Maria Gertrudis Barceló
| ụdịekere | nwanyị  |
|---|---|
| mba o sị | Mézíkọ, Njikota Obodo Amerika |
| aha enyere | Maria, Gertrudis |
| aha ezinụlọ ya | Barceló |
| aha pseudonym | Delilah Hernandez |
| aha otutu | Tules |
| ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 1805 |
| Ebe ọmụmụ | Sonora |
| Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya | 17 Jenụwarị 1852 |
| Ebe ọ nwụrụ | Santa Fe |
| Dị/nwunye | unknown value |
| asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye aka | Mexican Spanish |
| ọrụ ọ na-arụ | casino manager, gambler, madam |
| prefix nsọpụrụ | Doña |
| Ebe obibi | Tome, Golden |
Maria Gertrudis "Tules" Barceló (c. 1800 – January 17, 1852), nke a na-akpọkarị "La Tules," bụ onye nwe saloon na onye na-agba chaa chaa na Territory nke New Mexico n'oge Agha US-Mexica . Barceló kpalitere obere akụ site n'iji ego na-eme ka ndị ahịa America na ndị Mexico na-etinye aka na Santa Fe Trail nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ọ ghọrọ aha ọjọọ na US dị ka "Queen of Sin" Mexico site na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem America na usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ tupu, n'oge, na mgbe agha gasịrị. Ihe ngosi ndị a, nke a na-ezubekarị ịkọwa ma ọ bụ kwadoo mbuso agha US na Mexico, gosipụtara La Tules dị ka onye na-agba chaa chaa na nwanyị akwụna nke gosipụtara ọdịdị omume rụrụ arụ nke ndị Mexico bi n'ógbè ahụ.
Ndụ mbido
dezieO nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ Barceló na steeti Sonora, Mexico gburugburu 1800 mana otu onye nta akụkọ nke oge ahụ, Wilkins Kendall nke New Orleans Picayune, rụrụ ụka n'akwụkwọ ya Narrative of the Texas-Santa Fe Expedition na ọ bụ French, na-ezo aka na ya dị ka. Madame Toulouse. A maghị ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ndụ ya ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ya. N’oge na-adịghị anya ka Mexico nwetasịrị nnwere onwe site na Spen na 1821, Barceló, nne na nna ya, otu nwanna nwoke, na ụmụnne nwanyị ndị nwanyị abụọ kwagara n’ógbè dịpụrụ adịpụ nke dị n’ebe ugwu nke New Mexico. [1]
Na June 23, 1823, Barceló lụrụ Manuel Sisneros na Ụka nke Tome. Ụkọchukwu nke mere emume ahụ kpọrọ ya “Doña,” aha e nyere ụmụ nwanyị nwere àgwà ọma na ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ dị elu. A ga-emecha lebara anya nke ukwuu n'eziokwu na ọ dị afọ anọ tọ nwoke na-alụ nwunye ya na ime ọnwa anọ ma ọ bụ ise n'oge ahụ. [2] Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, ha abụọ nwụrụ mgbe ha bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. N'ịbụ onye nweere onwe ya nke ukwuu, Barceló jigidere ihe onwunwe ya niile n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ya ma aha nwa agbọghọ ya mara ya.
Ọrụ ịgba chaa chaa mbụ
dezieNa 1825, ndị ọchịchị Mexico tara Barceló ụgwọ maka ịrụ ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa maka ndị na-egwupụta akụ n'Ugwu Ortiz . Oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, Barceló kwagara Santa Fe wee meghee saloon nwere nnukwu agụụ na etiti Santa Fe, New Mexico . Ọ na-akpọ aha "Tules," nke Spanish na-ebelata "Gertrudis." [2] [3] Ụfọdụ ndị odee ejikọtala nke a na okwu Spanish nke Mexico tules, nke pụtara "osisi ahịhịa," na-atụ aro na ọ na-ezo aka na "mkpụrụkpụ nke ọdịdị ya" [4] ma ọ bụ ikekwe na "eku ya dị mkpa." [5]
Kpọtụrụ ndị Anglo-America
dezieN'ihi ebe etiti ya dị na Santa Fe, saloon Barceló matara ọtụtụ ndị America na-eme njem n'okporo ụzọ Santa Fe. Susan Magoffin, nwa-nwanyị nke Gọvanọ mbụ nke Kentucky na nwunye nke onye ahịa America, bụ eleghị anya onye nkatọ kachasị na Barceló. O dere La Tules "mere ka ọ dịrị ndụ site n'ịgba ụlọ ebe ịgba chaa chaa na-emeghe, ịṅụ mmanya na ise siga na-enwe mmasị na mmadụ niile ... n'echeghị na ọ ga-eweda ya ala." Ụfọdụ ṅụrụ mmanya ya ma na-agba chaa chaa na tebụl ya, ma mesịa kwujọọ "Doña Tules" n'akwụkwọ e zigara na Eastern US Ụdị nke ọtụtụ, Josiah Gregg 's Commerce of the Prairies na-agụkarị Tules kọwara Tules dị ka nwanyị nke "omume rụrụ arụ. ". " [2] Na mgbakwunye na nkwupụta na-ezighị ezi na ọ bụ onye akwụna, ọtụtụ ndị kwukwara na ya na Manuel Armijo, Gọvanọ nke New Mexico na-enwe mmekọahụ rụrụ arụ.
A na-achọkarị ihe ndekọ akụkọ ndị a na-akpali akpali, ma ọ bụrụ na e mebeghị ya kpamkpam. Ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị America gbasara Tules Barceló megidere ibe ya. Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ọ mara mma nke ukwuu, ebe ndị ọzọ dere banyere ya dị ka agadi na enweghị eze. [6] Ụfọdụ kwuru na o nwere ntutu isi kol, ebe ndị ọzọ kwuru na ntutu na-acha ọbara ọbara tụrụ ya n'anya. Ụfọdụ kwuru n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ na a mụrụ ya na Taos, New Mexico, kama ịbụ Sonora. Naanị ezigbo nkwekọrịta n'etiti ha bụ na Tules na-eme nke ọma na kaadị egwuregwu monte, na-emerikarị nnukwu ikpo ọla edo site n'aka ndị ahịa nwoke na ụlọ ya.
O nwere ike ịbụ na Barceló amaghị maka aha ọjọọ ya n'akwụkwọ Bekee. O ji nlezianya chebe aha ọma ya na Santa Fe. N'oge abụọ na 1830s, Barceló gara n'ụlọ ikpe iji chebe onwe ya megide okwu nkwutọ sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi Mexico. [7]
N'agbanyeghị aha ọjọọ ya n'etiti ndị America na ebubo ebubo isi iyi nke akụ ya "na-ezighị ezi", ndị agha US gbaziri ego n'aka Barceló obere oge mgbe mwakpo nke New Mexico na 1846. [8] Nbinye ego a kwụrụ ndị agha ahụ wakporo, na-eme ka ọrụ Santa Fe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwe omume. Ekwukwara ya na ọ bụ ya mere ka o doo anya na o mere nkata megide ndị agha wee si otú ahụ gbochie ogbugbu.
N'okpuru usoro nke Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Barceló, dị ka ụmụ amaala Mexico ndị ọzọ nọ n'ókèala ahụ, ghọrọ nwa amaala US ozugbo na 1849 site na ichere otu afọ ka ha bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ.
Ọnwụ
dezieBarceló nwụrụ na January 17, 1852, na Santa Fe na nnukwu akụ nke $10,000 na ọtụtụ ụlọ. [9] Nkwenye ya na akwụkwọ ikike e nyere onye ọkaikpe obodo bụ naanị akwụkwọ mara na o debere ya. Ọ hapụrụ ebe obibi ya na ihe onwunwe ya nye nwanne ya nwoke, nwanne ya nwanyị, na ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ndị ha na ya biri. Ndị Santa Fe niile gara olili ozu ya nke ukwuu, bụ nke ụfọdụ katọrọ na ọ na-amasị nwanyị dị ka ya, na maka ịbụ onye "uru na-ezighị ezi na-enweta."
Ihe nketa
dezieNdị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ọbụna ndị na-eme ihe nkiri adọtala n'akụkọ akụkọ Barceló. N'ịbụ ndị ziri ezi na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nnọchianya ya kemgbe 1852 emetụtawo echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Anna Burr gosipụtara Tules dị ka onye aghụghọ aghụghọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1936, The Golden Quicksand. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Na 1948, Ruth Laughlin dere akwụkwọ akụkọ The Wind Leaves No Shadow na Barceló dị ka onye na-akwado ya. Ọ bụ ezie na Laughlin zubere n'ụzọ doro anya ka ọ nwee ọmịiko n'ebe Barceló nọ, echiche ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-eduzi ọdịnaya akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Ewezuga Barceló, ndị Mexico nọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Laughlin na-agbaso echiche efu dị ka ekworo, nkwenkwe ụgha, agụụ mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka ndị ogbu mmadụ. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Katy Jurado pụtara dị ka Dona Tules na ihe omume 1962 "La Tules" nke usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn syndicated, Death Valley Days, nke Stanley Andrews kwadoro.
A kọwakwara ndụ Dona Tules na egwu Viva Santa Fe! , nke James Stewart dere, ewepụtara egwu a na Hobbs, New Mexico na 1991, wee nọchite anya steeti New Mexico na 1992 World's Fair na Seville, Spain. Egwu a bụ ihe ntụrụndụ egosipụtara na Mgbakọ Mba Onye Nkụzi Egwu, na Albuquerque na 1995. Omume egwu na-amalite ọdịda nke 2019 na Las Vegas, New Mexico. Na-eme ihe nkiri VanAnn Moore na Andre Garcia Nuthman.
Ntụaka
dezie- ↑ Foster (1993). "Maria Gertrudes Barcelo", in Telgen: Notable Hispanic American Women. Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-8103-7578-8.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 González (1999). Refusing the Favor: The Spanish-Mexican Women of Santa Fe, 1820-1880. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507890-X. González, Deena (1999). Refusing the Favor: The Spanish-Mexican Women of Santa Fe, 1820-1880. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-19-507890-X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "gonzalez" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Robelo (1904). Diccionario de Aztequismos: ó sea, Catálogo de las palabras del idioma Nahuatl, Aztea ó Mexicano, introducidas al idioma Castellano bajo diversas formas. Published by the author. Retrieved on 2012-01-24.
- ↑ Cook (2007). Doña Tules: Santa Fe's Courtesan and Gambler. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4313-0. Retrieved on 2012-01-24.
- ↑ Janin (2009). Trails of Historic New Mexico: Routes Used by Indian, Spanish and American Travelers Through 1886. McFarland. ISBN 9780786458097. Retrieved on 2012-01-24.
- ↑ Magoffin (1982). The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847, 2nd, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8116-1.
- ↑ González (2005). "Gertrudis Barceló", in Ruíz: Latina Legacies. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515398-7.
- ↑ Lecompte (1981). "The Independent Women of Hispanic New Mexico, 1821-1846". The Western Historical Quarterly 12 (1). DOI:10.2307/969164.
- ↑ Mora (2006). "Women in New Mexico (1540-1900)", in Ruiz: Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34680-0.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
dezie- Chavez, Fray Angelico. "Doña Tulas: Aha ya na olili ya," El Palacio, Vol. 57 #8 Ọgọst, 1950.
- Magoffin, Susan Shelby. N'okpuru okporo ụzọ Santa Fe na banye Mexico: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847. New Haven: Mahadum Yale Press, 1962.
- Dominguez, Ora. "María Gertrudis Barceló: "Doña Tules," Ọfịs New Mexico nke State Historian, undated, http://newmexicohistory.org/people/maria-gertrudis-barcelo-dona-tules . Enwetara 27 Ọkt 2016.