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Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na Pakistan

Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na Pakistan
crime in Pakistan
obere ụdị nkeDomestic violence Dezie
mba/obodoPakistan Dezie

. [1]Ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ na Pakistan bụ nsogbu nsogbu na eze na-akpachi anya.  Dị ka otu e mere na 2009 site Human Rights Watch, a na-eme ememe na n'etiti 10 na 20% nke ụmụ anụmanụ na Pakistan enweela ụdị mmegbu.  [1].  [3] [4] nke Thomson Reuters Foundation mere ihe dị ka Pakistan dịka obodo nke isii, dị ize ndụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ ebe India xika 1st.  [5] N'inye obere ebe nchekwa ụmụ dị na mba ahụ, ndị ihe àmà ike ikike ịgbanarị ọnọdụ ime ihe ike.

Otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ji jupụta na Pakistan bụ ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na mba ahụ. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-edobe ndị nwoke n'ọnọdụ ike na ikike n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ, na ha nwere ike ime ka o siere ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkwado ikike ha na ịchọ enyemaka. Na mgbakwunye, usoro iwu gbasara ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na Pakistan adịghị ike, a katọrọ gọọmentị maka emeghị nke ọma iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka site na mmegbu. [2]

Iwu nke ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ (Mgbochi na Nchekwa) gafere na 2012 site n'aka ndị omebe iwu Pakistan na-akọwa ime ihe ike n'ụlọ dịka gụnyere, "omume niile metụtara nwoke na nwanyị na mmegbu anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke mmụọ ndị ọzọ nke onye na-aza ajụjụ mere megide ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike..." [3] Nkọwa ahụ na-akọwapụtakwa mwakpo, ịnwa mwakpo, ndị omempụ, mmaja ndị omempụ, mmetụta mmetụta uche, nke uche, na okwu ọnụ, iyi egwu, ịchụpụ, mmetọ mmekọahụ, mmegbu anụ ahụ, na mmegbu akụ na ụba dịka ụfọdụ omume na-adaba n'ime ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. . [3]

Ọnụọgụ

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[4] [5]A na-egbu ihe dị ka ụmụ 5000 kwa afọ site na ime ihe ike n'iche, yana ọtụtụ ndị nwere ike , ma ọ bụ nwee ike.  [1] Lisa Hajjar, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Mahadum California, na-achọta mmetọ a na-emegbu ụmụ anụmanụ na Pakistan dị ka "ihe na-eme n' watch niile nke ọha mmadụ".  [2] N'ime egwuregwu nke e edi na Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences dabere na ihe dị mma nke ụmụ amụrụ 218 nọ na ngalaba gynecology nke ụlọ ọgwụ atọ, 97% nke ụmụ anụmanụ a gbara ọnụ kwuru na e edi ha  ụdị ụdị ụfọdụ, sitere na nkwutọ okwu ma ọ bụ okwu mkparị.  egwu, ịbụ ndị a na-eti ihe ma ọ bụ ike na-akwadoghị .  [3] ihe nkiri nke United Nations 50 nke ndị inyom ngosi di na-eme ihe ike n'ụzọ na 90% bụ ndị e metọrọ n ụzọ ụzọ uche.  [4] iro nke ngalaba ụmụ ekiri mba Pakistan na Zakar et al.  ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-abụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ime ihe ike n'ike na ngwa na Pakistan.

Nnyocha egosiwokwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ bụ n'ime ime obodo na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghani bi na Pakistan. [6] [7] Nnyocha nke ngalaba nke ụmụ nwanyị 490 ahọpụtara na-enweghị usoro sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ime obodo na Pakistan nke afọ ịmụ nwa kọrọ na 65% nke ndị a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ enweela ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. [6] Otu akụkọ pụrụ iche sitere na United Nations nke steeti ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan kọrọ na a hapụrụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan na ọrụ Pakistan na nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Pakistan. [7] Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mmetọ ụmụaka na ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ dị oke elu, agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a siri ike inweta. [7]

[8]United Nations nwụnahụrụ ụdị ụdị ime ihe ike n'ihe na Pakistan.  [1] A na-awakpokarị ma gbuo ụmụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọgọ ha chere na ego ha ji akpata ezughi oke.  [2] N'ime ime ihe ike ike ego, a na-akọma ọkụ nke ọkụ, nke a na-adị ka "onwu ọkụ", [3] .  N’afã 1988, bere e mere bere na e gburu ndị inyom 800 n’ụzọ dị otú a, na 1989 ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ruru 1,100, na 1990 kwa, e mere igbu mmadụ 1,800.  Dị ka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị inyom na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, dị otú ahụ bụ nsogbu na-adọta elu na, na 1994 na ụmụnna Ụmụ Nwa Nile, mara ọkwa na otu dị iche iche NGO ga-nọnere.  iji mee ka a mara nke a.  [4] Akwụkwọ ndị dị na Lahore n'ime ụnwanyị isii (1997) kọrọ na nkezi ogụ iri na ise kwa ọnwa.  [5] Women's eNews kọrọ na a wakporo ụmụ 4,000 n'ụzọ dị otú a gburugburu Islamabad n'ime apụ , na nkezi apụta ndị a àmà dị n'etiti 18 na 35, na-eme àjà na 30 dị ime  n'oge ọnwụ.  .  [3] Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Pakistan kọrọ na a na-egbu ihe dị ka ụmụ anọ a n'ụzọ dị otú a kwa ụbọchị, site n'aka ndị edemede ma ọ bụ ndị di.  [6] Shahnaz Bukhari, onye na-ahụ maka otu ndị inyom na-aga n'ihu na Islamabad, kwuru echiche ndị dị otú ahụ: "Ma Pakistan bụ ebe stovu nwere ọkụ nke na-ere nanị ndị na-eke na-eto eto.  , ma na-enwe nzọụkwụ mbụ nke genital, ma ọ bụ na-ele anya ugboro ole ihe ndị a na-eme n'ebe ahụ.bụ iwugburu onwe ya na ndị inyom a kpachaara anya gbuo mmadụ.

. [9]Mwakpo acid na Pakistan ruru mba ụwa niile ka ewepụtara akwụkwọ ndị Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy egosi Saving Face (2012).  [1] Dị ka Shahnaz Bukhari si kwuo, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ogụ ndị a na-eme n'oge mmụta mgbe a na-eji acid eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji legha ụfọdụ iji kpalite germination .  [2] E kwuwo ihe dị iche iche maka ike ndị dị otú ahụ, dị ka elele na-eyi uwe na-tapọ aha ma ọ bụ ozi eje ozi na ozi.  Ihe ngosi mbu ama nke mbuso agha acid mere na East Pakistan na 1967. [3] Dị ka Acid Survivors Foundation si kwuo, ihe ruru ogụ 150 na-eme kwa afọ.  Ntọala ahụ na-akọ na ebe a na-ebute nwa nke mmetọ ụlọ, na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ntakiri ụmụ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ.

Otu akụkọ e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya kwuru na a na-ekwu na otu onye n'ime mmadụ ise e gburu na Pakistan bụ ịkwanyere ogbugbu . [10] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ogbugbu nkwanye ugwu dị otú ahụ nke a kọrọ na ya dị ihe dị ka igbu mmadụ 2,000 kwa afọ anọ. [10] N'ozuzu, n'ime ogbugbu niile nke ma nwoke ma nwanyị na Pakistan, igbu ọchụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ 21%. [4] Ọzọkwa, onye na-eme ihe n'ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu bụ di. [10] Otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ihe dị ka 92% nke igbu ọchụ niile bụ ndị di na nwunye mere. [10] Ihe kacha ebutere ọnwụ n'ịkwanyere di na nwunye bụ ebubo n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ. [10] Ọtụtụ n'ime data a chịkọtara site na Human Rights Commission nke Pakistan site na akụkọ akụkọ, Otú ọ dị, o doro anya na ọ dị mkpa ka a na-eme nchọpụta nhazi usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike dị mkpa iji nyochaa nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na-eme atụmatụ nke ọma maka ngwọta dị ka ọtụtụ ikpe. aga na-akọghị. [10] Nyocha ọzọ nke nyocha a na-ekwu na enwere ike ịkọwa oke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwanye ugwu na-egbu ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na Pakistan. [4]

Mmeri akparamaagwa n'ozuzu gụnyere iti mkpu, mkparị, ịchịkwa omume, na iyi egwu. N'ime nyocha nke Zakar et al., N'ime ụmụ nwanyị 373 ahọpụtara ndị lụrụ di na nwunye nke afọ ịmụ nwa gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na ospitals Pakistan, 60.8% kọrọ dị ka ndị nwere oke ihe ike uche ugbu a na 15% bụ ndị e merụrụ n'oge gara aga. [5] Pasent nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike uche ugbu a karịrị pasentị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike ugbu a (27.3%) na nke anụ ahụ (21.7%). Ọzọkwa, ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị sonyere, 54%, kọrọ na ha nọ ugbu a na ọnọdụ ahụike uche adịghị mma.

 
Otu nwa agbọghọ nọ n'ime ime obodo nke mpaghara Sindh nke Pakistan na-ere nkata ndị a ezinụlọ ya mere maka ihe e ji ebi ndụ.

Associated with poverty is illiteracy and social stigma against domestic violence.[11] Lack of an education due to financial reasons accompanies a lack of awareness about women’s rights.[12] Moreover, because mental health illiteracy is especially widespread in low-income areas, many women to not get appropriate treatment for the after effects of domestic violence.[5]

Ihe ọzọ e nyere maka mmegbu bụ nna ochie na obodo Pakistan, nke na-ewepụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. [13] N'ime obodo ụfọdụ, a na-ewere nwoke nwere ikike tie nwunye ya ihe n'ụzọ anụ ahụ n'ihi ọchịchọ ya. [14] Dị ka Rahel Nardos si kwuo, ọ bụ "ihe eji arụ ọrụ abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe onwunwe nke ụmụ nwoke na dịka ndị na-ebube ụkpụrụ nke nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ na-edozi ọnọdụ maka ụdị ime ihe ike omenala kwadoro". [15] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-anọgide na-abụ nna ochie na mmetọ ụlọ karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ndị nne di. [12] Ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-atụ anya na ha ga-abụ ndị nwe ụlọ na ịrụ ọrụ ndị bụ́ isi n’ụlọ, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na nwanyị adịghị arụ ọrụ ya site n’ụkpụrụ nne di ya, nne di ya pụrụ ịchọ iji nwa ya nwoke taa nwanyị ahụ ahụhụ. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Na nyocha nke data sitere na 3,867 ndị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma ọ bụ ndị lụrụbu di na mbụ sitere na 2012 - 2013 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a chọtara mkpakọrịta n'etiti nnyefe nke ime ihe ike di na nwunye na echiche omenala ụmụ nwanyị. [16] N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, pasent 47 nke ndị inyom a kwetara na iti di na nwunye bụ ihe ziri ezi ma ọ bụrụ na nwunye na di ya rụrụ ụka. [16] Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka nke a na-egosi na ndị nna nna n'ime obodo Pakistan emeela ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan kwenye na ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ bụ ihe nkịtị ma ọ bụ ọbụna mgbe ụfọdụ ziri ezi. A kwadoro echiche a site na nyocha emere ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan 759 nọ n'agbata afọ 25 na 60 nke 27% kwetara na ha agwabeghị onye ọ bụla banyere ime ihe ike di na nwunye ha diri ma ọ bụ na-atachi obi ugbu a. [17]

Alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka

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. [18]Allọmdi na eje ozi dị n'otu n'otu, ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ime ike ịdị ka nwanne nne nke mbụ na nke abụọ, ka a na-ewere dị ka ozi na ozi na biraderi, ma ọ bụ òtù òtù,  n'ime ọtụtụ mpaghara ala Pakistan.  [1] Dabere na akụkọ a kọrọ, ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe na-egosi Pakistan dị n'ime ezina mmetụta.  [1] ihe e mere ndị na-akpa ọhụrụ gbasara Pakistan sitere na 2012 ruo 2013 Sor na ụmụ na-alụ di na njikere ike na-eche mmekpa ahụ n'ike ihu.  [1] ụgbọ, nchoputa n'ime ọkụ a kọkwara oke ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Pakistan.

[5]Ihe ọzọ e nyere maka ịrị elu nke ime ihe ike n'ihe bụ n'ihi ọnọdụra obodo .  Ka ndị mmadụ na-esi n’obodo nta na-ebiwanye n’enweta ndị ha Aha, o ghota ka a ga- ndị agha nke ndị òtù, bụ́ n’oge gara aga na-etinye aka n’esemokwu.  [1] mkpà, ndị inyom na-akwaga obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara mgbe ha ngosi di na egosi n' ike ha na-enwekarị ihe ize ndụ maka ime ihe ike n'a.  [2] Ndị inyom a na-ahapụ onyinye nkwado nne na nna ma ọ bụ kpà n'ihi na nanị ha nwere ikike a bụ nanị ihe di na di ha.  [2] agbara di na-egosi na-eme ihe ike na-agwụ agwụ site na ikewapụ onye a tara ngwaọrụ na nkwado ọha mmadụ.

Karịsịa, ime ihe ike anụ ahụ nwere mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma na-adịte aka na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihere megide ahụike uche na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ. [4] [5] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ime ihe ike anụ ahụ nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ na-adịgide adịgide na-akpata ọrịa anụ ahụ nke na-eduga n'ọgba aghara dị iche iche nke uche dị ka ịda mbà n'obi. [5] [15] Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka nsogbu uche n'ihi na ahụike uche n'ime mpaghara omenala Pakistan anaghị ewere ya dị ka ihe gbasara ahụike. [5] [19] Amaghị agụmagụ ahụike uche na-eduga n'ịgwọ ọrịa ahụike uche n'ụzọ nkwenkwe ụgha ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ma ọlị. [5] [15]

Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọrịta ime ihe ike n'ụlọ anaghị enwekarị ụzọ mgbapụ n'ihi egwu igbu ọchụ sitere n'aka onye mere mpụ. [20] Ihe atụ doro anya na nke a bụ omume nke watta satta, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nwunye, nke [18] a na-agbanwe nwa nwanyị sitere n'otu ezinụlọ maka nwa nwanyị nke ọzọ n'ime nwanne nwanne nwanyị. [20] Ike ike dị n'etiti ezinaụlọ na-agbaso ihe nlere anya dabere n'ọbọ. Ọ bụrụ na di na-akpa ike megide nwunye ya, ihe iyi egwu dị n'etiti di na nwunye na-adị na-emesi nwanne ya nwanyị ike. [20] Ihe iyi egwu mmeghari ndị a na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọnọdụ na-enweghị ike ịre ahịa. [20] Nke a na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ ebe ha na-enweghị ike ịgbanarị alụmdi na nwunye n'ihi ngbanwe ezinụlọ n'obe nwunye. [20] [5] N'ịgbakwụnye na mgbagwoju anya ahụ, a na-akparịkwa ịgba alụkwaghịm n'ime omenala ndị Pakistan. [20] [5] [12]

. [21] Na 2009 Yasmeen Rehman nke pati ndị Pakistan tụpụtara iwu nchekwa ihe ike ime ihe ike n'iche.  Emefere ya na Mgbakọ Mba [1] mana emesịa agafeghị ya na ụlọ omeiwu nke abụọ, Senate, n'ime oge a kara aka.  [2] Council of Islamic Ideology iwu ahụ, na-ekwu na ụdị ya ugbu a ọ ga- elele ịgba egwu ma na-arụ ụka na-eme nke weere ndị na-egosi naanị ndị a na-eme ihe ike n'  ime ụlọ, na- ndị agadi na ndị na-akpa ike anya.  [3] Kansụl ahụ kwuru na ndị na-akpata ndị ọrụ aro bụ nke iwu ndị ọzọ nchoputa ma kwuo na ihe n'iwu ndị a dị ka ihe oyiyi nke ime ihe ike n'iche.  [4] Ka emechara ndezigharị usoro iwu nke iri na , okwu gbasara iwu a mkpa okwu mpaghara.  [5] Ọ na-re-tabled na 2012, ma zutere a deadlock na nzuko omeiwu n'ihi stiif mmegide sitere n'aka nri nri .  Ndị nkata nke ndị òtù kwere nkwa i na-akpa a poly, na-mrị ya dị ka "ndị Islam" na agba "ụkpụrụ omenala Western" na Pakistan.  Ha dị ka e le ika ya anya tupu ndị omeiwu kwado ya.  [6] E nyefere nke ahụ maka Islamabad Capital Territory

Iwu pụrụ iche megidere mmejọ ụfọdụ

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. [22]Na 1999 Sineti Pakistan egwu nke gaara akatọ omume igbu agụ n'ihi ụda.  [1] Na 2011 Sineti ndị Acid Control na Acid Mpụ Mpụ Bill iji mebie ihe acid na mba ahụ;  ndị sinetị mekwara iwu Mgbochi nke Omume ụmụ

[23]N’Eprel 21, 2001, onye isi ugboro mba Pervez Musharraf rie na-agba katọrọ igbu ọchụ nke ụlọ na a ga-ewere ya dị ka igbu ọchụ.  [1] Mìnịstrị na-ahụ maka Ụmụaka ụmụ ihibere nyere nsogbu iri iji ndị a na-eme ihe ike n'ama aka ma kwalite ọkwa ndị mmadụ maka okwu a.  [2] manụ na 2004, Iwu Mpụ (mmezigharị) Pakistan kpọrọ nke nyere iwu maka ụmụ anụmanụ megide mmejọ ọ lụ ọgụ ndị ezinaụlọ mere maka Core.  [3] ụzọ, usoro iwu Pakistan eme ihe obere iji kwado iwu a.  [3] [4] National Commission on the Status of Women na-akọ na Pakistan na-eme obere ihe iji weta ndị na-eme mpụ ikpe ziri ezi.  [4] Ọ bụrụ na ihe onye a tara gbaghara onye mere ihe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ahapụ onye mere ihe ahụ n'ihe iwu Pakistan doro anya.  [4] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ejidere n'okwu igbu ọchụ na-ahụ site n'ime ime obodo ebe ebe ga-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo kwa ụbọchị ibi.  [4] Mgbe e gburu gburu, Amerịka onye ahụ e gburu na-enwe ike ịgbaghara onye mere ya n'ihi ihe ndị okenye obodo ahụ dụrụ ha ọdụ ka ha mee.

Site na ego mba ụwa na nke ime obodo, e nwere ụdị NGO dị iche iche na-enye nkwado ụmụ nwanyị ndị tachiri obi ma ọ bụ na-atachi obi ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na Pakistan.

  1. ↑ Hansar (2007). "Cross-Cultural Examination of Domestic Violence in China and Pakistan", in Nicky Ali Jackson: Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, 1st, Routledge. ISBN 978-0415969680. 
  2. ↑ Sardar (2021-04-08). Domestic violence (en). DAWN.COM. Retrieved on 2023-08-11.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Domestic Violence Prevention and Protection Act (2012).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Nasrullah (2009). "The epidemiological patterns of honour killing of women in Pakistan". European Journal of Public Health 19 (2): 193–197. DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckp021. PMID 19286837.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Zakar (2013). "Spousal Violence Against Women and Its Association With Women's Mental Health in Pakistan". Health Care for Women International 34 (9): 795–813. DOI:10.1080/07399332.2013.794462. PMID 23790086.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Zakar (11 June 2015). "Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Pakistan: An Issue of Health and Human Rights". Journal of Family Violence 31 (1): 15–25. DOI:10.1007/s10896-015-9742-6. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 (2000) "Violence Against Women: Mission to Pakistan and Afghanistan". United Nations Economic and Social Council. 
  8. ↑ Terzieff. "Pakistan's Fiery Shame: Women Die in Stove Deaths", Women's eNews, October 27, 2002.
  9. ↑ Rodriguez. "Pakistan offers little justice for victims of acid attacks", Los Angeles Times, May 29, 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Dobson (2009). ""Honour killings" are a public health problem for Pakistan". British Medical Journal 338: 739. 
  11. ↑ "Poverty, illiteracy termed causes of domestic violence", Dawn, 3 March 2006. Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bibi (2014). "Prevalence, instigating factors and help seeking behavior of physical domestic violence among married women of Hyderabad, Sindh". Pakistani Journal of Medicine Science 30.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Zaman (2004). in Suad Joseph: Family, Law and Politics: Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: 2. Brill. ISBN 978-9004128187. 
  14. ↑ Van Wormer (2010). Human Behavior and the Social Environment, Macro Level: Groups, Communities, 2nd, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199740574. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Nardos (2003). "Cultural, Traditional Practices and Gender-Based Violence", Overcoming Violence Against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a World-wide Problem. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 87–88. ISBN 978-0742525009.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hassan" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Aslam (2015). "Is Spousal Violence Being "Vertically Transmitted" through Victims? Findings from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13". PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0129790. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0129790. PMID 26083619. 
  17. ↑ Ali (2013). "Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Effects: A Population-Based Study among Married Women in Karachi, Pakistan". International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 20 (1): 131–139. DOI:10.1007/s12529-011-9201-6. PMID 22037921. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Shaikh (2016). "Domestic violence in consanguineous marriages - findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13". Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 66.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Kapoor (June 2000). "Domestic Violence Against Women and Girls". Innocenti Digest. ISSN 1028-3528. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Jacoby (2010). ""Watta Satta": Bride Exchange and Women's Welfare in Rural Pakistan". American Economic Review 100 (4): 1804–1825. DOI:10.1257/aer.100.4.1804. 
  21. ↑ Ayesha Shahid. "Domestic violence bill gets new look", Dawn, 7 April 2012. Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
  22. ↑ (2012) Human Rights and Democracy: The 2011 Foreign and Commonwealth Office Report. TSO. ISBN 978-0101833929. 
  23. ↑ Jamal (2015). "Piety, Transgression, and the Feminist Debate on Muslim Women: Resituating the Victim-Subject of Honor-Related Violence from a Transnational Lens". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41: 55–79. DOI:10.1086/681771. 
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