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Ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ

Ihe bioindicator bụ ụdị ọ bụla (ụdị egosi) ma ọ bụ otu ụdị nke ọrụ ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ọkwa ha nwere ike ikpughe ọkwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ihe na-egosikarị bụ anụmanụ.[2] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, copepods na obere mmiri crustaceans ndị ọzọ dị n'ọtụtụ mmiri nwere ike nyochaa maka mgbanwe (biochemical, physiological, ma ọ bụ omume) nke nwere ike igosi nsogbu dị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Ihe ngosi bioindicators nwere ike ịgwa anyị gbasara mkpokọta mmetọ dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ogologo oge nsogbu nwere ike ịdị, nke nnwale anụ ahụ na kemịkal enweghị ike.[1]

Caddisfly (usoro Trichoptera), a macroinvertebrate eji dị ka ihe na-egosi ogo mmiri.

Ihe nleba anya ma ọ bụ biomonitor bụ ihe dị n'ahụ na-enye ozi ọnụọgụ maka ogo gburugburu ebe obibi gbara ya gburugburu.[4] Ya mere, ezigbo biomonitor ga-egosi ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ahụ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ịgbalị ịnye ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ego na ike nke ikpughe.

Ngosipụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụkwa aha e nyere usoro maka inyocha amụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi site n'iji ụdị microorganism na-eguzogide ọgwụ (dịka Bacillus ma ọ bụ Geobacillus).[5] Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ngosi ihe ndụ dị ka iwebata microorganisms na-eguzogide nke ukwuu na gburugburu ebe enyere tupu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nwa, a na-eme ule iji tụọ ịdị irè nke usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji microorganisms ndị na-eguzogide nke ukwuu, usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ọ bụla nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ ga-egbuwokwa nje ndị na-ahụkarị, ndị na-esighị ike..

Nchịkọta

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A bioindicator bụ ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe site na mpụta nke mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ nzaghachi a na-atụle ma, ya mere, ọ dị mma.Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a (ma ọ bụ obodo nke ihe ndị dị ndụ) nye ozi gbasara mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịgbanwe n'otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a: n'ụzọ ahụike, n'ụzọ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ n'omume. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ozi ahụ site na ọmụmụ nke:

  1. ọdịnaya ha nke ihe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ngwakọtaihe ndị mejupụtara
  2. ọdịdị ha ma ọ bụ Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ
  3. Usoro kemịkalụ metabolic
  4. omume
  5. Ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.

Mkpa na mkpa nke biomonitors, kama ngwá ọrụ mmadụ mere, bụ ihe ziri ezi site n'ịhụ na ihe ngosi kachasị mma nke ọnọdụ nke ụdị ma ọ bụ usoro bụ n'onwe ya.[2] Bioindicators nwere ike ikpughe mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke mmetọ mgbe ọtụtụ nyocha anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke kemịkal enweghị ike. Site na bioindicators, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwesịrị ileba anya naanị otu ụdị na-egosi na ọ ga-enyocha gburugburu ebe obibi kama ileba anya na obodo dum.[3] A pụkwara iji obere ụdị ihe ngosi mee ihe iji buo amụma banyere ọgaranya nke ụdị maka ọtụtụ ìgwè taxonomic. [4]

A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor dị ka Nlekọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma bụrụ ojiji nke njirimara nke ihe dị ndụ iji nweta ozi gbasara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke biosphere. Biomonitoring nke ikuku mmetọ nwere ike ịbụ passive ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị ọkachamara na-eji usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ iji hụ osisi na-eto n'ụzọ okike n'ime ebe mmasị. A na-eji usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ achọpụta ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ikuku site na itinye osisi nnwale nke nzaghachi a maara na genotype n'ime mpaghara ọmụmụ.   [citation needed]

A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor dị ka Nlekọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nke a na-ezo aka n'ịtụle ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe dị ndụ iji nweta ozi gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na kemịkal. [5]

A na-ewere ihe ngosi nke bioaccumulative ugboro ugboro dị ka biomonitors. Dabere na ihe a họọrọ na ojiji ha, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị bioindicators. [6][7]

N'ọtụtụ oge, a na-anakọta data ndabere maka ọnọdụ biotic n'ime saịtị ntụaka ekpebiela. A ga-eji ntakịrị ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ọgba aghara n'èzí mara saịtị ntụnyere aka (dịka ọmụmaatụ ọgba aghara anthropogenic, mgbanwe ojiji ala, ụdị mmegide). A na-atụle ọnọdụ biotic nke otu ụdị ihe ngosi n'ime ma saịtị ntụaka yana mpaghara ọmụmụ ka oge na-aga. A na-atụnyere data anakọtara site na mpaghara ọmụmụ megide data yiri nke ahụ anakọtara site na saịtị ntụaka iji chọpụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mpaghara ọmụmụ.[8]

Mbelata dị mkpa nke bioindicators n'ozuzu bụ na a kọwapụtara ha dị ka ezighi ezi mgbe etinyere ya na mpaghara mpaghara na gburugburu ebe obibi.[13]. N'ihi ya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eji bioindicators kwesịrị ijide n'aka na usoro nke ọ bụla dị mkpa n'ime ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-eme atụmatụ ileba anya..[9]

Ihe na-egosi osisi na fungal

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Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku.

Ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị osisi ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ndụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye ihe ngosi dị mkpa banyere ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi: Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi biomonitors, gụnyere mosses, lichens, osisi osisi, akpa osisi, Mgbaaka osisi, na akwụkwọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, enwere ike ịmịkọrọ mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma tinye ya n'ime mkpo osisi, nke enwere ike nyochaa ya na mmetọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.[10] Akwụkwọ nke ụfọdụ osisi vascular na-enwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na ọnụnọ nke ozone, ọkachasị mmebi anụ ahụ, na-eme ka ha baa uru n'ịchọpụta mmetọ ahụ.[11][12] A na-ahụkarị osisi ndị a n'àgwàetiti Atlantic na Northern Hemisphere, Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, ụsọ oké osimiri India, mpaghara Himalayan, ndịda Eshia, na Japan.[13] Mpaghara ndị a nwere nnukwu akụ na ụba na-emetụta mmetọ ozone, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ụfọdụ ụdị osisi vascular dị ka ihe ngosi bara uru nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-echekwa ihe na-eji ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ, na-enye ha ohere ịchọpụta mgbanwe na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.

Dị ka ihe atụ, a chọpụtala Lobaria pulmonaria dị ka ụdị ihe na-egosi maka ịtụle afọ na ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ọhịa Cedar-Hemlock nke ọwụwa anyanwụ-etiti British Columbia, na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ.[14] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Lobaria pulmonaria nwere njikọ siri ike na mmụba a na ụdị dị iche iche, na-atụ aro ikike ya dị ka ihe na-egosi afọ nke iguzo na ICH.[15] Ụdị Lichen ọzọ, Xanthoria parietina, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ịdị mma nke ikuku, na-achịkọta mmetọ dị ka ọla dị arọ na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nnyocha egosila na ihe nlele X. parietina anakọtara site na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-egosipụta oke mmetọ ndị a ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị sitere na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[16] Nke a na-eme ka ọrụ bara uru nke lichen na-enyocha ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na ịchọpụta ebe ndị nwere oke mmetọ, na-enyere aka na mgbalị ndị a na-achọ iji belata na usoro nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.

Fungi na-aba uru dị ka bioindicators, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ ha n'ụwa niile ma na-enwe mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche.[17]

Lichens bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ma fungi na algae. A na-ahụ ha na nkume na ogwe osisi, ha na-emeghachi omume na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi n'oké ọhịa, gụnyere mgbanwe na ọdịdị oké ọhịa - nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ, ikuku, na ihu igwe. Mfu nke lichens n'ime ọhịa nwere ike igosi nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ọkwa dị elu nke sulfur dioxide, sulfur-based pollutants, na nitrogen oxides.Ihe mejupụtara na ngụkọta nke ụdị algal na usoro mmiri na-eje ozi dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mmetọ mmiri na ntinye nri dịka nitrogen na phosphorus.E nwere ihe ndị a gbanwere site na Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwere ike imeghachi omume na ọkwa nsị na gburugburu ebe obibi; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị ahịhịa a gbanwere na mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-eto n'ụdị dị iche ma ọ bụrụ na enwere nsị n'ime ala.[18]

Ihe ngosi anụmanụ na nsí

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Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ugoloọma America (Corvus brachyrhynchos) nwere ike ibute nje West Nile, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụdị ihe na-egosi ọrịa ahụ n'otu mpaghara.

Mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ, ma ọ na-abawanye ma ọ bụ na-ebelata, nwere ike igosi mmetọ.[24] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na mmetọ na-akpata mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ, ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-adabere na osisi ahụ ga-enwe mbelata nke mmadụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, oke mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ uto nke ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi mfu nke ụdị ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmetụta ndị na-akpata nchekasị nwere ike ịpụta na physiology anụmanụ, morphology, na omume nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ogologo oge tupu e kwupụta nzaghachi ma hụ na ọkwa ndị mmadụ.[25]. Nzaghachi ndị dị otú ahụ na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịba uru dị ka "mgbama ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ" iji buo amụma ka ndị mmadụ ga-esi meghachi omume ọzọ.

Enwere ike nyochaa mmetọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nrụgide site n'ịtụle nke ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ: ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị n'ime anụmanụ; ọnụego nke nkwarụ na-ebilite n'ime ndị anụmanụ; omume n'ọhịa ma ọ bụ na ụlọ nyocha; na site n'inyocha mgbanwe na physiology nke ọ bụla. [19]

Akịrịka na awọ

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Amphibians, ọkachasị anurans (frogs na toads), na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi mkpokọta mmetọ na ọmụmụ mmetọ.[20] Anurans na-amịkọrọ kemịkal na-egbu egbu site na akpụkpọ ahụ ha na oghere oghere ha ma na-emetụta mgbanwe na gburugburu ha.[21] Ha nwere ikike na-adịghị mma iji wepụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị a na-amị, na-ekuru, ma ọ bụ na-eri site na iri nri na-adịghị ọcha.[21] Nke a na-enye ohere ka ihe fọdụrụnụ, ọkachasị nke ọgwụ ahụhụ organochlorine, gbakọta na usoro ha.[21] Ha nwekwara akpụkpọ ahụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ kemịkal na-egbu egbu n'ụzọ dị mfe, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe nlereanya maka ịtụle mmetụta nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike ịkpata mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala.[21] Ihe ndị a na-enye ohere iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ iji soro mgbanwe na ebe obibi ha na nyocha ecotoxicological n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na gburugburu ebe obibi.[22]

Ihe ọmụma na njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ịkwado ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị anurans eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ na nyocha mmetọ, dị ka ịmụ mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.   [citation needed] A na-eme nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụọ gburugburu ebe obibi ha bi site n'inyocha ụbara ha n'ógbè ahụ yana ịtụle ikike locomotive ha na mgbanwe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma, nke bụ nkwarụ na ihe na-adịghị njọ na mmepe.   [citation needed] Mbelata nke anurans na malformations nwekwara ike ịnye echiche ka ìhè ultra-violet na parasites na-abawanye.[22] Ntinye aka nke agrochemicals dị ka glyphosate egosila na ọ nwere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ frog n'oge ndụ ha niile n'ihi na agrochemists ndị a na-abanye na usoro mmiri ndị a na nso ha na mmepe mmadụ.[23]

Anurans na-amụ nwa n'olulu mmiri na-emetụta mmetọ karịsịa n'ihi usoro ndụ ha dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ndụ ala na nke mmiri.[20] N'oge uto ha, mgbanwe ọdịdị na omume bụ mmetụta ndị a na-ekwukarị na ha metụtara ikpughe kemịkal.[24] Mmetụta nke ikpughe nwere ike ịkpata ogologo ahụ dị mkpirikpi, ịdị arọ dị ala na nkwarụ nke aka ma ọ bụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ.[20] Ọganihu dị nwayọ, mgbanwe ọdịdị, na obere nha metamorph na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ na ikpughe na predation.[20]

Anụmanụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie

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A na-echekwakwa crayfish dị ka ihe ngosi bioindicators kwesịrị ekwesị, n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.[33] Otu ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ nyocha nke mkpokọta microplastics na tract digestive nke red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) na-eji dị ka bioindicator nke wider microplastics mmetọ.[25]

Ihe na-egosi nje

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Mmiri na-emetọ

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Enwere ike iji microorganisms mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ahụike nke mmiri ma ọ bụ nke ala. A na-ahụ ya n'ụba, microorganisms dị mfe ịnwale karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ microorganisms ga-emepụta protein ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ stress protein, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya na mmetọ dịka cadmium na benzene. Enwere ike iji protein ndị a dị ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge iji chọpụta mgbanwe na ọkwa mmetọ.   [citation needed]

Nnyocha mmanụ na gas

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Enwere ike iji nchọpụta nje maka mmanụ na gas (MPOG) chọpụta ebe ndị a ga-enwe ike inweta mmanụ na gas.   N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a maara mmanụ na gas ka ha na-abanye n'elu ebe nchekwa hydrocarbon ga-agbapụta ma ọ bụ na-agbapụta n'elu site na ike na-ese n'elu na-emeri nrụgide. Hydrocarbons ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe kemịkal na ihe ndị na-eme n'ime ala dị nso ma ọ bụ enwere ike iwere ha ozugbo. Usoro eji eme ihe maka MPOG gụnyere Nnyocha DNA, ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị mfe mgbe a zụlitere ihe nlele ala na ihe na-adabere na hydrocarbon ma ọ bụ site n'ile anya na ojiji nke gas hydrocarbon na mkpụrụ ndụ ọdịbendị.[26]

Microalgae na ogo mmiri

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Microalgae enwetawo nlebara anya n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya gụnyere mmetụta ha dị ukwuu na mmetọ karịa ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, ha na-apụta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na okike, ha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ webụ nri, ha dị mfe omenala na iji mee ihe na nnwale ma enwere ole na ole ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla okwu omume metụtara ojiji ha.

 
Usoro gravitactic nke microalgae Euglena gracilis (A) na-enweghị na (B) na ọnụnọ nke mmetọ.

Euglena gracilis bụ motile, mmiri dị ọcha, photosynthetic flagellate. Ọ bụ ezie na Euglena na-anabata acidity, ọ na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa na nlezianya na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọla dị arọ ma ọ bụ inorganic na organic compounds. Nzaghachi ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ igbochi mmegharị na mgbanwe nke nhazi. Ọzọkwa, ihe a dị ndụ dị mfe ijikwa ma too, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka nyocha nke toxicological. Otu ihe bara uru nke ihe a dị ndụ bụ ntụziaka gravitational, nke na-emetụta mmetọ nke ukwuu. Ndị na-anabata ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe dịka ọla dị arọ na ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na'ime ala na-emebi ihe ndị na. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-ejikọta ya na mmegharị mberede nke mkpụrụ ndụ na kọlụm mmiri. Maka ule dị mkpirikpi, ntụziaka gravitational nke E. gracilis dị oke egwu.[27][28]Ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ka Paramecium biaurelia (lee Paramecium aurelia) na-ejikwa ntụziaka ike ndọda.[29]

Nnyocha ndụ na-akpaghị aka ga-ekwe omume, site na iji flagellate Euglena gracilis na ngwaọrụ nke na-atụle motility ha na dilutions dị iche iche nke mmiri mmetọ nwere ike, iji chọpụta EC<sub id="mwARA">50</sub> (nchịkọta nke sample nke na-emetụta pasent 50 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ) na G-value (ihe dị ala nke enweghị ike ịlele mmetụta na-egbu egbu ).[30][31]

Nnukwu anụmanụ na-enweghị azụ

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Macroinvertebrates bụ ihe ngosi bara uru ma dị mma nke Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi ala. [32][33][34] Ha na-adịkarị, ọ dịkwa mfe ịnwale ma mata ha. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-ahụ ọtụtụ macro-invertebrates na anya nkịtị, ha na-enwekarị ndụ dị mkpirikpi (nke na-adịkarị ogologo oge) ma na-anọkarị otu ebe.[35] Ọnọdụ osimiri dịbu adị dị ka ụdị osimiri na mmiri ga-emetụta nchịkọta macro invertebrate ya mere ụzọ dị iche iche na ihe ngosi ga-adaba adaba maka ụdị iyi ụfọdụ na n'ime mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.[35] Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ anụmanụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-anabata ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị iche iche, ndị ọzọ anaghị anabata. Mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụdị ụdị dị iche iche na mpaghara ọmụmụ ihe ụfọdụ na-egosi ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke iyi na osimiri. [5] A na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ nnagide eme ihe iji nyochaa mmetọ mmiri na Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ọrụ mmadụ (dịka igbu osisi na Ọkụ ọhịa) n'oké ọhịa. [36][37][38]

Ihe ngosi Benthic maka nnwale mmiri

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A na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie n'ime mpaghara mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri. Ha nwere Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị bi n'ime mmiri, anụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie, ikpuru na Mollusks ndị bi na ahịhịa na mmiri iyi nke osimiri. [5] Enwere ike ịchọta ụdị Macroinvertebrate n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iyi na osimiri ọ bụla, ma e wezụga na ụfọdụ n'ime ebe kachasị njọ n'ụwa. A pụkwara ịchọta ha n'ọtụtụ iyi ma ọ bụ osimiri ọ bụla, na-amachibido naanị ndị na-akpọnwụ n'ime obere oge.[39] Nke a na-eme ka ọ baa uru maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ n'ihi na enwere ike ịchọta ha na mpaghara ebe mmiri na-adịghị omimi iji kwado ụdị buru ibu dị ka azụ.[5] A na-ejikarị ihe ngosi Benthic atụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke iyi na osimiri. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ọrụ nke iyi dị ka nke dị mma, mgbe ahụ, a na-eche na kemịkal na ihe ndị dị na iyi ahụ dịkwa mma.[5] Ihe ngosi Benthic bụ ule mmiri a na-ejikarị eme ihe na United States. [5] Ọ bụ ezie na ekwesighi iji ihe ngosi benthic nyochaa mmalite nke ihe na-eme ka nrụgide dị n'osimiri na iyi, ha nwere ike inye ndabere na ụdị isi iyi ndị a na-ejikọkarị na ihe ndị a hụrụ.[40]

Ọnọdụ ụwa

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Na Europe, Ntuziaka Water Framework (WFD) malitere n'October 23, 2000.[41] Ọ chọrọ ka mba niile so na EU gosipụta na mmiri niile dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala dị mma. WFD chọrọ ka steeti ndị otu mejuputa usoro nlekota iji tụọ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị na iyi maka ụdị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ihe a achọrọ mere ka ihe na-eme na biometrics na-etinye iji chọpụta ahụike iyi na Europe. E mepụtara usoro nyocha biomonitoring dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ịntanetị na 2006.[42] Ọ dabeere na bivalve Molluscs na mgbanwe nke data oge n'etiti ngwaọrụ nwere ọgụgụ isi dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ọhịa (nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị 1 afọ na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ) na ebe data e mere iji jide, hazie ma kesaa ozi weebụ sitere na data ahụ. Usoro a na-ejikọta omume bivalve, ọkachasị ọrụ mkpokoro, na mgbanwe mmiri. A na-eji teknụzụ a eme ihe nke ọma maka nyocha nke mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mba dị iche iche (France, Spain, Norway, Russia, Svalbard (Ny-Ålesund) na New Caledonia).

Na United States, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) bipụtara Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, na 1999, dabere na ịtụle macroinvertebrates, yana periphyton na azụ maka nyocha nke ogo mmiri. [43]

i deewNa South Africa, usoro Southern African Scoring System (SASS) dabeere na benthic macroinvertebrates, a na-ejikwa ya maka nyocha nke ogo mmiri na osimiri South Africa. A nụchara ngwá ọrụ SASS nke na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ma ugbu a ọ dị na mbipute nke ise (SASS5) dịka usoro ISO / IEC 17025 si dị.[35] Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na South Africa na-eji usoro SASS5 eme ihe dị ka usoro ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha Ahụike Osimiri, nke na-enye National River Health Programme na National Rivers Database.   [citation needed]

Ihe omume imposex dị na nkịta conch ụdị eju mmiri na-eduga na mmepe na-adịghị mma nke amụ na nwanyị, ma ọ dịghị eme ka ịmụ nwa. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ aro ụdị ndị a dị ka ezigbo ihe na-egosi mmetọ na ogige tin nke mmadụ mere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Malaysia.[44]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Karr (1981). "Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities". Fisheries 6 (6): 21–27. DOI:<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2 10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1548-8446. 
  2. ↑ Tingey (1989). Bio indicators in Air Pollution Research – Applications and Constraints. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 73–80. ISBN 978-0-309-07833-7. 
  3. ↑ Bioindicators. Science Learning Hub. The University of Waikato, New Zealand (2015-02-10).
  4. ↑ Fleishman (August 2005). "Using Indicator Species to Predict Species Richness of Multiple Taxonomic Groups" (in en). Conservation Biology 19 (4): 1125–1137. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00168.x. ISSN 0888-8892. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development. (March 2016). National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009: A Collaborative Study.
  6. ↑ Government of Canada. Biobasics: bio-indicatorrs. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011.
  7. ↑ Chessman (2003). SIGNAL 2 – A Scoring System for Macro-invertebrate ('Water Bugs') in Australian Rivers, Monitoring River Heath Initiative Technical Report no. 31. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 978-0642548979. 
  8. ↑ Lewin (2013-06-01). "Biological indices applied to benthic macroinvertebrates at reference conditions of mountain streams in two ecoregions (Poland, the Slovak Republic)" (in en). Hydrobiologia 709 (1): 183–200. DOI:10.1007/s10750-013-1448-2. ISSN 1573-5117. 
  9. ↑ Mazor (2016-03-01). "Bioassessment in complex environments: designing an index for consistent meaning in different settings". Freshwater Science 35 (1): 249–271. DOI:10.1086/684130. ISSN 2161-9549. 
  10. ↑ Caldana (2023-01-01). "Evaluation of urban tree barks as bioindicators of environmental pollution using the X-ray fluorescence technique". Chemosphere 312 (Pt 2): 137257. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137257. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 36423726. 
  11. ↑ Bioindicators - Air (U.S. National Park Service) (en). www.nps.gov. Retrieved on 2024-03-31.
  12. ↑ Manning (1998). "The use of plants as bioindicators of ozone" (in en). In: Bytnerowicz, Andrzej; Arbaugh, Michael J.; Schilling, Susan L., Tech. Coords. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-166. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 19-26 166. 
  13. ↑ Agathokleous (2020-08-14). "Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity" (in en). Science Advances 6 (33): eabc1176. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abc1176. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 32851188. 
  14. ↑ Campbell (2004-07-01). "Lobaria pulmonaria abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior CedarHemlock forests of east-central British Columbia" (in en). Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (7): 970–982. DOI:10.1139/b04-074. ISSN 0008-4026. 
  15. ↑ Campbell (2004-07-01). "Lobaria pulmonaria abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior CedarHemlock forests of east-central British Columbia" (in en). Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (7): 970–982. DOI:10.1139/b04-074. ISSN 0008-4026. 
  16. ↑ Vitali (2019-11-01). "Air quality assessment in different environmental scenarios by the determination of typical heavy metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in native lichen Xanthoria parietina". Environmental Pollution 254 (Pt A): 113013. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113013. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 31415978. 
  17. ↑ Warnasuriya (September 2023). "Fungi as environmental bioindicators". Science of the Total Environment 892: 164583. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164583. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 37277042. 
  18. ↑ Halper. "Saving Lives And Limbs With a Weed", Time, 2006-12-03. Retrieved on 2016-06-22.
  19. ↑ França (2016-12-01). "Does selective logging stress tropical forest invertebrates? Using fat stores to examine sublethal responses in dung beetles". Ecology and Evolution 6 (23): 8526–8533. DOI:10.1002/ece3.2488. PMID 28031804. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Simon, E., Braun, M. & Tóthmérész, B. Water Air Soil Pollut (2010) 209: 467. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0214-6
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Lambert (1997-01-01). "Environmental Effects of Heavy Spillage from a Destroyed Pesticide Store near Hargeisa (Somaliland) Assessed During the Dry Season, Using Reptiles and Amphibians as Bioindicators". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32 (1): 80–93. DOI:10.1007/s002449900158. PMID 9002438. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Center for Global Environmental Education. What are the frogs trying to tell us? OR Malformed Amphibians. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20220305232717/https://cgee.hamline.edu/frogs/archives/corner3.html
  23. ↑ (Herek et al., 2020)
  24. ↑ Venturino, A., Rosenbaum, E., De Castro, A. C., Anguiano, O. L., Gauna, L., De Schroeder, T. F., & De D'Angelo, A. P. (2003). Biomarkers of effect in toads and frogs. Biomarkers, 8(3/4), 167.
  25. ↑ Baxter (2023-09-15). Research Brief: Using Red Swamp Crayfish as Bioindicators of Microplastic Pollution (en-US). Lake Scientist. Retrieved on 2024-01-18.
  26. ↑ Rasheed (2015). "Application of geo-microbial prospecting method for finding oil and gas reservoirs". Frontiers of Earth Science 9 (1): 40–50. DOI:10.1007/s11707-014-0448-5. 
  27. ↑ Azizullah (2013). "Gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis - a sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicological assessment of water pollutants". Frontiers in Environmental Science 1 (4): 1–4. DOI:10.3389/fenvs.2013.00004. 
  28. ↑ Tahedl (2001). "Automated Biomonitoring Using Real Time Movement Analysis of Euglena gracilis". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48 (2): 161–169. DOI:10.1006/eesa.2000.2004. PMID 11161690. 
  29. ↑ Hemmersbach (2014). "Impact of a High Magnetic Field on the Orientation of Gravitactic Unicellular Organisms—A Critical Consideration about the Application of Magnetic Fields to Mimic Functional Weightlessness". Astrobiology 14 (3): 205–215. DOI:10.1089/ast.2013.1085. PMID 24621307. 
  30. ↑ Tahedl (1999). "Fast examination of water quality using the automatic biotest ECOTOX based on the movement behavior of a freshwater flagellate". Water Research 33 (2): 426–432. DOI:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00224-3. 
  31. ↑ Ahmed (2011). "Monitoring of Waste Water Samples Using the ECOTOX Biosystem and the Flagellate Alga Euglena gracilis". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 216 (1–4): 547–560. DOI:10.1007/s11270-010-0552-4. 
  32. ↑ Gooderham (2002). The Waterbug Book: A Guide to the Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Temperate Australia. Collingswood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06668-3. 
  33. ↑ Bicknell (2014). "Dung beetles as indicators for rapid impact assessments: Evaluating best practice forestry in the neotropics". Ecological Indicators 43: 154–161. DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.030. 
  34. ↑ Beiroz (2014). "Structure and composition of edaphic arthropod community and its use as bioindicators of environmental disturbance". Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 12 (2): 481–491. DOI:10.15666/aeer/1202_481491. ISSN 1785-0037. Retrieved on 2017-08-02. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Dickens (2002). "The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers". African Journal of Aquatic Science 27: 1–10. DOI:10.2989/16085914.2002.9626569. Retrieved on 2011-11-16. 
  36. ↑ Chang, F.C. (2014). "Tolerance Values of Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Stream Biomonitoring: Assessment of Assumptions Underlying Scoring Systems Worldwide". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186 (4): 2135–2149. DOI:10.1007/s10661-013-3523-6. PMID 24214297. 
  37. ↑ Barlow (2016). "Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation". Nature 535 (7610): 144–147. DOI:10.1038/nature18326. PMID 27362236. 
  38. ↑ França (2016-08-01). "Do space-for-time assessments underestimate the impacts of logging on tropical biodiversity? An Amazonian case study using dung beetles". Journal of Applied Ecology 53 (4): 1098–1105. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12657. ISSN 1365-2664. 
  39. ↑ Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. Water Quality. Utah State University Extension. Retrieved on 2020-10-11.
  40. ↑ Smith (2018). "Long-term trends in biological indicators and water quality in rivers and streams of New York State (1972–2012)". River Research and Applications 34 (5): 442–450. DOI:10.1002/rra.3272. ISSN 1535-1467. 
  41. ↑ The EU Water Framework Directive - integrated river basin management for Europe. Environment. European Commission (2020-08-04).
  42. ↑ Monteagudo (2016-08-01). "Benthic freshwater cyanobacteria as indicators of anthropogenic pressures" (in en). Ecological Indicators 67: 693–702. DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.035. ISSN 1470-160X. 
  43. ↑ Biological Stream Monitoring. Izaak Walton League of America. Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved on 2010-08-14.
  44. ↑ Cob (2011). "Description and evaluation of imposex in Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Strombidae): a potential bio-indicator of tributyltin pollution". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178 (1–4): 393–400. DOI:10.1007/s10661-010-1698-7. PMID 20824325. 
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