe mkpali. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e gosipụtara naanị akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ọkwa nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi ka a ga-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, anyị nwere ike icheta okwu nkwalite ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ma si otú a bụrụ ihe ziri ezi n'ịchọpụta mkpụrụedemede ya, dịka a hụrụ na WSE.

Ihe nlereanya nke ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ

dezie

AVM na-ahụ maka koodu, nkwenye, na ọrụ mkpebi. [11]A na-eji koodu akọwa ọrụ mbụ nke na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ n'amaghị ama nke ihe ndị a mụtara na ebe nchekwa. Mgbe koodu gasịrị, nkwenye na-ewere ọnọdụ. Nkwado na-edugakarị na njirimara nke otu ntinye okwu site n'aka ndị zaghachirinụ. A ga-ele nkwenye anya dị ka nyocha kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke sitere n'elu ruo n'ala nke ihe na-akpali akpali nke a na-eduzi site na ihe echekwara, ma ọ bụ nke a mụtara na mbụ, nnọchiteanya nke okwu. Enwere ike iṅomi nhazi oge na nkwenye site na simulator kọmputa. N'ikpeazụ, ihe ndị na-emetụta ọsọ na izi ezi nke arụmọrụ na otu ụkpụrụ na-adabere ma mkpebi dabere na ozi sitere na koodu ma ọ bụ nkwenye.

Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ịdị elu nke okwu

dezie

Otu n'ime nchọpụta nke akụkọ Johnston na McClelland bụ na WSE anaghị eme n'ụzọ a na-apụghị izere ezere mgbe ọ bụla anyị jiri okwu na okwu na-abụghị okwu tụnyere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na usoro ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eji n'oge ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-elebara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ anya n'otu ọnọdụ, ha ga-enwe mmetụta dị njọ nke ịdị elu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na onye na-agụ ya agaghịzi enwe uru nke inwe ọkwa nchọpụta okwu na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ha leghaara anya ilekwasị anya na okwu zuru ezu.

Hụkwa

dezie
  • Tachistoscope
  • Mmetụta akwụkwọ ozi na-efu efu

Ihe odide

dezie
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Falikman (2011). "Word superiority effects across the varieties of attention". Journal of Russian and East European Psychology 49 (5): 45–61. DOI:10.2753/rpo1061-0405490503.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Falikman" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ McClelland (1977). "The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords". Perception & Psychophysics 22 (3): 249–261. DOI:10.3758/bf03199687. Retrieved on 2008-06-30. 
  3. ↑ Ferraro (1997). "An analysis of Reicher-task effects". Journal of General Psychology 121 (4): 411–442. DOI:10.1080/00221309709595569. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cattell (1886). "The time it takes to see and name objects". Mind os-XI (41): 63–65. DOI:10.1093/mind/os-XI.41.63. 
  5. ↑ Reicher (1969). "Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material". Journal of Experimental Psychology 81 (2): 275–280. DOI:10.1037/h0027768. PMID 5811803. 
  6. ↑ Wheeler (1970). "Processes in word recognition". Cognitive Psychology 1 (1): 59–85. DOI:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90005-8. 
  7. ↑ Prinzmetal (1992). "The word-superiority effect does not require a T-scope". Perception & Psychophysics 51 (5): 473–484. DOI:10.3758/bf03211643. PMID 1594437. Retrieved on 2008-06-30. 
  8. ↑ Johnston (1973). "Visual factors in word perception". Perception & Psychophysics 14 (2): 365–370. DOI:10.3758/bf03212406. Retrieved on 2008-06-30. 
  9. ↑ McCelland (1981). "An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1. An account of basic findings". Psychological Review 88 (5): 375–407. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375. 
  10. ↑ Ziegler (2001). "DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud". Psychological Review 108 (1): 204–56. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204. PMID 11212628. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Paap (1982). "An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word superiority effect". Psychological Review 89 (5): 573–594. DOI:10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573. PMID 7178333.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Paap" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Chase (1990). "A developmental, interactive activation model of the word superiority effect". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 49 (3): 448–487. DOI:10.1016/0022-0965(90)90069-k. PMID 2348161. 
  13. ↑ Altmann (2013). Cognitive Models Of Speech Processing: The Second Sperlonga Meeting. Psychology Press, 213. ISBN 978-1134832866. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

dezie
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Cognitive Psychology; mbipụta nke anọ.
  • Crowder, Robert G. na Wagner, Richard K. (1992). The Psychology of Reading, mbipụta nke abụọ. peeji nke 79. 
  • Harris, Margaret na Coltheart, Max. (1986) Nhazi asụsụ na ụmụaka na ndị okenye. peeji nke 155. 
  • Francis, Greg, Neath, Ian, Mackewn, Angie, na Goldthwaite, Danalee. (2004). Belmont: Wadsworth, peeji nke 73-74. 
  • Grainger (2003). "Word superiority, pseudoword superiority, and learning to read: A comparison of dyslexic and normal readers". Brain and Language 87 (3): 432–440. DOI:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00145-7. PMID 14642545. 
  • Jordan (1993). "Word superiority over isolated letters: The neglected role of flanking mask-contours". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19 (3): 549–63. DOI:10.1037/0096-1523.19.3.549. 
  • Jordan (2010). "Revealing the superior perceptibility of words in Arabic". Perception 39 (3): 426–428. DOI:10.1068/p6637. PMID 20465177. 

Njikọ mpụga

dezie
  • "The Science of Word Recognition" nke Kevin Larson, 2004
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mmetụta_ịdị_elu_nke_okwu&oldid=142443