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Kọmitii nke Movement nke Ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria

 

Kọmiti nke Bulgarian Women's Movement (CBWM) (Bulgarian: Komitet na bâlgarskite zheni, mgbe ụfọdụ kọmitii nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria) [1] (1968–1990) bụ ọgbakọ jikọrọ gọọmentị na Bulgaria nke chọrọ ime ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ọrụ ọrụ. , ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ na-ada ada, ma kwalite nha anya nwoke na nwanyị n'oge ọchịchị obodo Bulgarian. O mezuru ebumnuche ndị a site n'ịkwado maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ịkọwapụta ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, na ichekwa nkwado steeti maka okwu ụmụ nwanyị. Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere ezumike ọmụmụ na ikike ime ime na mmemme nke injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji gbaa ụmụ nwoke ume ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịzụ ụmụaka na ime ụlọ. CBWM rụrụ ọrụ pụtara ìhè n'inweta enyemaka mmepe maka akụ na ụba na-agbasi mbọ ike na Africa ma zụọ ndị isi nwanyị na Bulgaria iji nyere ndị na-akwado nwanyị si Zambia aka. Ndị ọkà mmụta anabatala kọmitii a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka oke mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa mba ụwa, yana ọtụtụ atumatu na-aga n'ihu na-apụta kpọmkwem site na atụmatụ na mmetụta kọmitii ahụ.[2]. E mebiri CBWM na 1990 mgbe ọdịda nke ọchịchị Kọmunist na Bulgaria..

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Enwere ọtụtụ otu na otu ndị bu ụzọ na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị tupu ntọala CBWM. Otu n'ime ndị dị otú ahụ bụ òtù Bulgarian Women's Union, bụ nke e guzobere na 1901. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria nọgidere na-ahazi, na n'akwụkwọ iwu Dimitrov nke 1947, e mesịrị kwenye nha anya n'iwu n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị.[3] ] Otu Bulgarian Popular Women's Union, otu kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke e mechara nyefee Rada Todorova, Tsola Dragoicheva hiwere na 1945. BPWU lekwasịrị anya n'ịgbasa ohere ụmụnwaanyị na-enweta agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ma na-agba mbọ ikpochapụ agụghị akwụkwọ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị. Ọchịchị Stalinist nke Valko Chervenkov kwụsịrị BPWU na 1950, na ọrụ ụlọ niile metụtara okwu ụmụ nwanyị ka e nyefere n'otu dị iche iche ndị ọzọ.[4] Kọmiti nke Democratic Bulgarian Women ka nọ n'ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ naanị na e kwere ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'aha Bulgaria na mba ọzọ.[4] Ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria enweghị otu etiti etinyere n'ịkwalite ikike na ọdịmma ha ruo mgbe CBWM tọrọ ntọala.

E guzobere ya na 1968 dị ka nzukọ buru ibu n'ime ndị Communist Party nke Bulgaria, e bu ụzọ nye CBWM ọrụ ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na ohere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ ndị 1970, nzukọ ahụ gbanwere uche ya iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata na nlekọta ụmụaka.[1] CBWM nwere usoro dị iche iche, nwere alaka obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mba nke na-anọchite anya nzukọ ahụ na gọọmentị Bulgaria na mba ụwa.[2] Kọmitii ahụ nabatara ụmụ nwanyị bụ bezpartien (na-enweghị njikọ otu), ọrụ ha meghere maka mmadụ niile.[2] Nanị ndị ọrụ steeti a na-akwụ ụgwọ bụ ndị isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ obodo na ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ mba.[2] Ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere ọrụ ndị fọdụrụnụ mere ya n'afọ ofufo ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ọrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'agbanyeghi oke nrụgide nke ọrụ afọ ofufo a, ụmụ nwanyị kwa ụbọchị gburugburu mba ahụ kwadoro CBWM.

Afọ ndị mbụ

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CBWM rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọganihu nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria n'oge ha bụ nwata. Na 1969, CBWM na mkpokọta nchịkọta akụkọ na Zhenata Dnes (Nwanyị Taa) malitere nyocha mba iji ghọta ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị anaghị amụba ụmụaka, n'ihi na ọdịda ịmụ nwa bụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ahụ.[6]. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị na-agbasi mbọ ike ijikwa nlekọta ụmụaka mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-eji awa asatọ kwa ụbọchị na-arụ ọrụ, na mgbakwunye otu awa ma ọ bụ abụọ na-eme njem, ebe ha na-etinyekwa awa anọ na ọkara n'ọrụ ụlọ, na-ahapụ obere oge maka ihe omume ndị ọzọ.[7] Ibu abụọ a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara inwe oge maka ụmụ ha ma mechaa mee ka a mụọ nwa.

CBWM kwadoro nnukwu ikike gọọmentị maka ndị nne kama. Ha kwadoro maka mmekọrịta kachasị elu nke ọrụ ụlọ ma gbaa gọọmentị ume ka ha wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka, yana mmejuputa iwu ọhụrụ ezumike nke ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị ezumike afọ abụọ na-akwụ ụgwọ site na ọrụ na mmesi obi ike na ọnọdụ ha. a ga-edobere ha n'oge ahụ.[7] Ha lụkwara ọgụ maka ezumike ọmụmụ iji gụọ ụgwọ ezumike nka ụmụ nwanyị ka oge na-arụ ọrụ.[7] Atụmatụ CBWM tinyekwara ahịrịokwu maka steeti ịkwụ ụgwọ nwa ọhụrụ nne ọhụrụ na-esochi ọmụmụ nwa.[8] CBWM kwalitere mmepe nke cafeterias n'ebe ọrụ ebe enwere ike ịkwadebe nri maka ụmụ nwanyị ịla n'ụlọ mgbe awa nrụpụta ha gasịrị.[8]. Iwu ndị a ga-adị mma ibelata ibu jikọtara ọnụ nke nwanyị ọ bụla ga-ebu. Ọ dịghị mba ọzọ na-elekọta mmadụ nwere uru ọmụmụ ọmụmụ zuru oke dị otú ahụ iji kwado ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ mgbe e gosipụtara nke a na 1970. [3]

Nkwado ha dugara na mkpebi dị mkpa nke Politburo nke guzobere ọtụtụ n'ime ikike ọhụrụ maka ndị nne na Machị 1973. Mkpebi ahụ gụnyere okwu doro anya iji mee ka ndị ikom Bulgaria kwenye ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụlọ, dịka mkpebi nke Politburo nke Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1974) gosipụtara: [4]

Mbelata na ibelata ọrụ ezinụlọ ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ntinye aka nke di na nwunye abụọ na nhazi nke ndụ ezinụlọ. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa (a) iji lụso echiche, omume, na àgwà ndị oge ochie ọgụ n'ihe gbasara ịkekọrịta ọrụ n'ime ezinụlọ; (b) ịkwadebe ụmụ okorobịa maka ịrụ ọrụ ezinụlọ site na nwata na uto site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọha mmadụ na ezinụlọ.

Mgbalị CBWM na-eme n'ịkwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọha mmadụ nke Bulgaria ma dozie ụzọ maka ọganihu ndị ọzọ n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ. Karịsịa, CBWM lekwasịrị anya na nkwado gọọmentị maka ndị nne nyeere aka idozi ibu arọ abụọ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu, nke dị mkpa maka imeziwanye ohere ụmụ nwanyị nwere maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ. N'ihi nkwado CBWM, Bulgaria ghọrọ onye ndu na iwu ezumike ịmụ nwa, mba ndị ọzọ na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya mechara soro ya n'ịmepụta iwu yiri nke ahụ.

Nhazi

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Ọdịdị nke CWBM gbasoro mgbakọ nke ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ nke e hiwere n'ime ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Teodor Zhivkov, na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ gbasasịa n'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya obodo na obodo. N'ịgbasa mgbasa nke Bulgarian Popular Women's Union, ọchịchị Zhivkov mere nhazigharị nke CWBM, na-ebute ntinye nke ike na mmetụta nke CWBM ọhụrụ emebere na 1968.[10] Ndị isi kọmitii n'ọkwa mba nwere onye isi ala na ọtụtụ ndị odeakwụkwọ ndị a họpụtara na nnọkọ mba. Nsonaazụ ntuli aka ndị a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji kwado nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emebegoro.[5] Ndị ọrụ kọmiti n'ọkwa mba, yana ndị isi mpaghara, bụ naanị ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ.[5] Alaka mba ahụ rụsiri ọrụ ike iji kwado mmemme na atụmatụ dị ukwuu, dị ka nchịkọta zuru oke nke data igwe mmadụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka nyocha na ịhazi atụmatụ amụma mba. [5]

Na mpaghara, obodo ọ bụla nke Bulgaria gụnyere alaka CWBM nke onye isi ala na ndị odeakwụkwọ a họpụtara ahọpụta na mpaghara na-eduzi.[2] Ndị fọdụrụ na alaka obodo ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwanyị nọ n'ógbè ahụ, na ndị na-anabata ndị sonyere na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, gụnyere ndị kwupụtara onwe ha dị ka 'ndị na-ekwekọghị', yana ndị nwere ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke agụmakwụkwọ.[2] Ọdịdị a, n'adịghị ka nke ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ, mere ka nnọchiteanya nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria dịkwuo ukwuu.[6] Alaka obodo na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu iji soro òtù ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ rụkọọ ọrụ iji mee ka ọrụ ndị ụmụ nwanyị obodo ga-arịọ, dị ka mmemme ihe ọmụma ọdịbendị n'ime ime obodo.[2]

Zhenata Dnes (Nwaanyị Taa)

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Na mba, CWBM jikwa ndị ọrụ magazin na-ahụ maka ide, idezi, na ibipụta magazin Bulgarian Zhenata Dnes (Woman Today). Magazin a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka usoro maka ịgbasa mgbasa ozi nke Socialist nke Bulgaria, kamakwa dị ka ntụgharị uche na nkatọ aghụghọ nke mmetụta nke socialism na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria.[7] Magazin ahụ nwere nyocha na usoro nchịkwa nke Kọmitii Central nke gọọmentị, na-egbochi ọkwa nkatọ na isiokwu ndị nwere ike ibipụta n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya.[8] Magazin ahụ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nnọkọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ na-agba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ume izipu akwụkwọ ozi na-akọwa nchegbu ụmụ amaala, nke ga-eme ka nyocha sara mbara na mbipụta ndị a ma ama.[8] N'okpuru nduzi okike nke ndị isi nchịkọta akụkọ dị ka Sonya Bakish na Elonora Turlakova, magazin Woman Today nyere ohere ka kọmitii ahụ nwee nnwere onwe n'aka gọọmentị mba ahụ, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na ha nwere ikike ego dị elu.[6]

Ndị a ma ama

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N'oge niile kọmitii ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị enweela ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime nzukọ ahụ nke nyere aka na ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma ya.

 
Elena Lagadinova

Elena Lagadinova

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Elena Lagadinova (Bg: Елена Атанасова Лагадинова) (May 9, 1930 - October 29, 2017) bụ onye mbụ na naanị onye isi oche nke CBWM mgbe Praịm Minista Todor Zhivkov họpụtara ya.[9] Lagadinova jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Zhivkov's Fatherland Front. N'ịbụ onye a zụrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, Lagadinova rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye usoro nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria site na mmekorita dị ịrịba ama na Central Statistical Office na nnukwu nyocha. [5] Site na nkwukọrịta onwe onye, Lagadinova baara Central Committee na Praịm Minista mba na iwu gọọmentị na nzaghachi maka ọtụtụ okwu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere isiokwu esemokwu dị ka ite ime, yana ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ ndị a chọpụtara na ha na-emebi iwu ọrụ mba.[10] Lagadinova jere ozi dị ka General Rapporteur na nke atọ United Nations World Conference on Women.Nzukọ nke atọ nke United Nations World Conference on Women.

Sonya Bakish

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Sonya Bakish (Bg: Соня Бакиш) (June 6, 1923 - April 22, 2010) bụ onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ Women Today, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ya ruo afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. Dị ka nwunye onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Bulgaria Stanko Todorov, Praịm Minista kachasị ogologo oge nke Bulgaria, Bakish nwere ikike nchịkọta akụkọ ka ukwuu na mbipụta nke Women Today.[11] "Omume siri ike" nke Bakish mere ka o nwee ike ịme ọtụtụ ihe n'onwe ya n'ọrụ ya, gụnyere ịgba ndị nta akụkọ ya ume ide banyere isiokwu ndị a na-ezere na mgbasa ozi a ma ama, dị ka nsogbu mmekọahụ na nkatọ nke usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[6] Ikike Bakish nwere imebi mgbakọ na akwụkwọ ya, na nyocha nke Central Committee mere, mere ka magazin ahụ bụrụ ihe a ma ama.[6]

Ihe ndị a ma ama ọ rụzuru

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Oge ezumike ịmụ nwa na ikike ite ime

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N'afọ 1971, Bulgaria ghọrọ mba nke mbụ na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya iji nye ezumike ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe ùgwù iwu kwadoro, n'ihi mgbalị nke CWBM na Lagadinova, ọkachasị.[12] Na mgbakwunye, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ewepụ afọ ime karịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a mụrụ, Politburo gbasoro ndụmọdụ CBWM iji zere mmachibido iwu zuru oke maka ite ime dị ka emere na Romania. Kama nke ahụ, Politburo kwetara igbochi ite ime naanị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-erughị ụmụ abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na n'omume, mgbochi a dị mfe maka ụmụ nwanyị izere.[13][14]

Ịkọwapụta ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị

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Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ebumnuche Politburo iji CBWM mee ihe iji dozie ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ na-ebelata ka ọ na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke, n'ezie CBWM jiri ikpo okwu ya dị ike kọwaa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, n'ime ihe ka bụ taa, ọha mmadụ na-achị achị. Otu n'ime nke a bụ nkwenye n'etiti ndị ọrụ Kọmitii ahụ na ụmụaka na-abụghị naanị ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.[15] Nzukọ ahụ malitere usoro ihe omume na-adịte aka nke injinia mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na iji Zhenata Dnes (Woman Today) iji mee ka echiche ahụ dị mma na ụmụ nwoke kwesịrị ịdịkwu ike n'ịzụlite ụmụaka na ọrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ.[16] Enwere ike ịchọta ihe akaebe nke mmetụta dị ike nke a nwere na nghọta onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha nke CBWM mere na 1979, nke gosipụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ nwanyị (39.9% nke ndị a nyochara) gosipụtara onwe ha dị ka "ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a", bụ ndị "na-ekwusi ike n'otu ọrụ ezinụlọ ya na ndụ ọrụ ya, na-achọta uru onwe onye na mpaghara abụọ ahụ. "[17]

Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị

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Nkọwapụta nke ọtụtụ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị abụghị naanị n'ezinụlọ. Mmetụta siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị na nzukọ ahụ nyere ya ikike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ime iwu Politburo, dị ka ihe akaebe ha nwere n'ịgbanwe echiche Politburo site na mmachibido iwu zuru oke maka ite ime. Ihe akaebe e chekwara echekwa ihe na-egosikwa etu CBWM si dị mkpa n'ịgbasa nchegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria nkịtị na ndị kachasị ike na gọọmentị Bulgaria, si otú a na-etinye okwu ụmụ nwanyị n'ihu echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[16][13] N'ikpeazụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nkwado gọọmentị maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị gbasaa nke ukwuu na 1973 mgbe iwu "Enhancing the Role of Women in the Building of a Developed Socialist Society" malitere. N'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ndị a, CBWM nwere ikike ijide ndị were ha n'ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-aza ajụjụ maka iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ n'ịmanye nchebe nke ha.[13]

Onyinye ndị ka ukwuu

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N'okpuru ọrụ nke kọmitii ahụ, Bulgaria ghọrọ otu n'ime mba ndị na-aga n'ihu n'ihe gbasara iwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị n'ofe steeti ndị na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ndị na-achị isi.[18] Na 1975 United Nations World Conference on Women, Bulgaria nwere ike ịnya isi maka ihe ịga nke ọma ndị a na mba ndị ọzọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Kọmitii ahụ malitere ịmepụta njikọ na mba ofesi, ọkachasị n'ime steeti Afrịka na òtù ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ.[19][18] Iwu ndị inyom na-aga n'ihu na Bulgaria, gụnyere inye ezumike ime ime, ndokwa ịmụ nwa iji kwado ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ, na mmụba ohere maka ite ime na steeti ahụ nyere ihe nlereanya maka steeti ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, n'oge Agha Nzuzo, dị ka echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị isi obodo na ndị Kọmunist bu n'uche ka a mata ha dị ka ụzọ ka mma maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata, asọmpi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi obodo mere ka nkwado na mmepe nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwa mba ụwa.[20] Na 1985 United Nations World Conference on Women, onye isi oche kọmitii ahụ, Elena Lagadinova, ji otu olu họpụta ya ka ọ nọchite anya mba niile na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka nkwenye maka ọrụ dị ịrịba ama nke Bulgaria rụrụ n'ịzụ ndị inyom Afrịka n'oge UN Decade for Women.[18]

CBWM rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'inweta enyemaka mmepe maka akụ na ụba na-alụ ọgụ n'Africa, ọkachasị na Zambia. Ọzọkwa, nzukọ ahụ jiri ngwá ọrụ ya nye ndị isi ọzụzụ ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria iji nyere aka zụọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị si Zambia bịa iji mụta otu esi etinye nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria mụtara ihe karịrị ọtụtụ iri afọ nke isonye na gọọmentị. Ọzọkwa, a pụkwara itinye ọzụzụ a n'ọrụ iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị a aka ịkwado ihe ịga nke ọma na òtù mba ụwa, dị ka UN, dịka ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria mere n'oge UN Decade for Women.[21] Kristen Ghodsee, onye ọkà mmụta a ma ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgaria, kwuru na òtù ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị ukwuu na asọmpi ike nke Agha Nzuzo ma tụọ aro na asọmpi dị n'etiti echiche ndị Kọmunist na nke ndị isi obodo mere ka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'usoro ihe omume ụwa.[22]

Ihe nketa na Bulgaria

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Gọọmentị post-socialist nke Bulgaria debere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe CBWM rụzuru na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, gụnyere ikike ite ime na akwụkwọ ịmụ nwa nke ka dị "n'etiti ndị kachasị emesapụ aka na European Union".[23] Otú ọ dị, a naghị enwe mmasị na Kọmitii ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Bulgaria ma na-anọchite anya ohere furu efu maka ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ dị ala na Bulgaria. Mgbalị Politburo na-eme iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị Romani n'ime ọha mmadụ ka ukwuu nke Bulgaria, nke CBWM na-eduzi, nwere ike inwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeziwanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Romanian, agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ike ịkpali nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị Romini nwere onwe ya.[24] N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ihe ịga nke ọma nke ụmụ nwanyị Bulgarian na-ekpuchi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ndị agbụrụ Bulgarian nọgidere na-ebute ụzọ na mgbalị ndị a ma ghara ịkọwa maka intersectionality nke ụmụ nwanyị na agbụrụ na mba dị ka ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị ka Bulgaria.

Ịkpụpụta akụkụ akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị ka bụ otu n'ime ihe nketa kachasị adịgide adịgide nke CBWM na mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Bulgaria. Njem nleta ka bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ọbụlagodi n'ime ọkwa dị elu nke njikwa, karịsịa n'ihi mgbanwe dị nwayọ na nke na-aga n'ihu site na onye nwe ala gaa na nkeonwe na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta.[25] N'ịbụ ndị chepụtara echiche na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ ndị sonyere zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke injinia mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nkwado siri ike, CBWM nwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ ihe nketa nke nkwado gọọmentị na-aga n'ihu maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọrụ, ọbụlagodi n'oge post-socialist.

Mgbasawanye na kọmitii ndị sochirinụ

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CBWM gbasara na 1990 site na ọdịda nke ọchịchị Kọmunist. Ọtụtụ òtù apụtala kemgbe ma na-aga n'ihu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Gender Research Foundation (BGRF), nke e guzobere na 1998, emeela nnyocha dị ukwuu ma bipụta akụkọ gbasara ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpa ókè, na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria.[26] The Bulgarian Fund for Women (BFW), nke e guzobere na 2004, na-ezube inye ụmụ nwanyị ike site n'inye onyinye na nkwado maka ndị NGO ụmụ nwanyị na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị dị ka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ịkpa ókè dabere na okike, na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike akụ na ụba.[27]

Hụkwa

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  • Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Bulgaria (CBWM nke bu ụzọ)
  • Ụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria
  • Marxist Feminism

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 545. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 547. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghodsee-2014-2" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 553. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  4. ↑ Mead (2017). "Debating Gender in State Socialist Women’s Magazines: The Cases of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia". History of Communism in Europe 8: 30. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 549. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghodsee-2014-3" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Ghodsee (2012). "Rethinking State Socialist Mass Women's Organizations: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and the United Nations Decade for Women, 1975-1985". Journal of Women's History 24 (4): 53.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghodsee-2012" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Ghodsee (2019). "A Brief History of Women’s Activism in Domestic Political Context: Case 1: Bulgaria", Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War. Durham: Duke University Press, 55. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ghodsee (2019). "A Brief History of Women’s Activism in Domestic Political Context: Case 1: Bulgaria", Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War. Durham: Duke University Press, 56. 
  9. ↑ Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 546. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  10. ↑ Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 541, 555. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  11. ↑ Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 544. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  12. ↑ Borovoy (2012). "Decentering Agency in Feminist Theory: Recuperating the Family as a Social Project". Women's Studies International Forum 35 (3): 153–165. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ghodsee (2019). "A Brief History of Women’s Activism in Domestic Political Context: Case 1: Bulgaria", Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War. Durham: Duke University Press, 71.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghodsee-2019-2" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Kulpa (2016). "Heteronormativity, Intimate Citizenship and the Regulation of Same-Sex Sexualities", De-Centring Western Sexualities: Central and Eastern European Perspectives. London: Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group, 171. 
  15. ↑ Mead (2017). "Debating Gender in State Socialist Women’s Magazines: The Cases of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia". History of Communism in Europe 8: 26. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Miroslava (2015). "Socialist Wallpaper: The Culture of Everyday Life and the Committee of the Bulgarian Women’s Movement, 1968–1990.". Social Politics 22 (3): 336.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Miroslava-2015" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Mead (2017). "Debating Gender in State Socialist Women’s Magazines: The Cases of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia". History of Communism in Europe 8: 31. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Ghodsee (2014). "Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and State Socialist Feminism" (in en). Slavic Review 73 (3): 558. DOI:10.5612/slavicreview.73.3.538. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  19. ↑ Ghodsee (2015). "Socialist Internationalism and State Feminism during the Cold War: The Case of Bulgaria and Zambia". Clio 41: 115–138. 
  20. ↑ Ghodsee (2015-05-31). "Socialist internationalism and state feminism during the Cold War: the case of Bulgaria and Zambia". Clio (41): 118. DOI:10.4000/cliowgh.903. ISSN 2554-3822. 
  21. ↑ Ghodsee (2015-05-31). "Socialist internationalism and state feminism during the Cold War: the case of Bulgaria and Zambia". Clio (41): 118–119. DOI:10.4000/cliowgh.903. ISSN 2554-3822. 
  22. ↑ Ghodsee (2015-05-31). "Socialist internationalism and state feminism during the Cold War: the case of Bulgaria and Zambia". Clio (41): 123. DOI:10.4000/cliowgh.903. ISSN 2554-3822. 
  23. ↑ Borovoy (2012). "Decentering Agency in Feminist Theory: Recuperating the Family as a Social Project". Women's Studies International Forum 35 (3): 154. 
  24. ↑ Krumova (2018). "The Dilemmas of the Romani Women’s Movement in Bulgaria: From Assimilation to Empowerment?", The Romani Women's Movement. London: Routledge, 204. 
  25. ↑ Ghodsee (2003). "State Support in the Market: Women and Tourism Employment in Post-Socialist Bulgaria". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 16 (3): 466. 
  26. ↑ About Us. Bulgarian Center for Gender Studies. Retrieved on 2023-03-16.
  27. ↑ About Us (en-GB). Bulgarian Fund for Women. Retrieved on 2023-03-16.
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