Leblouh
Leblouh ( Arabic </link></link> ) bụ omume ịmanye ụmụ anụmanụ nọ n'agbata afọ ise ruo iri na ná nri nri, na mba ebe a na-ewere oke ibu dị ka ihe a na-achọsi ike. [1] [2] [3] ma ama juru ebe niile n'ime ime obodo na inwe ike Tuareg [4] omenala, a na-eme leblouh iji mee ka họraraisi na-egosi elu na ọha mmadụ ebe oke ahụ dị elu na -abụ ihe ama nke akụ na ọnọdụ.
Omume a na-eme n'ọtụtụ mba Africa, dị ka Mauritania, [1] Niger, [2] Uganda, [3] [4] Sudan, [5] Tunisia [2] (kpọmkwem ndị Juu ), [6] Nigeria , [7] [8] [9] [10] Kenya na South Africa. [1]
Omume a la mfe na apụ nke afọ nke 11, a kọkwara na ọ mere ncheta dị ike ama na Mauritania mgbe agha ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ na 2008 . [1] Ndị ụgbọ na-eto eto na Mauritania na-ele omume a anya mmiri
Nkọwa
dezieỤmụ anụmanụ ndị meworo agadi a na-akpọ "ndị na-ebu ibu" na-amanye ụmụ anụmanụ ka ha rie nnukwu nri na mmiri mmiri, [1] na-ebute ha mgbu ma ọ bụrụ na erighị ihe na-eme ihe nkiri. Otu ụzọ isi mee ihe mgbu bụ ahianye aka n'etiti osisi abụọ. A ga-amanye nwata dị afọ isii ka ọ nọnyeọ 20 lita (4.4 imp gal; 5.3 US gal) nke mmiri ara ehi camel, na-eri kilo abụọ nke millet a gwa agwa agwa na iko abụọ, kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụ ebe na omume a na-akparị mmadụ, ndị nne na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ụzọ ọzọ ha ga-esi akwụkwọ ozi dị mma maka ụmụ ha. [2]
A na-ezo aka ntọ yiri nke a n'okpuru ifo nke ihuenyo "Mbe nwere nwa mara mma", nke ana agwa na omenala sitere na Southern Nigeria (1910). Onye na-ede nwanne ifo bụ onye dere nke ahụ ikanda "nwa mara mma": "ka ndị a na-ebu ibu bụ ọnụ ụlọ ebe a na-edebe nwa ekiri ruo izu ole na ole tupu mmalite na nke ya. Efik na Bahumono na-ele uzo anya dị ka n'ihi mma." [3]
Leblouh na Mauritania
dezieLeblouh (nke a na-ezokarị aka na iji okwu French gavage) na Mauritania bụ ihe iche iche ma na-agụnye usoro na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe a na-amanye ụmụ anụmanụ Mauritania ilo galọn mmiri ara ehi, couscous,abụ ahụekere, na iko achịcha dị ọcha. Ihe ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-akpọ nkịtị bụ na ụmụ ndị Mauritania na-eme usoro Leblouh na-eri kalori okpukpu anọ dị ka nwoke toro eto nke na-eri kalori 4,000 kwa ụbọchị. N'ime ụnwanyị ndị a, faịlụ ma ọ bụ nwa anụmanụ a na-ebu ibu na-eri na nkezi kalori 14,000 ruo 16,000 kwa ụbọchị, ebe nri a bụ aro maka nwa nri dị afọ 12 dị mma naanị calorie 1,500. [1] A na-ata ndị ụmụ anụmanụ site n'ihe dị ka afọ 6 ma ọ bụ 7, a na-amanyekwa ha site n'iji usoro na-ebute ogo iche iche nke mgbakasị uche na nke anụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ ajụ ajụ iri ihe dị ka lita 20 nke mmiri ara ehi kwa ụbọchị nke a na-enye ha, a na-edobe ha "mkpụkọ ụkwụ" nke ese ịzọpịa ụkwụ site na iji mkpara osisi, tuo ya na akpụkpọ ụkwụ. ahụ, ma ọ bụ egwu see. [2] Isi ngosi na-ekwu na ihe na-egosi mmetụta ego na Leblouh maka nwa ha mmetụta bụ iji hụ na nchekwa ego ya na mmetụta na-enyere dị mma. [4]
Ejikọtala omume ịra ụmụ agbọghọ mara abụba na Mauritania na nsonaazụ anụ ahụ na nke uche na-emerụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Ejikọtala Leblouh na mbelata dị ukwuu na mmegharị na mmepe nke ọrịa obi. [5] A kọwala iji ọgwụ, n'ụdị steroid, na-ebute oke ibu na mba niile. [6] Ugboro mmiri ozuzo na-abawanye ụba ebutekwara ụkọ nke ehi, kamel, ihe ọkụkụ, na ọka a na-eji azụ ezinụlọ na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ agbọghọ mara abụba. N’ihi ya, a manyere ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ire anụ ụlọ n’ihi na ha enweghị ike inye onwe ha nri. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ugbu a atụgharịala azụ azụ ahịa ojii na ọgwụ steroid dị ize ndụ maka ibu ibu. [7] Ọnụnọ nke ịda ogbenye na-arị elu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ emewokwa ka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ chọpụta na ọgwụ antihistamine, nke a na-ejikarị agwọ ahụ ọkụ hay, nwere àgwà ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ngwaahịa ndị a ka dị ize ndụ, a na-enweta ha karịa ma enwere ike zụta ha n'ahịa ahịa. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị meworo Leblouh nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịmalite inwe mmekọahụ na mbụ na ịmụ ụmụ tupu ndị ogbo ha bụ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka. [4] Gavage nwekwara ike tinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe egwu dị egwu maka ọmụmụ nwa dara ogbenye, HIV / AIDS, na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ, n'elu ma karịa mmetụta nke BMI nke n'onwe ya bụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike anụ ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ dị ka enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti gavage na ịtụrụ ime n'oge n'ihi na ime mmalite na-adịkarị n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ dara ogbenye. [8]
Mmalite nke leblouh na revival
dezieO siri ike ịkọwa kpọmkwem mmalite nke inye nri ike na Mauritania. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na omume ahụ adịla ọtụtụ narị afọ ma malite n’oge ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị Mauritania na-akwagharị. [9] N'ime obodo a na-akwagharị akwagharị, a na-ahụ oke ibu dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ịma mma na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwunye nke ndị ọgaranya anaghị arụ ọrụ na-anọdụ ala n'ụlọikwuu mgbe ndị ohu ojii na-arụ ọrụ siri ike nke ọzara chọrọ. Mauritania bụ obodo nke ọbụna taa na-achị ndị mmadụ abụọ dị iche iche: Moors nwere akpụkpọ anụ na ndị Africa gbara ọchịchịrị bụ ndị mgbọrọgwụ ha sitere na ndịda Sahara. [10] Ndị Mauritania bụ ndị na-akọwa dị ka ndị Arab ka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke Leblouh na mba ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere obere obere mba ahụ. [7]
Narị afọ nke abụọ na otu abụrụla oge maka ntughari nke Leblouh na Mauritania, yana oge ọmụmụ. N'afọ 2005, onye isi ndị nche onye isi ala Ould Taya, Mohamed Ould Ely Vall duziri mgbaghara na nkwa nke ibu aka n'efu na ezi na 2006. Na 2006 na 2007, ntọala aka onye kwuo uche, akwụkwọ onwe na nke doro anya. anya mere na nke mbụ na Mauritania. [1] Mgbe nanị apụ nke onye kwuo uche ya na oge nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọtụtụ nwere ike na-alụ na alụ ọgụ nke otu ndị àmà, General Abdel Aziz weghaara site n'ike mgbe ndị agha ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na 2008 omume. Mgbanwe a mere n'August 2008, e mesịkwara mkpa ụdị onye kwuo uche ya na ndị agha nke ihe ihe ha rụpụtara "ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala." Ntuli aka emere na Julaị 2009 kwere ka ndị agha na-achịkwa. Ka mbụ aka a gachara, ewepụtara ọtụtụ iwu na-achọ anya n'iweghachite iwu ọdịnala n'ime iwu, n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke oke ibu aka. Mint Ely, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ, na-Ahụ, sị: " "Mụ nwere nwere Ministri na-ahụ maka ihe mgbaàmà ụmụ ... Anyị nwere ike nchoputa na ndị ndu. ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-ezighachi anyị azụ n'Ara omenala anyị Ozi anyị ga-agwa okwu." </link>[ a nkịtị ]
Echiche kwupụta leblouh na Mauritania na mba ọzọ
dezieA na-eji data sitere na Mauritania 2000–2001 DHS iji me bere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ ọmụmụ ịga n'ihu nke ibibi ụmụ na gavage. [1] visual ahụ na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị inyom na ndị nwoke zara akwụkwọ ịga n'ihu nke omume ahụ (64% na 70%, n'otu n'otu). Ọ bụrụ na ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ (23%) nke ụmụ nwanyị kwuru na a na-enye ha nri ike mgbe ha bụ nwata na 32% nke ụmụ nwoke na 29% nke ụmụ nwoke nwoke ịga ịga n'ihu nke omume ahụ. Ọ bụ ebe na n nke gavage dị nnọọ elu nke ukwuu, imerụ ahụ ahụ amụ nke ọ lụlụ (gụnyere nkọwa ahụ sitere n' amị gavage na FGM) bụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'okpuru koodu posi nke Mauritania; ike sitere n'ahụ 1–3 na nnukwu ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, iwu ahụ ekwughị kpọmkwem FGM ma ọ bụ gavage dị ka omume ụlọ ezi nke na-ama ahụ ahụ.
Osisi
dezie-
Nwanyị onye Juu Tunisia, ihe dị ka 1900 -
Nwanyị Juu si Garrigues na mgbasa Djerba -
Nwanyị onye Juu Tunisia nke 1910 -
Ụmụ ndị Juu nọ na Tunisia ihe dị ka 1910
Hụkwa
dezie- Abụba fetishism
- Ime ụlọ abụba
Ntụaka
dezie- ↑ Biyokulule Online. www.biyokulule.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2019-12-08.
- ↑ Smith, Alex Duval. Girls being force-fed for marriage as junta revives fattening farms Templeeti:Webarchive, The Observer, March 1, 2009.
- ↑ Chapter 1, note 4
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pendergast, Philip, and Adenife Modile. “Forced to Force-Feed? Gavage, Marriage and Sex in Mauritania.” PAA, PAA, 27 Apr. 2018, paa.confex.com/paa/2018/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/23553.
- ↑ Enquête Démographique et de Santé Mauritanie 2000–2001. Nouakchott, Mauritanie: ONS et ORC Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA.
- ↑ Ouldzeidoune, Nacerdine, et al. “A Description of Female Genital Mutilation and Force-Feeding Practices in Mauritania: Implications for the Protection of Child Rights and Health.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, 9 Apr. 2013, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060594#pone.0060594-United2.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Guerrero, Lindsey A. "The force-feeding of young girls: Mauritania's failure to enforce preventative measures and comply with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women." Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, vol. 21, no. 3, 2013, p. 879+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A330687900/AONE?u=tel_a_vanderbilt&sid=AONE&xid=11dd6785. Accessed 27 Apr. 2021.
- ↑ Domínguez-Mujica, Josefina, Mercedes de los Ángeles Rodríguez-Rodríguez, & Laudy Rivero-Rodríguez. "La Maternidad a edades tempranas en Mauritania: una perspectiva geodemográfica." Papeles de Población, 26.103 (2020): 123-156. Web. 27 apr. 2021
- ↑ LaFraniere S (2007) In Mauritania: Seeking to end an overfed ideal. The New York Times.Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/world/africa/04mauritania.html?_r=2&ei=5070&en=039cd42546c89671&ex=1189915200&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin . Accessed 2011 Apr 1.
- ↑ Tauzine, Aline. “Saharan Music About A Feminine Modernity.” Women’s Songs from West Africa, edited by Thomas A Hale and Aissata G Sidikou, Indiana University Press, 2014, pp. 112–114.