Klọb Alpine nke Ụmụ nwanyị

E hiwere Ladies' Alpine Club na London na 1907 ma bụrụ ụlọ ịgba ugwu izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ jikọtara ya na Alpine Club nke Great Britain na 1975.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Great Central Hotel, Marylebone (nke bụzi Landmark London), ebe klọb ahụ nwere ọnụ ụlọ ma mee nri abalị ya kwa afọ

Na Disemba 1907, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-arị ugwu na Alps zutere na London wee kweta ịmepụta klọb ọhụrụ, nke yiri Alpine Club e guzobere ogologo oge, nke n'oge ahụ anaghị anabata ụmụ nwanyị ndị otu ^[1] n'ihi adịghị ike ha n'ihe gbasara ịrị ugwu. ^[2] Onye isi oche mbụ nke klọb ahụ bụ Bishọp nke Bristol, nke abụọ bụ Elizabeth Le Blond na 1908, [1] onye T.G. Bonney toro mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Alpine Club dịka otu n'ime ndị "nke iwu Salic siri ike anyị gbochiri anyị. na-agụta n'etiti ndị otu anyị", ọ bụkwa klọb izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ugwu.[2] Na mbu, ọ bụ ngalaba Alpine nke Lyceum Club, klọb ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọgụgụ isi, [3] nke Elizabeth Le Blond so na ya, mana na 1908 o guzobere ịdị adị nweere onwe ya.[2][4] Klọb ahụ nwere ntọala ya na Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, [5] mana a na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na Alpine Club na obere ya.i

N'ịkwado nhazi njem ịrị elu, Ladies' Alpine Club haziri nkuzi nkuzi kwa ọnwa ma nyekwa ụlọ ebe ndị otu nwere ike izute tii. Ruo ogologo oge nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Ngalaba Agha weghaara ụlọ ndị ahụ, ma e weghachiri ha na 1919. Alpine Club n'onwe ya nwere obi abụọ na mbụ banyere Club Ladies's, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ malitere iji ya kpọrọ ihe na iji kwado ya, karịsịa mgbe Queen Margherita nke Ịtali nakweere ọkwa nke Onye isi oche Honorary[1]. Dị ka Ann Bridge si kwuo, enyi na onye na-arị elu George Mallory, Ladies' Club mere nri abalị kwa afọ na Great Central Hotel: Na nri abalị mbụ dị otú ahụ kwa afọ, na 7 Disemba 1908, Onye isi oche nke Alpine Club, Herman Woolley, kwuru nkwado maka nzukọ ọhụrụ ahụ wee kwuo na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ime "nrịgo nke usoro mbụ". Onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Alpine Club kwukwara na n'oge ya ọ chọrọ ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ bụrụ otu, ma chọpụta na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ndị ọzọ kwadoro nke a, mana o kpebiri na ọ gaghị amanye okwu ahụ na "obere nta na-adịghị njikere.

N'agbanyeghị mmekọrịta a doro anya, ụfọdụ obi ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na-arị ugwu site na ndị ọrụ ibe ha na klọb ndị okenye nọgidere ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ellen Pigeon kwuru, sị: "N'ụbọchị ndị gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị A.C. jụrụ ịgwa anyị okwu, "na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-arị ugwu nke oge ahụ, onye American Fanny Bullock Workman, chọpụtara na ndị ikom na-arịgo ugwu na Britain bụ ndị na-erughị ya omume enyi. ^[3] N'akwụkwọ ozi ọnwụ ya nke Workman, Captain J. P. Farrar kwuru, sị: N'afọ 1921, otu òtù na-asọ mpi a na-akpọ Pinnacle Club tọrọ ntọala site n'aka ndị nwunye nke ndị òtù abụọ nke Climbers' Club. Mgbe e hiwere British Mountaineering Council na 1945, ọgbakọ abụọ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Ladies' Alpine Club na Pinnacle Club, nọchitere anya na ntinye ya.

Njikọ ya na Alpine Club

Alpine Club anọwo na-eguzogide ịnabata ụmụ nwanyị ndị otu, na 1973 e meriri mgbalị iji gbanwee iwu a, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ dị mkpa enwetaghị.^[4] Otú ọ dị, na Mee 1974, e mere ntuli aka ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị mmegide na-aga n'ihu nke Bill Tilman nwere mmetụta, e mechara kwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na klọb ahụ.^[4] Nke a mere ka ịdị adị nke klọb ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche ghara ịdị mkpa, na 1975 Ladies' Alpine Club jikọtara ya na Alpine Club, nke ikpeazụ nwetara ndị otu ọhụrụ 150. Njikọ ahụ abụghị ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile, ụmụ nwanyị 37 gbara arụkwaghịm na mkpesa na 1975 ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gụnyere Joyce Dunsheath, Miriam Underhill na Monica Jackson.^[4] Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ mbụ a họpụtara ka ha bụrụ ndị otu Alpine Club n'onwe ha bụ Sally Westmacott, nwunye Mike Westmacott. ^[4]

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Alpine Club

N'agbata afọ 1920 na 1975 klọb ahụ wepụtara akwụkwọ afọ, nke batara n'ime Alpine Journal na njikọta nke klọb abụọ ahụ. Ruo 1960 aha akwụkwọ afọ ahụ bụ naanị Ladies Alpine Club, mgbe ahụ site na 1961 ruo 1975 a kpọrọ ya Ladies Alpina Club Journal.^[5] Johanna Merz, onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Alpine Journal, depụtara mbipụta niile na 2000.^[4]

Ndị isi ala

1907-1913: Oriakụ Aubrey Le Blond (1860-1934) ^[6]
1913-1916: Lucy Walker (1836-1916) ^[7]
Margaret Meyer (1862-1924)
1957: Una Cameron (1904-1987)

Ndị a ma ama

Anna Pigeon (1832-1917), osote onye isi ala site na 1910^[8]
Margaret Lorimer (1866-1954), onye otu New Zealand^[9]
Nea Morin (1905-1986) ^[10]
Phyllis Munday (1894-1990), onye otu nsọpụrụ na 1936 ^[11]

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nke klọb ndị dị n'elu ugwu

Ntụaka

↑ Jones. "For the female mountaineering pioneers, it was an uphill struggle", The Guardian, 26 March 2012. Retrieved on 26 March 2014.
↑ Beattie (2006). The Alps: A Cultural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309553.
↑ Colley (2013). Victorians in the Mountains: Sinking the Sublime. Aldershot: Ashgate, 116–17. ISBN 9781409476269.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Band (2006). Summit: 150 Years of the Alpine Club. London: Collins, 236–7. ISBN 9780007203642. Band, George (2006). Summit: 150 Years of the Alpine Club. London: Collins. pp. 236–7. ISBN 9780007203642. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "band" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Neate (1998). Mountaineering Literature. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 9780938567042.
↑ Peter H. Hansen, 'Le Blond, Elizabeth Alice Frances (1860–1934)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)
↑ Janet Adam Smith, 'Walker, Lucy (1836–1916)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
↑ Peter H. Hansen, Pigeon, Anna (1832–1917) in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004); online edition. Retrieved 25 March 2014
↑ Lois Voller, 'Lorimer, Margaret' in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1996), online edition. Retrieved 25 March 2014
↑ Carol A. Osborne, 'Morin, Nea Everilda (1905–1986)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
↑ Kathryn Bridge, A Passion for Mountains: the Lives of Don and Phyllis Munday (2006), p. 8

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Johanna Merz, Index to Ladies' Alpine Club Year-books, 1910-1975 (Alpine Club, 2000)

Njikọ mpụga

Akụkọ njem klọb #495 Ladies Alpine Club Minute Books na nationalarchives.gov.uk

[graun-1] Jones. "For the female mountaineering pioneers, it was an uphill struggle", The Guardian, 26 March 2012. Retrieved on 26 March 2014.

[2] Beattie (2006). The Alps: A Cultural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309553.

[Coll-3] Colley (2013). Victorians in the Mountains: Sinking the Sublime. Aldershot: Ashgate, 116–17. ISBN 9781409476269.

[band-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Band (2006). Summit: 150 Years of the Alpine Club. London: Collins, 236–7. ISBN 9780007203642. Band, George (2006). Summit: 150 Years of the Alpine Club. London: Collins. pp. 236–7. ISBN 9780007203642. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "band" defined multiple times with different content

[5] Neate (1998). Mountaineering Literature. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 9780938567042.

[6] Peter H. Hansen, 'Le Blond, Elizabeth Alice Frances (1860–1934)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)

[7] Janet Adam Smith, 'Walker, Lucy (1836–1916)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)

[8] Peter H. Hansen, Pigeon, Anna (1832–1917) in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004); online edition. Retrieved 25 March 2014

[9] Lois Voller, 'Lorimer, Margaret' in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1996), online edition. Retrieved 25 March 2014

[10] Carol A. Osborne, 'Morin, Nea Everilda (1905–1986)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)

[11] Kathryn Bridge, A Passion for Mountains: the Lives of Don and Phyllis Munday (2006), p. 8

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]