M na-eme ihe

Acjacheme ("obo nke ihe nkiri") [1] bụ obodo Acjachemen nke dị nso na nne obodo Putuidem na nke ugbu a San Juan Capistrano, California . Ndị ozi ala ọzọ Spen ndị Mission San Juan Capistrano ihe na- kpara yaadị 60 site n’obodo nta ahụ na 1776. Acjachemen bụ otutu okwu nke Acjacheme, wee bụrụ onye moniker maka ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu mgbe oge ozi ahụ mma ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

^[4]A na-akpọkwa obodo a Akhachmai, Ahachmai, Akagchemem, Acágcheme , na Axatcme . [1] [2] [3] Achọpụtala akwụkwọ obodo ahụ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị n'ịmaka malite nke ozi site n'aka José de Grácia Cruz, onye bụ otu n'ime ụmụ amaala ikpeazụ a na ozi ahụ na 1840s. [1] [2] A na-akpọ Ahachmai dị ka olumba ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke Acjachemen, a na- ike ya, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na- obere obere, na-ezo aka na ndị mmadụ n' ozuzu ya ^[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

^[6]Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụka nkume dara na 1812 San Juan Capistrano ala ọma jijiji . Egburu ndị Acjachemen iri atɔ na, iri atọ na otu n'ime ha bụ ụmụ anụmanụ

Gerónimo Boscana kwuru na “onye ikwu ya a na-akpọ Choqual mechara chịrị obodo ahụ,” onye bụkwa onye isi Putuidem . Akpọrọ obodo ebe a Atoum-pumcaxque, nke bụ obodo Ahachmai. Choqual bụ onye ikwu Chief Oyaison, onye si Sejat, na ada ya anya Coronne^[3] ^[7]

Nzukọ ndị ọchịchị

^[8] ^[3]Njem Portolá zutere obodo ahụ na 1769. Site na nguzobe nke Mission San Juan Capistrano na 1778 na-esote obodo, ozi ahụ dabere na ndị obodo ime obodo maka ọrụ.

... ndị India, mgbe ha laghachiri n'ụlọ, bịarutere ma nọrọ n'abalị n'otu ebe a na-akpọ Acagchemen, nke dị anya site na ebe ozi ahụ dị ugbu a nanị ihe dị ka yadi iri isii. Site n'oge a, ógbè ọhụrụ ahụ weere aha kwekọrọ na ebe ahụ. Acagchemen na-egosi ụdị pyramidal nke ihe ọ bụla na-agagharị, dị ka anthill ma ọ bụ ebe ezumike maka ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. ^[3]

Mission San Juan Capistrano

Eserese nke José de Grácia Cruz, onye bụ onye na-akụ mgbịrịgba na San Juan Capistrano Mission (June 1909), bụ onye ihe ebe obodo ahụ dị. Isi akụkọ: Mahadum Southern California. Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na California Historical Society.

^[6]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Acjacheme agbadala mgbe e guzobechara Mission San Juan Capistrano na 1776. O nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ sere ndị obere oge ka e guzobechara ozi ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1810, e nwere mmadụ 1,138 ndị a ịkpọra na ozi ahụ. Ala ọmajiji San Juan Capistrano nke 1812 dara otu ụlọ ụka nke "neophytes" wuru, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụmụ anọ Acjachemen, ikike site na obodo nta dị nso.

^[9]Ka ọ na-erule n’oge a na-edobe ozi ala ọzọ na 1833, e mewo 4,317 Acjachemen na ndị obodo ọzọ baptizim na ozi ahụ (ndịndụrụ okenye 1,689 na-ede 2,628). Ozi ndị die na ozi ahụ bụ 3,158 - Device anya ọ bụ Acjachemen. Ndị lanarịrọ ibi na ozi ahụ na-ebikarị na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, nkiri nkiri Acjacheme

Nchọpụta ọzọ

José de Gracia Cruz onye bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ sitere na Mission San Juan Capistrano (amụrụ na 1840s), chọpụtara na saịtị obodo dị ka ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ozi ahụ. ^[2]

N'afọ 1980, ndị obodo ka na-achọta ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "olulu ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbanaka, ụfọdụ ihe ndị e ji nkume wuo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke shei." Ndị edemede abụọ nke nyocha 1980 kwuru na saịtị a bụ, n'ihi ya, chọrọ nchọpụta ihe ochie. ^[3]

Omenala ama ama

^[10]Honsading (nakwa, Aknutl, Hoonselton, Hoonsolton, Hun-sa-tung, Loonsolton, Oka-no, na Okahno ) bụ ebe obibi mbụ Hupa na Humboldt County, California . [1] Ọ dị n'ụdị aka nri nke ịdị Atọ n'Ime Otu dị nso na ihe Hupa; A maghị kpọmkwem ebe ọ nọ.

Hụkwa

Ụmụ amaala California

Obodo amụrụ amị amị dị na Orange County, California :

Acjacheme
Ahunx
Alauna
Genga
Ntụk
Lupukngna
Moyongna
Pajbenga
Panhe
Puhú
Piwiva
Totpavit

Saịtị nke ozi ndị ọzọ na-achị Spanish n'ime ala nna ndị dị n'akụkụ:

Achooykomenga (saịtị nke Mission San Fernando )
Toviscanga (saịtị nke Mission San Gabriel )
Yaanga (saịtị Pueblo de Los Ángeles )

Ntụaka

↑ Woodward (2007). The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community. University of California, Davis, 3, 8.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Brigandi. Indian Villages (en-US). OC Historyland. Retrieved on 2022-12-15.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 O'Neil (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2 (2): 226–232.
↑ Golla (2022). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 181. ISBN 978-0-520-38967-0. OCLC 1273667539.
↑ Moments in Time: Remembering the Ahachmai Way of Life (en-US). The Capistrano Dispatch (2015-11-13). Archived from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved on 2022-12-15.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Vélez (2017-10-02). "Stones and Bones: Catholic Responses to the 1812 Collapse of the Mission Church of Capistrano" (in en). Material Religion 13 (4): 437–460. DOI:10.1080/17432200.2017.1379375. ISSN 1743-2200. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
↑ White (1963). LUISENO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, 108.
↑ (February 2014) "CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT OF THE SAN JUAN HOTEL AND VILLAS PROJECT, CITY OF SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA": 10.
↑ (2003) Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Volume III, N to S, Frederick Webb Hodge, Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, 445–446. ISBN 978-1-58218-755-6. OCLC 647873186.
↑ Cordier (1989). Peoples of the American West : historical perspectives through children's literature, María A. Pérez-Stable, 23, 187. ISBN 0-8108-2240-7. OCLC 19845881.

[1] Woodward (2007). The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community. University of California, Davis, 3, 8.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Brigandi. Indian Villages (en-US). OC Historyland. Retrieved on 2022-12-15.

[:5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 O'Neil (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2 (2): 226–232.

[4] Golla (2022). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 181. ISBN 978-0-520-38967-0. OCLC 1273667539.

[5] Moments in Time: Remembering the Ahachmai Way of Life (en-US). The Capistrano Dispatch (2015-11-13). Archived from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved on 2022-12-15.

[:2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Vélez (2017-10-02). "Stones and Bones: Catholic Responses to the 1812 Collapse of the Mission Church of Capistrano" (in en). Material Religion 13 (4): 437–460. DOI:10.1080/17432200.2017.1379375. ISSN 1743-2200. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content

[:1-7] White (1963). LUISENO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, 108.

[8] (February 2014) "CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT OF THE SAN JUAN HOTEL AND VILLAS PROJECT, CITY OF SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA": 10.

[:6-9] (2003) Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Volume III, N to S, Frederick Webb Hodge, Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, 445–446. ISBN 978-1-58218-755-6. OCLC 647873186.

[10] Cordier (1989). Peoples of the American West : historical perspectives through children's literature, María A. Pérez-Stable, 23, 187. ISBN 0-8108-2240-7. OCLC 19845881.

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