Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1597

Act of the Parliament of England
Isiokwu nlebanya	vagrancy
afọ/ụbọchị mbipụta	1597
copyright status	Public domain, Public domain

Iwu Vagabonds 1597 ( 39 Eliz. 1. c. 4) bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu nke England, nke zubere iji leba anya n'ihe gbasara enweghị ohere .

ndabere

Ụlọ omeiwu nke itoolu nke Elizabethan meghere na 24 October 1597, na nzuko omeiwu na-eche banyere ụkọ ọka, ọnụ ahịa dị elu, enweghị ebe obibi na-arịwanye elu, na "mkpu mkpu ákwá nke ndị ogbenye, ndị dị ka ịla n'iyi" na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu, ọgba aghara na ọbụna nnupụisi ; nwere ihe dị ka puku mmadụ iri na-apụ apụ na London naanị, yana 2,000 ọzọ na Norwich; na n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe dị iche iche nke mpaghara na ndokwa, ịnọ nkịtị nọgidere na-abụ nsogbu mba. ^[1]

Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi 1597 dara ada, enwere nhụjuanya na ihe isi ike zuru ebe niile, ebe ọtụtụ puku mmadụ mere ka enweghị ọrụ site n'ogige ụlọ nke mere ka mmetụta nke ụnwụ ahụ dịkwuo njọ. Otu onye omeiwu (MP), Sir Francis Hastings, kpọrọ oku ka nwụchie 'ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe', pịa ma laghachi n'ebe obibi ha ebe a ga-edobe ha ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ mgbazi . ^[2]

Ụzọ omeiwu

Onye nna nke Iwu ahụ yikarịrị ka ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ nke steeti, Sir Robert Cecil, bụ onye dere amụma ya na Notes maka nzuko omeiwu na-adabere n'okwu a ga-eme na November 5. Nkwalite ya na ụgwọ ahụ, yana ụgwọ abụọ ndị ọzọ yiri ya, bụ ndị Puritan kwadoro.

Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ụfọdụ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị na ụgwọ ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị gentry na Ụlọ nke Commons nupụrụ isi megide ndokwa; otu n'ime ndị ahụ megidere ya bụ Sir Walter Raleigh . ^[3]

Na 22 Nọvemba 1597, onye isi oche nke kọmitii ukwu, Sir Robert Wroth, kwadoro ụgwọ atọ ahụ n'Ụlọ ahụ, na Henry Finch kwadoro ya: ha abụọ bụ Puritan. N'ọnwa Disemba, ụgwọ ahụ nwere agụ nke abụọ tupu e nyefee ya na House of Lords ebe, dịka na Commons, ọ kpatara nnukwu arụmụka. Iwu ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ndezigharị, ma na Kọmitii Ukwu na Ụlọ Ndị nwe.

Agbanyeghị, Ụlọ ndị omeiwu enweghị ike ikwenye ka a ga-esi kọwaa ụdị nke ndị mkpọrọ, na Commons jụrụ iwu ahụ site na 106–66. N'okpuru usoro Elizabethan, Lords depụtara ụgwọ nkwekọrịta nke gafere ụlọ abụọ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. ^[4]

Iwu ahụ

Iwu ahụ webatara njem ntaramahụhụ maka oge mbụ dị ka ntaramahụhụ na ụzọ ọzọ maka igbu mmadụ.

N'oge ọchịchị Henry nke Asatọ, e mere atụmatụ na e gburu mmadụ 72,000. ^[5]

Site na nguzobe nke obodo na North America, usoro ọzọ (nke a na-agbaziri na Spain ) malitere dị ka nkwụsị nke ikpe ọnwụ, ma onye ikpe ahụ kwenye ka ebuga ya n'ógbè America, ma banye n'ọrụ nkekọ. ^[5] Agbanyeghị, ọ nwere ike bụrụ na etinyeghị akụkụ nke iwu a n'ọrụ. ^[6] Mmetụta ọzọ nke Iwu ahụ bụ iji belata ịdị njọ nke ntaramahụhụ a na-enye ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-agbagharị agbagharị nke amachibidoro n'okpuru iwu 1572 bụ ebe "ndị niile na-agba agba, ndị na-agba agba, ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na ndị na-egwu egwu (na-abụghị nke onye ọ bụla n'ógbè a, ma ọ bụ nke ọ bụla). onye ọzọ a na-asọpụrụ nke nwere ogo ka ukwuu)," na-awagharị ná mba ọzọ na-enweghị ikike nke ndị ọkàikpe abụọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala, "a ga-apịa ya nke ọma ma kpọọ ya ọkụ site na gristle nke ntị aka nri ya na ígwè dị ọkụ nke ihe dị ihe dị ka sentimita asatọ." ^[7]

Ihe nketa

Enyemaka nke ndị ogbenye Parish nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ruo narị afọ nke 20. Omume nke atọ gafere bụ ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị ogbenye Act 1597, nke ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka usoro ụlọ ọrụ Victoria; na nke ọzọ bụ Iwu maka "ntaramahụhụ nke ndị rogues, vagabonds na ndị arịrịọ siri ike". E jidere ndị rogue ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ, tinye akara wee laghachi n'ụlọ mgbazi ruo mgbe gọvanọ ga-ekpebi mgbe a ga-ahapụ ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị gbagara n’ebe ndị a, nnukwu mgbanwe nke omume ahụ wetara bụ Nkeji edemede 3, nke bụ́ na e kwesịrị iziga ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ ‘ndị arịrịọ siri ike’ n’ebe ha si bịa. Ndị omeiwu lere ha anya dị ka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, yabụ ekwesịrị isi ebe ha si bịa. ^[8]

Iwu ahụ chọrọ ndị parish ọ bụla ka ha debe ndekọ nke onye ọ bụla bi, gụnyere ndị nwere ike ime njem, ndị nwere ike na-awagharị n'ofe obodo ahụ. Ọ dị nwute na ọtụtụ ozi a dị naanị na nnukwu obodo. Ọdịmma nke idekọ ndekọ dị mma pụtara na ọ siri ike ịkọwa etu mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ si egosipụta na ịrị elu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọbịa n'oge 'The Dearth' nke 1590s. Iwu siri ọnwụ na "na-awagharị" na "loitering" ka ahapụtara n'ime ìgwè mmadụ abụọ nke ndị ogbenye na-enweghị nkà na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na-akwaga akụ na ụba: Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị onye a manyere 'ịwagharị'' a sụgharịrị ya dị ka ịdaba na ndị kasị daa ogbenye. ^[9] ^[10]

Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị na-eto eto, ọkachasị ndị nwoke, na-achọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ tinye aka na mpụ dị nta. Ndị ọrụ ọchịchị nyere iwu na ha “kwesịrị ka a pịa ha ihe ma ọ bụ nkwakọba ha” dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka mmebi iwu. ^[11] Ndị a na-ataghị ahụhụ na-abanye n'ime ndụ obodo "iji chekwaa obodo ahụ n'enweghị nsogbu." Obodo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị oke elu, yabụ a na-anabata 'ọbara' ọhụrụ mgbe niile iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ. ^[12] Site na nzuko omeiwu nke Jacobe nke 1610, ekwuru na "ndị ohi, ndị ohi na ndị arịrịọ" egwuwo ndị obodo egwu site n'ịpụta n'ọhịa, ebe ha si na mbụ gbaba n'oge nke Ọnwụ. ^[13] Iwu ahụ mekwara ka ndị edepụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche bụrụ ndị nwere mmasị na ọrụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ụkpụrụ Jekọb weghaara ihe a chọrọ iji ziga ndị mmadụ n'ụlọ, ikekwe n'ihi ọnọdụ ụwa ọhụrụ nke njem ụgbọ njem nyere aka meju ihe ndị na-achọsi ike. N'ezie, iwu Australia achọpụtala mmalite nke mbugharị ọrụ na Macquarie Harbor ruo na iwu 1597 yana mkpebi Kansụl nzuzo nke 1602. Mgbe "ndị omempụ dị nta nke iwu kwadoro ka ha nwụọ" [ga-] ntaramahụhụ kama n'ụzọ ga-agbazi ha "ma nye ọrụ bara uru nye Commonwealth na akụkụ mba ọzọ...". ^[14] A kagburu Iwu ahụ site na ngalaba 28 nke Iwu Vagrants 1713 .

Ihe ndetu

Edensibia

↑ F G Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, (Essex County Council, 1970) p.200-202
↑ Gillian Maitland, "Sixteenth Century Poverty And Elizabethan Legislation", unpublished, Worcester College of Education, p.64
↑ J.E.Neale, Elizabeth I: and her Parliaments 1584-1601, Jonathan Cape, London, 1957, p.348-349
↑ Sir Simond D'Ewes, Lords Journal, vol.ii, pp.203-220.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Capital punishment
↑ Sources in the National Archives for research into the transportation of Irish convicts to Australia (1791-1853) : Introduction
↑ ''1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Theatre
↑ Slack, p.360, 376 n4.
↑ Vagrancy Act (Acts of the Privy Council, 1597-8, pp. 388-9
↑ 1596-7, x629-30, and 1647-8 were years of high grain prices. (1967) in Thirsk: The Agrarian History of England and Wales, 820–1.
↑ P.R.O. SP i6/388/7(xxiv, xxxvii), TNA
↑ Slack, p.367
↑ in Foster: Proceedings in Parliament i 6i o.
↑ Langbein (1976). "The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime". Journal of Legal Studies 5: 35–60. DOI:10.1086/467543.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

Ụkpụrụ nke Alaeze, 39 Eliz. c. 4, nkeji nke III.

Njikọ mpụga

Iwu maka ntaramahụhụ nke ndị rogues, Vagabonds na ndị arịrịọ siri ike

[1] F G Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, (Essex County Council, 1970) p.200-202

[2] Gillian Maitland, "Sixteenth Century Poverty And Elizabethan Legislation", unpublished, Worcester College of Education, p.64

[3] J.E.Neale, Elizabeth I: and her Parliaments 1584-1601, Jonathan Cape, London, 1957, p.348-349

[4] Sir Simond D'Ewes, Lords Journal, vol.ii, pp.203-220.

[1911EB-5] 5.0 ^5.1 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Capital punishment

[6] Sources in the National Archives for research into the transportation of Irish convicts to Australia (1791-1853) : Introduction

[7] ''1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Theatre

[8] Slack, p.360, 376 n4.

[9] Vagrancy Act (Acts of the Privy Council, 1597-8, pp. 388-9

[10] 1596-7, x629-30, and 1647-8 were years of high grain prices. (1967) in Thirsk: The Agrarian History of England and Wales, 820–1.

[11] P.R.O. SP i6/388/7(xxiv, xxxvii), TNA

[12] Slack, p.367

[13] Foster: Proceedings in Parliament i 6i o.

[14] Langbein (1976). "The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime". Journal of Legal Studies 5: 35–60. DOI:10.1086/467543.

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