Léopold Gnininvi
Léopold Messan Kokou Gnininvi (amụrụ na Disemba 19, 1942 )bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Togo na odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA). Onye ndu mmegide ogologo oge na Togo, ọ jere ozi na gọọmentị dị ka onye isi ala maka Mines na Energy site na 2006 ruo 2007, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration from 2007 to 2008, and Minister of State for Industry, Crafts. na ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ sitere na 2008 ruo 2009.
Ndụ na ọrụ
dezieA mụrụ Gnininvi na Aného, Lacs Prefecture . Ọ bụ Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, [1] ebe ọ natara doctorate d'Etat ya na Mahadum Dijon na France na 1977. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na 1981. Site na 1978 ruo 1993, ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ nyocha ike anyanwụ na Mahadum Lomé. Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ National Institute of Educational Science site na 1979 ruo 1988 yana onye isi nchịkwa nke nyocha sayensị sitere na 1987 ruo 1993.[1] Ọ lara ezumike nká na Mahadum Lomé na 1997. [2]
A họpụtara Gnininvi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CDPA na Machị 1991. Na 1991 Sovereign National Conference, Gnininvi bụ nhọrọ mbụ nke mmegide maka ọnọdụ nke Prime Minister. [3]ma ọ hapụrụ n’ebe Joseph Kokou Koffigoh nọ.[2]onye ndu Togo League of Human Rights, onye amara nke ọma karịa Gnininvi,[1] n'ihi ịdị n'otu mmegide.[./Léopold_Gnininvi#cite_note-AE-3 [3]][4] Ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche-na-arụ ọrụ nke mkpokọta nke Democratic Opposition (COD2), isi mmegide mmegide, na August 1992. N'afọ 1992 na August 1997, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka Secretary-General nke CDPA.[4]
Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuli aka nke June 1998, ọ bụkwa onye mbụ a kpọsara na ntuliaka ahụ. Izu abụọ tupu ntuli aka ahụ, o zigara kọmitii na-ahụ maka ntuli aka akwụkwọ ozi nke o kwuru na ya "nchegbu ya maka anomalies na igbu oge metụtara nhazi ntuli aka".[5] Ụbọchị abụọ tupu ntuli aka ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị ọzọ na-emegide ya n'ịkatọ nsogbu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na nkwadebe ntuli aka ma na-akpọ ka a gbuo oge ntuli aka.[6] Dabere na nsonaazụ gọọmentị, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke ise na ntuli aka ahụ, na-ewere 0.80% nke votu.[7]Na Nọvemba 1998, mgbe Onye isi ala Gnassingbe Eyadéma kpọchara oku ka ndị mmegide tinye aka na mkparịta ụka, Gnininvi kwuru na CDPA agaghị eso n'ihi na e bu n'obi na mkparịta ụka ahụ bụ naanị iji kwado ọchịchị nke Eyadéma's Rally of the Togolese People (RPT).[8]
Gnininvi gbara ọsọ na mbụ dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala na ntuli aka nke June 1, 2003, mana ọ kwupụtara ọpụpụ ya na ntuliaka ahụ na May 26, na-ahọrọ ịkwado onye mmegide ibe ya Emmanuel Bob-Akitani nke Union of Forces for Change (UFC). [9] kama O kwuru na o mere mkpebi a n'ihi na ọ kpọkọtara ndị na-akwado ya maka ntuli aka na n'ihi n'ihi ya chọrọ ka ndị mmegide jikọta ọnụ n'azụ onye kachasị ike n'etiti ha.[9] Otú ọ dị, aha ya nọgidere na vootu ahụ, ma nweta 0.017% nke vootu.
A họpụtara ya dị ka Minista nke Mba maka Mmanụ na Ike na gọọmentị nke Praịm Minista Yawovi Agboyibo, nke a kpọrọ aha na Septemba 20, 2006. N'oge ntuli aka nke ndị omeiwu October 2007, Gnininivi toro "ọrụ dị ịrịba ama" nke National Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) ma kwuo na ngụkọ ntuli aka nke CENI mere mere ka "usoro ziri ezi". Gnininvi bụ onye mbụ na-azọ ọkwa na CDPA maka Lomé na ntuli aka 2007, mana pati ahụ enwetaghị oche ọ bụla na ntuliaka ahụ.Mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, Gnininvi nọgidere na gọọmentị họpụtara na Disemba 13, 2007, n'okpuru Prime Minister Komlan Mally ma kpọga ya n'ọkwa nke Minister nke State for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration.
Na gọọmentị ọzọ, nke a họpụtara na Septemba 15, 2008, nke Praịm Minista Gilbert Houngbo duziri, a kpọgara Gnininvi n'ọkwa Minista nke steeti maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọrụ aka, na teknụzụ ọhụrụ.Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ahụ otu afọ; na Septemba 10, 2009, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na gọọmentị, ya na onye minista CDPA ọzọ, Messan Adimado ADUAYOM, ka CDPA wee ghara ijikọ na gọọmentị n'oge bu nhoputa ndi ochichi nke 2010.
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedEt - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAE - ↑ John R. Heilbrunn, "Togo: The National Conference and Stalled Reform", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 238.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedProfil - ↑ "Togolese presidential election campaign under way", AFP, June 7, 1998.
- ↑ "Togo: Two more presidential candidates seek postponement of elections", Radio France Internationale, June 20, 1998.
- ↑ "CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT: Addendum TOGO", United Nations International covenant on civil and political rights, CCPR/C/TGO/2001/3, July 5, 2001.
- ↑ "Togo opposition turns down talks", BBC News, November 21, 1998.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Togo: Gnininvi stands down as presidential candidate", IRIN, May 26, 2003.