Wikipedia

Mmetọ ikuku na India

Mmetọ ikuku na India bụ nsogbu gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi siri ike.[1] N'ime obodo iri atọ kachasị emetọ n'ụwa, iri abụọ na otu nọ na India n'afọ 2019.[2][3] Dị ka nnyocha dabere na data afọ 2016, ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ otu narị na iri anọ nọ na India na-eku ume ikuku nke bụ ugboro irí ma ọ bụ karịa karịa karịa oke nchekwa nke WHO na iri na atọ n'ime obodo iri abụo dị n'ụwa nwere ọkwa kachasị elu nke mmetọ ikuku kwà afọ dị na India. Pasent iri ise na otu nke mmetor ahụ sitere na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ, pasent iri abụo na asaá site na ụgbọala, pasent iri na asaa site na ọkụ ihe ọkụkụ na pasent ise site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ.[4][5][6] Mmetọ ikuku na-enye aka na ọnwụ mberede nke nde ndị India abụọ kwà afọ. Mgbasa na-esite n'ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ, ebe n'ime ime obodo, ọtụtụ n'ime mmetọ na-esikarị na ọkụ ọkụ maka isi nri na idebe okpomọkụ. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na n'ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ubi ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa ịkpa ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata anwụrụ ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ na mmetọ.[7][8][9] India nwèrè obere ikuku nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma mba ahụ n'ozuzu ya bụ nke atọ kachasị emepụta gas na-eme ka okpomọkụ na-esote China na United States.[10] Nnyocha afọ 2013 banyere ndị na-adịghị ese siga achọpụtala na ndị India nwèrè pasent irí atọ ọrụ akpa ume na-adịghị ike karịa ndị Europe.[11]

Dust & Construction na-enye ihe dị ka 59% na mmetọ ikuku na India, nke Waste Burning na-esote. Ọrụ aka na-abụkarị n'obodo ukwu ebe Waste Burning dị n'ime ime obodo (ọrụ ugbo).

E mèrè Iwu Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) na 1981 iji chịkwaa mmetọ ikuku mànà o nweghị ike belata mmetọ n'ihi mmebi iwu.[12]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

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A na-akwadebe mmanụ nri n'ime ime obodo India site na ngwakọta mmiri nke ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ, iberibe osisi, hay, akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ nsị anụ ụlọ. Mgbe ọ na-ere ọkụ, ọ na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ na ọtụtụ ikuku na-emetọ n'ime ụlọ na njupụta okpukpu ise karịa coal[13][14]

Mmanụ na ọkụ na-ere ihe ndị dị ndụ

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A rural aburo stove na-eji biomass achịcha, fuelwood na ihe mkpofu dị ka ihe na-esi nri. Nnyocha na-atụ aro na ihe karịrị 100 nde ezinụlọ na India na-eji stovu ndị dị otú ahụ kwa ụbọchị, ugboro 2 na 3 n'ụbọchị. Enweghị mmanụ ọkụ na ọkụ eletrik dị ọcha n'ime ime obodo na obere obodo nke India n'ihi okporo ụzọ ime obodo na akụrụngwa ike.
 
Ịkpọ osikapa fọdụrụ ọkụ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, iji kwadebe ala ngwa ngwa maka ịkụ ọka wit, gburugburu Sangrur, Punjab, India

Mmanụ osisi na ọkụ nke biomass bụ isi ihe kpatara anwụrụ ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide nke a hụrụ n'elu ime obodo na obodo ukwu India, yana na foto satellite nke mba ahụ. A na-eji achịcha mmanụ na biomass eme ihe màkà isi nri na mkpa okpomọkụ n'ozuzu. A na-akpọ ndị a ọkụ na stovu nri a maara dị ka chulha (nke a na-akpọkwa chullha ma ọ bụ chullah) n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke India. A na-ahụ stovu nri ndị a n'ihe karịrị otú narị nde ezinụlọ ndị India, a na-ejikwa ha ugboro abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ụbọchị, kwa ụbọchị. Akụkọ ụfọdụ, gụnyere otu nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa, na-ekwu na mmadụ narị puku atọ ruo narị puku anọ nwụrụ site na mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ na nsị carbon monoxide na India n'ihi ọkụ na ojiji nke chullhas.[15] Carbon nwere gas ndị sitere na mmanụ agbụrụ na-emeghachi omume ọtụtụ ugboro karịa mmanụ agbụrụ dị ọcha dị ka gas mmanụ agbụrụ.[16] Mmetọ ikuku bụkwa isi ihe kpatara igwe ojii na-acha nchara nchara nke Eshia, nke na-egbu ógè mmalite nke mmiri ozuzo. Ọkụ nke biomass na nkụ agaghị akwụsị ruo mgbè ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ dị ọcha na teknụzụ ọkụ ga-adị nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma nabata ya n'ọtụtụ ime obodo na obodo ukwu India.

Mmetụta mmanụ

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Ụfọdụ tagzi India na auto-rickshaws na-agba ọsọ na ngwakọta mmanụ ụgbọala agwakọta. Mmetụta nke gasoline na diesel na mmanụ dị ala bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na South Asia, gụnyere India.[17] Ọtụtụ ndị na-emebi ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-emetọ ihe na-emerụ ahụ site na ụgbọala, na-emewanye mmetọ ikuku n'obodo ukwu. Mmetụta égo sitere na ụtụ isi dị íchè ichè na-abụkarị isi ihe na-akpata mmebi mmanụ. Na India na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe, gasoline na-ebu ụtụ isi dị elu karịa diesel, nkè a na-atụ ụtụ isi karịa kerosene nké pụtara dị ka mmanụ nri, ébé ụfọdụ solvents na lubricants na-ebu obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ụtụ isi.

Mmanụ ala aghụghọ na-eme ka ikuku nkè hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides nke nitrogen (NOx) na particulate matter (PM). Mmiri na-egbu egbu nké na-adaba n'ụdị nké ikuku na-enweghị nchịkwa nke na-echegbu onwé ya bụ benzene na polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ha abụọ bụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa a ma ama. Kerosene siri ike ịgba ọkụ karịa gasoline, mgbakwunye ya na-ebute ọkwa dị elu nkè HC, CO na PM ọbụna site na ụgbọala ndị nwéré ihe na-akpali akpali. Ọnọdụ sulfur dị elu nke kerosene bụ nsogbu ọzọ.

Nkwekọ okporo ụzọ

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Nchịkọta okporo ụzọ siri ike n'obodo ukwu na obodo nta India.[18] Ọtụtụ ihe kpatara mkpọchi okporo ụzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ: mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọala kwà kilomita nke okporo ụzọ dịnụ, enweghị okporo ụzọ awara awara nké kewara n'ime obodo na netwọk okporo ụzọ awara n'ime ime obodo, enweghị okporo ígwè n'etiti obodo, ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na ọgba aghara n'ihi mmejuputa iwu okporo ụzọ.

N'obodo ndị dị ka Bangalore, ihe dị ka pasent iri ise nke ụmụaka na-arịa ụkwara ume ọkụ.[19]

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Mmetụta

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Ọnụ ego ahụike nke mmetọ ikuku

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Ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ bụ nsogbu ahụike ndị India na-eche ihu. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, ọ na-akpata ihe karịrị 50% nke nsogbu ahụike nke mmetọ ikuku kpatara.

Ihe kachasị mkpa na-akpata nchegbu banyéré mmetọ ikuku na-akawanye njọ na mba ahụ bụ mmetụta ya na ahụike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ikpughe ihe na-adịghị mmá ruo ogologo ógé nwèrè ike ibute ọrịa iku ume na ọrịa obi dịka ụkwara ume, ụkwara ume ọkụ, COPD, ọrịa kansa akpa ume na nkụchi obi.[20] Global Burden of Disease Study màkà afọ 2010, nkè e bipụtara n'afọ 2013, chọpụtara na mmetọ ikuku n'èzí bụ nke ise kachasị gbuo mmadụ na India na ihe dị ka mmadụ narị isii na puku iri abụọ nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị ányá site na ọrịa metụtara mmetọ ifufe na 2010.[21] Dị ka nnyocha WHO si kwuo, iri na atọ n'ime obodo irí abụọ kachasị emetọ n'ụwa dị na India; Otú ọ dị, Gọọmentị India jụrụ izi ezi na usoro nke nnyocha WHO.[21] India nwekwara otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị ọrịa COPD na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi COPD.

Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụwa

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Dị ka WHO si kwuo, India nwèrè iri na anọ n'ime obodo iri na isé kachasị emetọ n'ụwa n'ihe gbásárá PM 2.5 concentrations. Obodo India ndị ọzọ debanyere aha dị elu nke mmetọ PM2.5 bụ Delhi, Patna, Agra, Muzaffarpur, Srinagar, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Patiala na Jodhpur, Ali Subah Al-Salem sochiri na Kuwait na obodo ole na ole na China na Mongolia.[22]

Nzọụkwụ ndị e weere

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  • Gọọmentị dị na Delhi malitere iwu Odd-Even n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 2017 nke dabeere na usoro rationing Odd-Evan: Nke a pụtara na ụgbọala ndị na-agba ọsọ na nọmba nọmba na-agwụ na ọnụọgụ Odd nwèrè ike ịkwọ ụgbọala n'ụbọchị ụfọdụ n'izu, ebe enwèrè ike ịkwọ ụgbọ ala Even n'ụbọchị ndị fọdụrụ n'izu.[23]
  • Gọọmentị ime obodo nke steeti dị íchè ichè tinyekwara usoro dị ka ụkpụrụ ụgbọ ala siri ike, ntaramahụhụ dị elu màkà ọkụ mkpofu na njikwa ka mma nke uzuzu okporo ụzọ.
  • Gọọmentị India ekwenyewo na pasent iri ise belata n'ezinụlọ na-eji mmanụ siri ike esi nri[24]
  • Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ụfọdụ e setịpụrụ maka ọdịnihu bụ:
    • Ka ụlọ ọrụ njem dị ọcha site na iwebata bọs ụgbọ njem ọha na eze 1,000 na bọs 550 dị ugbu a.
    • Melite ụgbọ ala niile na-ere mmanụ ala na-ere ọkụ na BS6 emission standards
    • Rịba ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke 25% nke ụgbọala onwé ka ha bụrụ ọkụ eletrik site na 2023
    • Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụlọ ọrụ ike niile
    • Nye ndị ọrụ ugbo igwe a na-akpọ Happy Seeder nke na-agbanwe ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ọrụ ugbo ka ọ bụrụ fatịlaịza
    • Na-agba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nwee ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche ma na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-echekwa mmiri dị ka ọka na pulses.
    • Nyochaa data ahụike ma mụọ arụmọrụ nke usoro nzacha ụlọ dị iche iche n'ógbè ebe mmetọ ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ kachasị elu.
    • Chọpụta ụzọ dị irè iji mee ka ọha na eze mara banyéré data mmetọ ikuku
    • Mepụta mmemme sayensị ụmụ amaala ọhụrụ iji gosipụta akwụkwọ ka mma[25]
    • Mbelata Mgbasa Carbon: "Dị ka Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change si kwuo, iji belata okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 2 degrees Celsius, ikuku CO2 kwesịrị iji ihe dị ka pasent 20 belata site na 2030 wee ruo net zero gburugburu 2075; iji belata kpoo ọkụ n'okpuru 1.5 degrees Celsius, anwụrụ CO2 kwesịrị belata site n' pasent 50 site na 2030 ma ruo net zero site na 2050..."[26]

Hụkwa

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  • Mmetọ ikuku na Delhi
  • Ndepụta nke obodo Kerala site na ogo ikuku gburugburu
  • Hydrogen internal combustion engine auto rickshaw
  • BioDME: mmanụ ụgbọala na-emetọ obere maka ndị na-emepụta diesel
  • Mgbanwe ikuku nke gas sitere n'okike na methane pyrolysis: mmepụta hydrogen na-anọpụ iche nke CO2 site na gas sitere n"okike
  • Coke mmanụ
  • Ndepụta obodo ndị a kacha emetọ
  • Ndepụta obodo ndị na-emetọchaghị
  • Criteria ikuku na-emetọ ikuku

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ State of global air 2019. Retrieved on 29 April 2019.
  2. ↑ Regan. 21 of the world's 30 cities with the worst air pollution are in India. CNN. Retrieved on 2020-02-26.
  3. ↑ Lowry. 21 Of Top 30 Air Polluted Cities Last Year Were In India (en). Newsy. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved on 2020-02-26.
  4. ↑ Bernard (December 11, 2018). Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth (en-GB). ig.ft.com. Retrieved on 2019-03-04.
  5. ↑ India's air pollution, health burden get NIEHS attention (Environmental Factor, September 2018) (en). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved on 2019-03-04.
  6. ↑ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli, Indian Express, 24 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Badarinath, K. V. S., Kumar Kharol, S., & Rani Sharma, A. (2009), Long-range transport of aerosols from agriculture crop residue burning in Indo-Gangetic Plains—a study using LIDAR, ground measurements and satellite data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71(1), 112–120
  8. ↑ Agricultural Fires in India NASA, United States (2012)
  9. ↑ Bob Weinhold , Fields and Forests in Flames: Vegetation Smoke damages and Human Health, National Institutes of Health
  10. ↑ CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition. International Energy Agency, France (2011).
  11. ↑ "Indians have 30% weaker lungs than Europeans", Times of India, Sep 2, 2013.
  12. ↑ Air pollution law languishes toothless when air pollution surges (en-US). Mongabay-India (2020-11-10). Retrieved on 2021-01-26.
  13. ↑ Stewart (2021-02-18). "Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India" (in English). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 (4): 2383–2406. DOI:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021. ISSN 1680-7316. 
  14. ↑ Stewart (2021-02-18). "Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" (in English). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 (4): 2407–2426. DOI:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021. ISSN 1680-7316. 
  15. ↑ Green stoves to replace chullahs. The Times of India (December 3, 2009). Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.
  16. ↑ Stewart (2021-02-25). "Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India" (in en). Environmental Science: Atmospheres 1 (2): 104–117. DOI:10.1039/D0EA00009D. ISSN 2634-3606. 
  17. ↑ Urban Air Pollution, Catching gasoline ad diesel adulteration. The World Bank (2002).
  18. ↑ Akbar (August 2018). "Mobility and Congestion in Urban India". Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice. 
  19. ↑ "50% Bangalore kids hit by asthma", The Times of India, 6 November 2007.
  20. ↑ Air Pollution in India – A Brief Highlight (2021-04-24). Retrieved on 2021-05-26.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rao (2014-05-12). Emission panel for pan-India shift to Bharat Stage V fuel by 2020 (en). livemint.com. Retrieved on 2019-08-17.
  22. ↑ India tops world in bad air quality: Kanpur, Delhi among 15 worst cities, Mumbai 4th most polluted megacity - Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved on 2019-03-09.
  23. ↑ Odd-Even Rule: 5 Things You Need to Know - NDTV CarAndBike (en). CarAndBike. Retrieved on 2019-03-13.
  24. ↑ (2016) "WHO | India takes steps to curb air pollution". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94 (7): 487–8. DOI:10.2471/BLT.16.020716. PMID 27429486. 
  25. ↑ Searching for solutions to Delhi's air pollution problem (en). Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved on 2019-03-09.
  26. ↑ India drives global rise in CO2 emissions: Report (en-IN). The Indian Express (2018-12-06). Retrieved on 2019-03-13.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mmetọ_ikuku_na_India&oldid=171948