Wikipedia

Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ

Ngwakọta organic na-eguzogide mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro kemịkalụ, ndu, na fotolytic

 

na-adịgide adịgide organic mmetọ
obere ụdị nkeMmeto Dezie

Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide (POPs) bụ ihe ndị na'ime ihe ndị na - na-eguzogide mmebi site na usoro kemịkal, nke ndụ, na nke photolytic.[1] Ha bụ kemịkal na-egbu egbu nke na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa. N'ihi na ikuku na mmiri nwere ike ibu ha, ọtụtụ POPs mepụtara n'otu mba nwere ike ma na-emetụta ndị mmadụ na anụ ọhịa n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe a na-eji ma hapụ ha.

A tụlere mmetụta POP na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ebumnobi ikpochapụ ma ọ bụ machibido mmepụta ha nke ọma, site n'aka ndị mba ụwa na Mgbakọ Stockholm na Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants na 2001.

Ọtụtụ POPs bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ, ụfọdụ bụkwa solvents, ọgwụ, na kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ POPs na-ebilite n'ụzọ okike (dịka site na ugwu mgbawa), ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mmadụ mere.[2] "Ọtụtụ iri na abụọ" POPs nke Stockholm Convention chọpụtara gụnyere aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, HCB, mirex, toxaphene, PCBs, DDT, dioxins, na polychlorinated dibenzofurans.

Nsonaazụ nke nnọgidesi ike

dezie

POPs na-abụkarị halogenated organic compounds (lee ndepụta dị n'okpuru) ma dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta nnukwu solubility lipid. N'ihi nke a, ha na-agbakọta na anụ ahụ abụba. Halogenated compounds na-egosipụtakwa nkwụsi ike dị ukwuu na-egosipụta enweghị mmeghachi omume nke njikọ C-Cl na hydrolysis na mmebi photolytic. Nkwụsi ike na lipophilicity nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na-ejikọkarị na ọdịnaya halogen ha, ya mere polyhalogenated organic compounds bụ nchegbu pụrụ iche. Ha na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ ha na gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro abụọ, njem dị anya, nke na-enye ha ohere ịga ebe dị anya site na isi iyi ha, na bioaccumulation, nke na'ime ka kemịkal ndị a dịghachi na ọkwa dị ize ndụ.[3] A na-ahazi ihe ndị mejupụtara POPs dị ka PBTs (na-adịgide adịgide, bioaccumulative na na-egbu egbu) ma ọ bụ TOMPs (micro mmetọ na-egbu mgbu).[4]

Ụgbọ njem dị anya

dezie

POPs na-abanye n'oge gas n'okpuru okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ ma na-agbanwe site na ala, ahịhịa, na mmiri n'ime ikuku, na-eguzogide mmeghachi omume na ikuku, iji gaa ogologo oge tupu a tụgharịa ya.[5] Nke a na-ebute mkpokọta POPs n'ebe dị anya site na ebe e ji ma ọ bụ wepụta ha, ọkachasị gburugburu ebe a na-ewepụtabeghị POPs dịka Antarctica, na Arctic circle.[6] POPs nwere ike ịdị dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ n'ime ikuku ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na elu nke ihe siri ike (aerosols). Ihe na-ekpebi maka njem dị anya bụ akụkụ nke POP nke adsorbed na aerosols. N'ụdị adsorbed ọ bụ na-emegide oge gas nke a na-echebe site na foto-oxidation, ya bụ, photolysis kpọmkwem yana oxidation site na OH radicals ma ọ bụ ozone.[7][8]

POPs nwere obere solubility na mmiri mana ọ dị mfe ijide ya site na ihe siri ike, ma na-agbaze na mmiri (mmanụ, abụba, na mmiri ọkụ). POPs anaghị emebi ngwa ngwa na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nkwụsi ike ha na ọnụego dị ala nke ire ure. N'ihi ikike a maka njem dị anya, mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi POP dị ukwuu, ọbụlagodi n'ógbè ebe a na-ejitụbeghị POPs, ọ ga-anọkwa na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a ọtụtụ afọ mgbe emesịrị ihe mgbochi n'ihi nguzogide ha na mmebi.[9]

Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ

dezie

Bioaccumulation nke POPs na-ejikọkarị na compounds dị elu lipid solubility na ikike ịba na abụba nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ruo ogologo oge.[9][10] Chemicals na-adịgide adịgide na-enwekarị oke dị elu ma na-ewepụ ya nke nta nke nta. Nchịkọta nri ma ọ bụ bioaccumulation bụ ihe ọzọ e ji mara POPs, ka POPs na-aga n'elu usoro nri, ha na-abawanye na ntinye aka ka a na-ahazi ha ma na-agbari ha na anụ ahụ ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ikike okike maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri nri iji lekwasị anya na kemịkal ndị a na-eri, yana ọdịdị na-adịghị mma na nke na-enweghị mmiri nke POPs, na-eme ka ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwee ike ịba ụba.[11] Ya mere, ọ bụghị naanị na POPs na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, kamakwa ka ụmụ anụmanụ na-eburu ha, na-eme ka ha dịkwuo elu na nsị ha na gburugburu ebe ahụ.[5][12] A na-akpọ mmụba a biomagnification, nke bụ ebe ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'elu na usoro nri nwere nchịkọta POPs ka ukwuu.[13] Bioaccumulation na njem dị anya bụ ihe mere POPs ji nwee ike ịba n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka whales, ọbụlagodi na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka Antarctica.[14]

Nkwekọrịta Stockholm maka ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị na -adịghị adịgide adịgide

dezie
 
Ndị otu steeti na Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Nkwekọrịta Stockholm nabatara ma tinye ya n'ọrụ site na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) na Mee 22, 2001. UNEP kpebiri na ọ dị mkpa ka a dozie iwu POP n'ụwa niile maka ọdịnihu. Ebumnuche nkwupụta nke nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ "ichebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmetọ na-adịgide adịgide". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, e nwere mba 179 na-agbaso nkwekọrịta Stockholm. Mgbakọ ahụ na ndị sonyere na ya amatala na mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịba na POPs. Ha ghọtara na POPs nwere ikike maka njem dị anya na bioaccumulation na biomagnification. Nzukọ ahụ na-achọ ịmụ ma kpebie ma enwere ike ịkọwa ọtụtụ kemịkal ndị e mepụtara na ọganihu na teknụzụ na sayensị dị ka POPs ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Nzukọ mbụ na 2001 mere ndepụta mbụ, nke a na-akpọ "dozen iri na abụọ", nke kemịkal ndị a na-ahazi dị ka POPs. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, United States abịanyewo aka na Nkwekọrịta Stockholm mana ọ kwadoghị ya. E nwere mba ole na ole ndị ọzọ na-akwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ mana ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa akwadowo nkwekọrịtaەکە.[15]

Ngwakọta dị na ndepụta Stockholm Convention

dezie

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1995, Kansụl Na-achị Isi UNEP nyochara POPs.[16] Na mbido, Nkwekọrịta ahụ ghọtara naanị POP iri na abụọ maka mmetụta ọjọọ ha na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-etinye mmachibido iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe ndị a na-emerụ ahụ na nke na-egbu egbu ma na-achọ ka ndị otu ya mee ihe iji wepụ ma ọ bụ belata ntọhapụ nke POPs na gburugburu ebe ahụ.[2][15][17]

  1. A makwaara Aldrin ọgwụ ahụhụ nke a na-eji na ala gbuo ọdụ, ụkpara, ọka rootworm nke Western, na ndị ọzọ, na-egbukwa nnụnụ, azụ̀, na ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị mmadụ na-ebutekarị aldrin site na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na anụ anụmanụ.
  2. Chlordane, ọgwụ ahụhụ nke a na-eji chịkwaa àkà na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, maara na ọ na-egbu egbu n'ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọbọgwụ mallard, quail bobwhite, na oporo pink; ọ bụ kemịkalụ nke na-anọ n'ime ala nwere ọkara ndụ a kọrọ na otu afọ. Edebere Chlordane ka ọ na-emetụta sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma kewaa ya dị ka ọrịa carcinogen mmadụ nwere ike ime. Ekwenyere na mmetọ ikuku Chlordane bụ ụzọ izizi mmadụ si ekpughere ya.
  3. Dieldrin, ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke a na-eji chịkwaa àjà, ụmụ ahụhụ textiles, ọrịa ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebute na ụmụ ahụhụ bi n'ime ala ugbo. N'ime ala na ụmụ ahụhụ, a pụrụ ime ka aldrin oxidized, na-ebute mgbanwe ngwa ngwa gaa na dieldrin. Ọkara ndụ Dieldrin dị ihe dịka afọ ise. Dieldrin na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu maka azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri, karịsịa frogs, ndị embrayo ha nwere ike ịmalite nrụrụ azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na ọkwa dị ala. Ejikọtala Dieldrin na ọrịa Parkinson, ọrịa ara ara, yana nkewa dị ka immunotoxic, neurotoxic, yana endocrine na-akpaghasị ikike. A hụla ihe fọdụrụ Dieldrin n'ikuku, mmiri, ala, azụ, nnụnụ, na anụ mamma. Ikpughe mmadụ na dieldrin bụ isi na-enweta site na nri.
  4. Endrin, ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-efesa n'akwụkwọ nke ihe ọkụkụ, na-ejikwa achịkwa òké. Anụmanụ nwere ike metabolize endrin, yabụ nchịkọta anụ ahụ nwere abụba abụghị nsogbu, mana kemịkalụ nwere ogologo ndụ ọkara n'ime ala ruo afọ 12. Endrin na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu nye anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri na ụmụ mmadụ dịka neurotoxin. Ikpughe mmadụ na-ebute site na nri.
  5. Heptachlor, ọgwụ pesticide nke a na-ejikarị egbu ụmụ ahụhụ na ahụhụ ala, yana ụmụ ahụhụ owu, ahihia, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ, na anwụnta na-ebu ịba. Heptachlor, ọbụlagodi na obere doses e jikọtara ya na mbelata nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ anụ ọhịa - geese Canada na kestrels America. N'ime nyocha ụlọ nyocha egosila heptachlor dị elu dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu, yana mgbanwe omume ọjọọ yana mbelata ihe ịga nke ọma ịmụ nwa na obere doses, na nkewa dị ka ọrịa carcinogen mmadụ nwere ike ime. Ikpughe mmadụ na-esite na nri.
  6. Ebu ụzọ weba Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) na 1945-59 iji gwọọ mkpụrụ osisi n'ihi na ọ nwere ike igbu fungi n'ubi nri. A na-ejikọta oriri mkpụrụ osisi a na-agwọ na HCB na ọnya akpụkpọ ahụ na-ahụ anya, colic, debilitation, na nsogbu metabolic a na-akpọ porphyria turcica, nke nwere ike igbu mmadụ. Ndị nne na-ebufe HCB nye ụmụ ọhụrụ ha site na placenta na mmiri ara ara nwere obere ọganihu ọmụmụ gụnyere ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ. Ikpughe mmadụ bụ isi site na nri.
  7. Mirex, ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-eji alụso ndanda na ọdụ ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ na rọba, rọba, na ngwa eletriki. Mirex bụ otu n'ime ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-adịgide adịgide, yana ọkara ndụ ihe ruru afọ 10. Mirex bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nye ọtụtụ osisi, azụ na ụdị crustacean, nwere ikike ọrịa carcinogenic tụrụ aro n'ime mmadụ. A na-ekpughere mmadụ n'ụzọ bụ isi site na anụ anụmanụ, azụ̀, na anụ ọhịa.
  8. Toxaphene, ọgwụ ahụhụ nke a na-eji na owu, ọka, ọka, mkpụrụ osisi, aki oyibo, na akwụkwọ nri, yana maka njikwa akara na àjà n'ime anụ ụlọ. Ojiji toxaphene zuru ebe niile na US na nnọgidesi ike kemịkalụ, yana ọkara ndụ ihe ruru afọ 12 n'ime ala, na-ebute toxaphene fọdụrụnụ na gburugburu. Toxaphene na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu maka azụ, na-ebute mbelata ịdị arọ dị egwu yana mbelata ike nke akwa. Ikpughe mmadụ na-esite na nri. Ọ bụ ezie na nsí mmadụ na-eduzi ikpughe toxaphene dị ala, a na-ekewa ogige ahụ dị ka ọrịa carcinogen mmadụ nwere ike ime.
  9. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), eji dị ka mmiri na-agbanwe okpomọkụ, na ihe ngbanwe eletriki, na capacitors, yana dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na agba, mpempe akwụkwọ enweghị carbon, na plastik. Nkwụsi ike na-adịgasị iche na ogo halogenation, atụmatụ ọkara ndụ nke afọ 10. PCBs bụ ihe na-egbu egbu maka azụ na oke doses, yana jikọtara ya na ọdịda spawn na obere doses. Mkpughe nke mmadụ na-apụta site na nri, ma jikọtara ya na ọdịda ọmụmụ na mgbochi mgbochi. Mmetụta ozugbo nke PCB ekpughere gụnyere agba agba nke mbọ na akpụkpọ anụ mucous na ọzịza nke nku anya, yana ike ọgwụgwụ, ọgbụgbọ, na vomiting. Mmetụta na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'ihi na kemịkalụ nwere ike ịdịgide na ahụ nne ruo afọ 7, na-ebute igbu oge mmepe na nsogbu omume na ụmụ ya. Mmetọ nri ebutela mkpughe PCB buru ibu.
  10. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) bụ eleghị anya POP kacha njọ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ n'oge WWII iji chebe onwe ya pụọ na ịba na typhus. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, a na-eji DDT mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo. Na 1962, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị America bụ Rachel Carson bipụtara Silent Spring, na-akọwa mmetụta nke ịgbasa DDT na gburugburu US na ahụike mmadụ. Nkwụsi ike DDT n'ime ala ruo afọ 10-15 ka etinyere ya ebutela mfu DDT zuru ebe niile na nke na-adịgide adịgide n'ụwa niile gụnyere arctic, n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro ya ma ọ bụ kpachie ya n'ọtụtụ ụwa. DDT na-egbu egbu nye ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ gụnyere nnụnụ ebe ọ na-emebi ọmụmụ n'ihi ịcha akwa akwa. Enwere ike ịchọpụta DDT na nri sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile yana DDT sitere na nri na-anọgide na-abụ isi mmalite kachasị mma nke mmadụ. Mmetụta dị mkpirikpi nke DDT na ụmụ mmadụ nwere oke, agbanyeghị, ejikọtawo mkpughe ogologo oge na mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị ala ala gụnyere ụbara ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa cancer na ọrịa shuga, mbelata ọganihu ọmụmụ, na ọrịa akwara ozi.
  11. Dioxins bụ ngwaahịa na-amaghị ama nke usoro okpomọkụ dị elu, dị ka ọkụ na-ezughị ezu na mmepụta pesticide. A na-ewepụtakarị dioxins site na ọkụ nke mkpofu ụlọ ọgwụ, ihe mkpofu ime obodo, na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, yana ikuku ụgbọ ala, peat, coal, na nkụ. Ejikọtala Dioxins na ọtụtụ mmetụta ọjọọ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, gụnyere ọrịa mgbochi na enzyme, chloracne, na nkewa dị ka ọrịa carcinogen mmadụ nwere ike ime. N'ime nyocha ụlọ nyocha nke mmetụta dioxin, mmụba nke ntụpọ ọmụmụ na ịmụ nwa, na mkpughe na-egbu egbu ejikọtawo na ihe ndị ahụ. Nri, ọkachasị sitere na anụmanụ, bụ isi ebe mmadụ na-enweta dioxins. Dioxins nọ na Agent Orange, nke United States ji agha kemịkal megide Vietnam wee kpatara mmetụta dị iche iche na-agbawa obi na ma ndị Vietnamese na ndị America America.
  12. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans bụ ngwaahịa sitere na usoro okpomọkụ dị elu, dị ka ọkụ na-ezughị ezu mgbe a gbasịrị ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ n'ime ụgbọ ala, mmepụta pesticide, na mmepụta biphenyl polychlorinated. N'ịbụ nke yiri dioxins, ogige abụọ ahụ na-ekekọrịta mmetụta nsị. Furans na-adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na nkewa dị ka o kwere omume carcinogens mmadụ. Ikpughe mmadụ na furans bụ isi na-esite na nri, ọkachasị ngwaahịa anụmanụ.

New POPs on the Stockholm Convention list

dezie

Kemgbe afọ 2001, agbasawo ndepụta a iji tinye ụfọdụ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), brominated flame retardants, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbakwunye na ndepụta mbụ nke 2001 Stockholm Convention bụ POPs ndị a:[15]

  • Chlordecone, ihe sịntetik chlorinated organic compound, bụ nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ pesticide nke ugbo, metụtara DDT na Mirex. Chlordecone bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nye ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, ma kewaa ya dị ka ọrịa carcinogen mmadụ nwere ike ime. Ọtụtụ mba amachibidola ire na iji chlordecone, ma ọ bụ bu n'obi iwepụ nkwakọba na ihe mkpofu.
  • α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) na β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) bụ ụmụ ahụhụ yana ngwaahịa sitere na mmepụta nke Lindane. Nnukwu nkwakọba nke isomers HCH dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. α-HCH na β-HCH na-adịgide adịgide na mmiri nke mpaghara oyi. α-HCH na β-HCH ka ejikọtara ya na ọrịa Parkinson na Alzheimer.
  • Hexabromodiphenyl ether (hexaBDE) na heptabromodiphenyl ether (heptaBDE) bụ isi akụkụ nke azụmahịa octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE). Azụmahịa octaBDE na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke naanị ụzọ mmebi ya bụ site na debromination na mmepụta nke bromodiphenyl ethers, nke nwere ike ịbawanye nsị.
  • Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), ọgwụ pesticide eji dị ka nnukwu ụdị ahụhụ ụmụ ahụhụ maka mkpụrụ, ala, akwụkwọ, osisi na ọgwụgwọ osisi, yana megide ectoparasites na anụmanụ na mmadụ (ụnwụ isi na scabies). Lindane ngwa ngwa bioconcentrates. Ọ bụ immunotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, jikọtara ya na mmebi imeju na akụrụ yana mmetụta dị njọ nke ịmụ nwa na mmepe na anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Mmepụta nke Lindane n'amaghị ama na-emepụta POP abụọ ọzọ α-HCH na β-HCH.
  • Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), bụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa na-amaghị ama. A na-ejikwa PeCB na ngwaahịa PCB, ndị na-ebu dyestuff, dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu, ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, na etiti kemịkalụ. PeCB na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu nye ụmụ mmadụ, ebe ọ na-egbu egbu maka ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.
  • Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (tetraBDE) na pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) bụ kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ na ihe bụ isi nke pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) azụmahịa. Achọpụtala PentaBDE n'ime mmadụ na mpaghara ụwa niile.
  • A na-eji Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) na nnu ya na mmepụta nke fluoropolymers. PFOS na ogige ndị metụtara ya na-adịgide adịgide, bioaccumulating na biomagnifying. Emebebeghị mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọkwa PFOS.
  • Endosulfans bụ ụmụ ahụhụ iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị ka kọfị, owu, osikapa na sorghum na soybean, ijiji tsetse, ectoparasites nke ehi. A na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa osisi. Amachibidoro iji endosulfan zuru ụwa ọnụ na imepụta endosulfan n'okpuru mgbakọ Stockholm na 2011, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ mba amachibidoro mbụ ma ọ bụ webata usoro nke kemịkalụ mgbe ekwuputara mmachibido iwu ahụ. Na-egbu egbu nye ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri na terrestrial, jikọtara ya na nsogbu anụ ahụ nke ọmụmụ, nkwụsị uche, na ọnwụ. Mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma nke Endosulfans na-amasịkarị ya na endocrine ya na-akpaghasị ikike ime dị ka antiandrogen.
  • Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) bụ ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mkpuchi ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ. HBCD na-adịgide adịgide, na-egbu egbu na ecotoxic, nwere ihe ndị na-ebugharị bioaccumulative na ogologo ogologo.

Mmetụta ahụike

dezie

Ikpughe POP nwere ike ịkpata nkwarụ mmepe, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, na ọnwụ. Ụfọdụ bụ carcinogens site na IARC, ikekwe gụnyere kansa ara.[1] Ọtụtụ POPs nwere ike imebi endocrine n'ime usoro ọmụmụ, usoro akwara etiti, ma ọ bụ usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Ndị mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ahụkarị POPs site na nri ha, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-eto n'afọ.[1] Maka ụmụ mmadụ na-adịghị ekpughe POPs site na mberede ma ọ bụ ụzọ ọrụ, ihe karịrị 90% nke ikpughe na-abịa site na nri anụmanụ n'ihi bioaccumulation na abụba anụ ahụ ma bioaccumlate site na eriri nri. N'ozuzu, ọkwa POP serum na-abawanye na afọ ma na-adịkarị elu na ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke.[10]

Nnyocha enyochaala njikọ dị n'etiti obere POPs na ọrịa dị iche iche. Iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ ọrịa n'ihi POPs n'otu ebe, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nwere ike ịmepụta nyocha ihe ize ndụ ahụike mmadụ nke na-eburu n'uche bioavailability nke mmetọ na mmekọrịta mmeghachi omume ha.[18]

Mgbanwe nke endocrine

dezie

A maara ihe ka ọtụtụ na POPs ka ha na-emebi ọrụ dị mma nke usoro endocrine. Igosi POPs dị ala n'oge oge mmepe dị egwu nke nwa e bu n'afọ, nwa ọhụrụ na nwa nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide n'oge ndụ ha niile. Nnyocha nke afọ 2002 chịkọtara data gbasara mmebi endocrine na nsogbu ahụike site na ikpughe POPs n'oge nnukwu mmepe na ndụ nke ihe dị ndụ.[19] Nnyocha ahụ bu n'uche ịza ajụjụ ma ọ bụ na ọ naghị adịte aka, obere ọkwa na POPs nwere ike inwe mmetụta ahụike na usoro endocrine na mmepe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ikpughe POPs n'oge oge mmepe dị oke egwu nwere ike ịmepụta mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide na ụzọ mmepe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ikpughe POPs n'oge oge mmepe na-adịghị oke egwu nwere ike ọ gaghị eduga na ọrịa ndị a na-achọpụta na nsogbu ahụike n'oge ndụ ha. N'ime anụ ọhịa, oge mmepe dị oke egwu dị na akpa nwa, na ovo, na n'oge ọmụmụ. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, oge mmepe dị oke egwu bụ n'oge mmepe nwa.[19]

Usoro ịmụ nwa

dezie

Otu nnyocha ahụ mere n'afọ 2002 na ihe akaebe nke njikọ sitere na POPs na mmebi endocrine jikọtakwara obere ọgwụ POPs na mmetụta ahụike ọmụmụ.[19] Nnyocha ahụ kwuru na ngosipụta POP nwere ike ibute mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma karịsịa na usoro ọmụmụ nwoke, dị ka mbelata ogo sperm na ọnụ ọgụgụ, mgbanwe nke oke mmekọahụ na mmalite mmalite mmalite puberty. Maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ POPs, a kọọrọ na anụ ahụ na-amụ nwa gbanwere na nsonaazụ ime ime yana endometriosis.[2]

Ibu ibu nke ime na okirikiri isi nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ

dezie

Nnyocha ndị Gris sitere na 2014 nyochara njikọ dị n'etiti ibu nne n'oge ime, ọkwa PCB ha na ọkwa PCB na ụmụ ọhụrụ ha, ibu ọmụmụ ha, afọ ime ime, na gburugburu isi. Ka ịdị arọ ọmụmụ na okirikiri isi nke ụmụ ọhụrụ dị ala, ọkwa POP dị elu n'oge mmepe tupu a mụọ nwa, mana ọ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ndị nne nwere oke ibu ma ọ bụ ezughi oke ibu n'oge ime ime. Enweghị njikọ ọ bụla n'etiti ikpughe POP na afọ ime.[20] Nnyocha nyocha nke 2013 nke e mere na 2009 na nne India na ụmụ ha gosipụtara na ụdị ọgwụ ahụhụ organochlorine abụọ (HCH, DDT na DDE) na-emebi uto nke nwa e bu n'afọ, belata ịdị arọ ọmụmụ, ogologo, gburugburu isi na gburugburu obi.[21][22]

Mmetụta ahụike nke PFAS

dezie
 
Mmetụta nke mkpughe PFAS na ahụike mmadụ[23][24][25][26][27][28]

Ejikọtara kemịkalụ na-emebi homonụ, gụnyere PFAS, na mbelata ngwa ngwa na ọmụmụ mmadụ. Na meta-analysis maka mkpakọrịta dị n'etiti PFASs na ụmụ mmadụ biomarkers maka mmerụ imeju, ndị dere tụlere ma PFAS mmetụta na imeju biomarkers na histological data sitere na nnwale nnwale ma kwubie na ihe akaebe dị na-egosi na PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), na perfluorononanoic acid. (PFNA) bụ hepatotoxic nye mmadụ.

Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ọrịa na-efe efe zuru oke na-ejikọta mmetụta ahụike mmadụ na PFAS, karịsịa PFOA, sitere na C8 Science Panel. E hiwere otu panel a dị ka akụkụ nke ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka ikpe klaasị nke obodo Ohio River Valley wetara megide DuPont na nzaghachi maka mkpofu na mkpofu mmiri PFAS bujuru sitere na DuPont's West Virginia Washington Works Plant. Ndị otu ahụ tụrụ PFOA (nke a makwaara dị ka C8) n'ime mmadụ 69,000 sitere na gburugburu DuPont's Washington Works Plant wee hụ mkpokọta mkpokọta 83.0 ng/mL, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 4 ng/mL na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị America. Otu panel a kọrọ njikọ nwere ike ime [nke na-edoghị anya] n'etiti mmụba ọbara PFOA na hypercholesterolemia, ulcerative colitis, ọrịa thyroid, ọrịa cancer testicular, cancer akụrụ yana ọbara mgbali elu na-akpata ime na preeclampsia.[29][30][31][32][33]

Mmetụta mgbakwunye na njikọ aka

dezie

Nnyocha nke mmetụta POPs na ahụike bụ ihe ịma ke ukwuu na ọnọdụ ụlọ nyocha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ahụ ngwakọta nke POPs, a na-ewere mmetụta dị ka mgbakwunye.[34] Ngwakọta nke POPs nwere ike na ụkpụrụ mepụta mmetụta synergy. Site na mmetụta synergistic, a na-eme ka nsị nke ogige ọ bụla dịkwuo mma (ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi) site na ọnụnọ nke ogige ndị ọzọ na ngwakọtagbe ejikọtara ọnụ, mmetụta ndị a nwere ike karịa mmetụta mgbakwunye mgbakwunye nke ngwakọta POP.[3]

N'ime obodo na gburugburu ime ụlọ

dezie

Na mbụ, a na-eche na mmetọ mmadụ na POPs na-eme site na nri, agbanyeghị usoro mmetọ ime ụlọ nke na-egosipụta ụfọdụ POPs agbaghawo echiche a. Nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya banyere uzuzu na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ ekwuola na gburugburu ụlọ dị ka isi ihe na-akpata ikpughe mmadụ site na iku ume na iri.[35] Ọzọkwa, nnukwu mmetọ POP n'ime ụlọ ga-abụrịrị ụzọ bụ isi nke mkpughe POP mmadụ, na-atụle usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na-emefu oke nke ndụ n'ime ụlọ. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila na ime ụlọ (ikuku na uzuzu) ọkwa POP gafere n'èzí (ikuku na ala) mkpokọta POP.[34]

Na mmiri ozuzo

dezie

Na 2022, achọpụtara na ọkwa nke ma ọ dịkarịa ala anọ perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAAs) na mmiri ozuzo n'ụwa nile, ma na-abụkarị nke ukwuu, gafere ndụmọdụ ahụike ndụ EPA nakwa ụkpụrụ ahụike ndị Denmark, Netherlands, na ụkpụrụ nchekwa European Union, na-eduga ndị nchọpụta kwubiri na "mgbasa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke PFAA anọ ndị a na ikuku emewo ka ókèala mbara ala maka mmetọ kemịkal gafere". Enwere ụfọdụ mmegharị iji gbochie ma dochie ojiji ha

N'ihe ntecha na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye

dezie

Per- na polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) bụ klaasị nke ihe dị ka ogige organofluorine sịntetik dị pụkụ itoolu nwere ọtụtụ atom fluorine na-egbu egbu nke etinyere na yinye alkyl. A na-eji PFAS na-emepụta ụdị ngwaahịa dị iche iche dị ka nkwakọ ngwaahịa na uwe. Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma na-ejikwa ha n'ọtụtụ ihe ịchọ mma, gụnyere lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, ntu polish na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ ngwaahịa. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2021 nwalere etemeete narị abụọ na ịrị atọ na otu na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye wee chọta fluorine organic, ihe ngosi PFAS, n'ihe karịrị ọkara nke nlele. A na-amata ọkwa dị elu nke fluorine na mascara mmiri na-adịghị (82% nke ụdị a nwalere), ntọala (63%), na lipstick mmiri mmiri (62%). Ebe ọ bụ na ogige PFAS na-agagharị agagharị nke ukwuu, a na-etinye ya ngwa ngwa site na akpụkpọ mmadụ yana site na eriri akwa, na ngwaahịa ndị dị n'egbugbere ọnụ na-ejikarị eme ihe n'amaghị ama. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adakarị ịkpọ ngwaahịa ha dị ka PFAS nwere, nke na-eme ka o siere ndị na-eri ihe ịchọ mma ike izere ngwaahịa nwere PFAS..[36]

Nchịkwa na iwepụ na gburugburu ebe obibi

dezie

Ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a iji belata POP na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyocha omume ha na mmeghachi omume oxidation photocatalytic. POP ndị a na-ahụ n'ime mmadụ na gburugburu mmiri bụ isi isiokwu nke nnwale ndị a. Achọpụtala ngwaahịa na-esi ísì ụtọ na aliphatic na mmeghachi omume ndị a. Nbibi nke fotochemical bụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmebi fotocatalytic.[2] .[37] Mgbalị ndị a na-eme ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na ịmachibido ojiji na mmepụta nke POPs n'ụwa niile karịa iwepụ POPs.[10]

Hụkwa

dezie
  • Mmetọ ikuku
  • Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
  • Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)
  • International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN)
  • Oge Mmiri Na-adịghị Akwụsị Akwụsị
  • Ihe na-emetọ ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide (EPPP)
  • Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
  • Ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ndị na-agbakọta ndụ na ndị na-egbu egbu (PBT)
  • Tetraethyllead
  • Triclocarban
  • Triclosan

Edensibia

dezie
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ritter L. Persistent organic pollutants. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 El-Shahawi M.S., Hamza A., Bashammakhb A.S., Al-Saggaf W.T. (2010). "An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants". Talanta 80 (5): 1587–1597. DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.055. PMID 20152382. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Walker, C.H., "Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective" (2001).
  4. ↑ Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals (PBTs) (en-US). Safer Chemicals Healthy Families (2013-08-20). Retrieved on 2022-02-01.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kelly B.C., Ikonomou M.G., Blair J.D., Morin A.E., Gobas F.A.P.C. (2007). "Food Web-Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Science 317 (5835): 236–239. DOI:10.1126/science.1138275. PMID 17626882. 
  6. ↑ Beyer A., Mackay D., Matthies M., Wania F., Webster E. (2000). "Assessing Long-Range Transport Potential of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Environmental Science & Technology 34 (4): 699–703. DOI:10.1021/es990207w. 
  7. ↑ Koester (March 1992). "Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash" (in en). Environmental Science & Technology 26 (3): 502–507. DOI:10.1021/es00027a008. ISSN 0013-936X. 
  8. ↑ Raff (October 2007). "Deposition versus Photochemical Removal of PBDEs from Lake Superior Air" (in en). Environmental Science & Technology 41 (19): 6725–6731. DOI:10.1021/es070789e. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 17969687. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wania F., Mackay D. (1996). "Tracking the Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Environmental Science & Technology 30 (9): 390A–396A. DOI:10.1021/es962399q. PMID 21649427. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Vallack H.W., Bakker D.J., Brandt I., Broström-Ludén E., Brouwer A., Bull K.R., Gough C., Guardans R., Holoubek I., Jansson B., Koch R., Kuylenstierna J., Lecloux A., Mackay D., McCutcheon P., Mocarelli P., Taalman R.D.F. (1998). "Controlling persistent organic pollutants – what next?". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 6 (3): 143–175. DOI:10.1016/S1382-6689(98)00036-2. PMID 21781891. 
  11. ↑ Yu G.W., Laseter J., Mylander C. (2011). "Persistent organic pollutants in serum and several different fat compartments in humans". J Environ Public Health 2011. DOI:10.1155/2011/417980. PMID 21647350. 
  12. ↑ Lohmanna R., Breivikb K., Dachsd J., Muire D. (2007). "Global fate of POPs: Current and future research directions". Environmental Pollution 150 (1): 150–165. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.051. PMID 17698265. 
  13. ↑ US EPA (2014-04-02). Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response (en). www.epa.gov. Retrieved on 2022-02-01.
  14. ↑ Remili (2020-12-01). "Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding off Mozambique and Ecuador show geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants and isotopic niches" (in en). Environmental Pollution 267: 115575. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115575. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 33254700. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS 1–43. Retrieved on 27 March 2014.
  16. ↑ The Dirty Dozen. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 27 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Home.
  18. ↑ (March 30, 2012) "POPs and Human Health Risk Assessment", in A. Schecter: Dioxins and Health. John Wiley & Sons, 579–618. DOI:10.1002/9781118184141.ch19. ISBN 9781118184141. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Damstra T (2002). "Potential Effects of Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Health of Children". Clinical Toxicology 40 (4): 457–465. DOI:10.1081/clt-120006748. PMID 12216998. 
  20. ↑ Vafeiadi (2014). "Persistent organic pollutants exposure during pregnancy, maternal gestational weight gain, and birth outcomes in the mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (RHEA study)". Environ. Int. 64: 116–123. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.015. PMID 24389008. 
  21. ↑ Dewan (February 2013). "Organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal blood, cord blood, placenta, and breastmilk and their relation to birth size". Chemosphere 90 (5): 1704–1710. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.083. PMID 23141556. 
  22. ↑ Damstra T (2002). "Potential Effects of Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Health of Children". Clinical Toxicology 40 (4): 457–465. DOI:10.1081/clt-120006748. PMID 12216998. 
  23. ↑ Emerging chemical risks in Europe — 'PFAS'. European Environment Agency (2019).
  24. ↑ Toxicological profile for Perfluoroalkyls. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2018).
  25. ↑ (2016) "Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture", IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 
  26. ↑ (2013) "Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant". Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (11–12): 1313–8. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1306615. PMID 24007715. 
  27. ↑ (June 2009) "Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2. Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups". Reproductive Toxicology 27 (3–4): 365–372. DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012. PMID 19429407. 
  28. ↑ (August 2011) "Gestational and chronic low-dose PFOA exposures and mammary gland growth and differentiation in three generations of CD-1 mice". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (8): 1070–6. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1002741. PMID 21501981. 
  29. ↑ Probable Link Evaluation for heart disease (including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease). C8 Science Panel (29 October 2012).
  30. ↑ Probable Link Evaluation of Autoimmune Disease. C8 Science Panel (30 July 2012).
  31. ↑ Probable Link Evaluation of Thyroid disease. C8 Science Panel (30 July 2012).
  32. ↑ Probable Link Evaluation of Cancer. C8 Science Panel (15 April 2012).
  33. ↑ Probable Link Evaluation of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia. C8 Science Panel (5 December 2011).
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 ed. Harrad, S., "Persistent Organic Pollutants" (2010).
  35. ↑ Walker, C.H., "Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective" (2001)
  36. ↑ The Guardian (UK), 15 June 2021, "Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds--Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation"
  37. ↑ Rashed, M.N. Organic pollutants - Monitoring, risk and treatment. Intech. London (2013). Chapter 7 - Adsorption techniques for the removal of persistent organic pollutants from water and wastewater.

Njikọ mpụga

dezie
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihe_na-emetọ_ihe_ndị_dị_ndụ&oldid=193899